READING MATERIALS

1. CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES INDUKAKA
IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT HUMANITIES
& SOCIAL SCIENCES
Values & Ethics
(HS 122 D)
3rd Sem BBA
Reading
Material

2. Question Bank
1. Define values with suitable examples.
2. What are core values? Write your core values with illustrations from your life in which you
abide by those values.
3. Define ethics
4. Discuss the significance of value and ethics in one’s life.
5. What do you think about the importance of value andethics?
6. What is relevance of morals and values in ourlife?
7. What is basic elements and principles ofvalues?
8. What is universal value?
9. What is personal value?
10. What are social, civic and democraticvalues?
11. Who is an ethical leader?
12. What is Universal Code of Ethics?
13. Define professional ethics and discuss itsimportance.
14. Explain the meaning of organizational ethics? Explain a organizational ethics with examples.
15. What do you mean by leadership? List out the characteristics of good leader and offer
appropriate justification.
16. Discuss the Global Issues.
17. Who is your favourite political leader? Why is he/she your favourite leader? What qualities
of him/her you like.
18. Which are the five rules you want to form for education system? Explain every rule
with appropriate example.
19. Which are the five changes that you will bring in yourself to control Globalwarming.
20. If you were a prime minister of your country which new rules will you form to abolish
“child- labour”?
21. How would you contribute in the moment to stopdeforestation?
22. What are the five values that you think everyone must have? If it is so which
contemporary problems would be solved?
23. Ethical Leaders: Gandhi, Vivekananda, Dr. Kalam, Lord Krishna
Write short notes on:
1. Difference : Value and Ethics
2. Courage
3. Co-operation
4. Truth and Non-violence
5. Briefly discuss honesty as a value.
6. Responsibility
7. Self-Confidence
8. Leadership
9. Global Issues
10. Terrorism/Global Warming/Wars/Issues in currentpolitics
Note: 70 marks Question Paper will be in Two Sections (Section I and Section II). Question Paper consist of MCQs,
True False, Match Making, Short Questions, Short Notes and Long Question (Both Close Ended and Open Ended)
and case studies.

3. Unit 1: Introduction to Values and Ethics
Concept & Meaning of Values & Ethics
Meaning of Value
G.R. Leslie, R.F. Larson, H.L. Gorman say, “Values are group conceptions of the relative desirability of
things”.
According to H.M. Johnson, “Values are general standards and may be regarded as higher order norms”.
Young and Mack write, “Values are assumption, largely unconscious, of what is right and important”.
Michael Haralambos says “A value is a belief that something is good and worthwhile. It defines what is
worth having and worth striving”.
According to Peter Worsley, “Values are general conceptions of “the good”, ideas about the kind of ends that
people should pursue throughout their lives and throughout the many different activities in which they
engage”.
Value” – from the Latin “valere”: “to be strong”, “to be worth”. Values are feelings and convictions
regarding what is of “strong worth” (i.e. “important”) to us in what we think, say or do
Values are inherent in all societies – ideals and shared beliefs that bond a community together. Values are
the things that believe are important in the way live and work. One (should) be determining priorities,
and, deep down, probably the measures use to tell if life is turning out the way want it to.
Values form the basis for all our thoughts, behaviors and actions. Once we know what is valuable to us,
these values become the basis, the anchor for our actions. Humans have the unique ability to define their
identity, choose their values and establish their beliefs. All three of these directly influence a person’s
behavior. Values are the scales we use to weigh our choices for our actions, whether to move towards or
away from something. Not all values have the same weight or priority. Some are more important than
others and must satisfied before others can be addressed.
When the things and behavior match values, life is usually good – satisfied and content. But when these
don't align with personal values, that's when things feel... wrong. This can be a real source of
unhappiness. This is why making a conscious effort to identify values is so important.

4. Type of Values
The five core human values are:
1. Right Conduct: e.g. modesty, self-reliance, good behavior, helpfulness, courage, duty, efficiency,
punctuality
2. Peace: e.g. Attention, calmness, equality, self-control, patience, optimism, tolerance,understanding etc...
3. Truth: Accuracy, fairness, honesty, justice, integrity etc..
4. Love: Affection, care, compassion, consideration, gentleness, sacrifice, service, sharing, sympathy,
friendship, humanness, empathy, generosity, trust, etc..,
5. Non-violence: Forgiveness, morality, brotherhood, national awareness, respect for property etc.
Sources of Value:
A person may imbibe value from
various sources. The most influential
sources are Individual thinking,
Family, Environment, Religion,
Geography, Media, School etc..,
Books
School Media
Religion Sources of Values Internet
Friends Culture
Meaning of Ethics
Family
The term 'Ethics' comes from the
Greek word 'ethos', which means 'character'. Ethics concerns with the moral behavior of humans. Ethics
are the set of moral principles that guide a person's behavior. These morals are shaped by social norms,
cultural practices, and religious influences. Ethics reflect beliefs about what is right, what is wrong, what
is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behavior. They serve as a compass
to direct how people should behave toward each other, understand and fulfill their obligations to society,
and live their lives.
Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values and beliefs of the individuals, family and society. The word
has several meanings. Ethics refer to particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits of individuals or family
or groups concerned with morals.
Ethics is to consider the practice of doing right actions or what we may call the art of living the good life.
It is also defined as the science of the highest good. Mackenzie defines ethics as "the study of what is right

5. or good in human conduct" or the "science of the ideal involved in human life". So, it is clear that ethics is
the study which determines rightness or wrongness of actions.
In a new book, First Things First, Covey (1994) says everyone and every family (and every organization,
every nation, etc.) should have a well thought out "Mission Statement," a set of values, or a guiding
philosophy of life.
1. Ethics are often centered on values and value systems such as truth, integrity, freedom, service, rights,
responsibilities, and sacrifice of the personal good for the common good. This implies both boundaries
and constraints for the individual who would align to, and be governed by such an ethical code.
2. We each need both a personal code of ethics plus knowledge of the code of ethics that applies when we
join a group or community or organization. These will not always be in alignment and indeed part of
our joining a group will be based on how different our ethics and values are from those of any group or
organization or community we are considering joining.
3. Psychological studies have shown that people with a personal code of ethics and values are
consistently happier, healthier and rate their life as having meaning and purpose, than those people
who lack such internal frameworks within themselves. Organizations are also considered to have
healthier cultures when a solid ethical base is lived out within its workforce.
4. Ethics are a universal consideration and binding principle that every person in that group must fall
under for that ethical structure to work and more importantly, to be seen to work.
5. Values exist, whether you recognize them or not. Life can be much easier when you acknowledge your
values – and when you make plans and decisions that honor them.
6. Values are essential to ethics. Ethics is concerned with human actions, and the choice of those actions.
Ethics evaluates those actions, and the values that underlies them. It determines which values should
be pursued, and which shouldn't. Ethics is a code of values.
Thus, values are those aspects of personality that are important to someone while ethics is a system of
moral values that govern the behavior of a person in a society. A few good examples of ethical values are
integrity, honesty, and responsibility. Leaders recognize the importance of ethical behavior. The best
leaders exhibit both their values and their ethics in their leadership style and actions.

6. Need, Relevance and Significance of Values and Ethics: General
“Try not to become a person of success, but rather try to become a person of value.” -- Albert Einstein
The moral values in life hold great importance from the point of personal, social and spiritual
development. Values, morals and ethics are inextricably tied together. Values are what we learn from
childhood; the 'stuff' we acquired from our parents and immediate surroundings. Values are the motive
power behind purposeful action. Moral values are meant for making the quest to find the higher self an
easier. Unfortunately, many amongst us may find it difficult to follow values such as truthfulness, honesty,
forgiveness in our lives because we have not perceived the subtle gains that come to us by following
these values. Or, maybe, we are careless to realize the importance of values in life. Ethics, on the other
hand, are how we actually do behave in the face of difficult situations that test our moral fiber. Ethics are
the code or principles on which one’s character depend. Ethics and character are closely related. Values
are essential to ethics develop at an early age and can be instrumental to building character.
The quality of our lives is not determined by the happenstance of genetics or by the influence of
environment; it is not measured in material possessions or in the trappings of youth; it is not dependent
on personality or social acclaim. On the contrary, the intrinsic value of the lives we lead reflects the
strength of a single trait: our personal character.
Russell W. Gough, author of book titled: Character Is Destiny, describes the steps to personal growth from
examining our lives to taking responsibility for our actions, from discarding selfishness to embracing the
greater good, from becoming a better role model for our loved ones to finding the courage to do the right
thing naturally and consistently. By cultivating the habits of virtue, we will strengthen not only ourselves
but, more important, our families and our world.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the
rightness and wrongness of our actions and to the decency and wickedness of the motives and the ends of
such actions. Every religion prescribes high ethical standards and values. But few followers pay any heed.
We are deviating from true religion and focusing more on external rituals.
Ethical conduct is the foundation-stone of every religion. As per Sikhism there are five basic elements of
ethics. These are: Wisdom, Truth, Temperance, Humility, Courage, Justice, and Contentment. Four of the
eightfold path of Buddhism — right speech, right action, right livelihood and right effort —are all about
ethical conduct. Chapter 13 of Bhagvat Gita elaborates the 20 values that Lord Krishna teaches Arjuna.
These values are fundamentally necessary for a seeker to prepare the mind for the knowledge of

7. the Self. One of these values is ‘Arjavam’ which means straightness, it means conducting oneself
accordance with one’s ethical standard. ‘Arjavam’ means an alignment of thought, word and deed.
Study the given case:
Asif was a taxi driver in a city. One day a passenger left his briefcase in the car. Asif noticed it only when
he was going home for lunch. He did not know what to do. He thought of opening it to see if the name and
address of the owner was given. When he opened the briefcase he was surprised to find many valuable
documents and cash in it. He found a card with a name and address of the owner on it. He drove straight
to the owner’s house and returned the briefcase. The owner was grateful and rewarded Asif for his
honesty. This is a very rare quality. He could have kept the cash and thrown away the documents. It was
his conscience that did not approve of this act and made him make the right decision. Honesty is the value
that Asif holds. You must be wondering what are values? Where do they come from? Are values different
from ethics and so on? You will get answers to your questions.hen you read thin Now you know that Asif
is an honest taxi driver. Apart from being honest, he was also truthful and responsible. He was known not
to have cheated his passengers. So, we can say that value is something which an individual holds to be an
important one and its helps in the development of his conscience. Your conscience is your internal
policeman. This policeman helps you to choose the actions that are guided by your value system. Suresh
was Asif’s colleague holding a different set of values. He would often behave unethically and cheat his
passengers. He would take them from a longer route or fix the meter reading to charge more. Many times,
he would argue with Asif about his honesty. Asif would often tell Suresh that one should always follow
the path of truth in personal and professional life. Every work place and profession has its own sets of
ethics which should be followed by all. So we can conclude that it is on the basis of the values we hold,
that we can understand the ethics of the workplace. Values are ideas and beliefs we hold and are learnt
from childhood. They are imbibed from our parents and immediate surroundings. Caring for others, for
example, is a value. Whereas, ethics test our values, it is the way we behave in difficult situations.
VALUES OF LIFE
It is important for each one of us to possess a set of values in order to maintain conducive atmosphere. A
few of them are:
• Honesty and loyalty
• Respect for work
• Punctuality, regularity and discipline
• Courtesy and politeness with others
• Judicious use of resources

8. • Taking initiatives
• Efficiency in completing tasks
VALUES AT WORKPLACE
It is very important for an employee to possess a set of values in order to maintain a conducive
atmosphere at the workplace. A few of them are mentioned below:
• Honesty and loyalty for the organization
• Respect for the work assigned
• Punctuality, regularity and discipline
• Judicious use of resources
• Courtesy and politeness with coworkers
• Efficiency in completing tasks
• Willingness to take up new tasks
There are certain things that you read daily in newspapers - corruption, bribery, food adulteration,
kidnapping, violence and murder. What is happening to our society? Why are people running after money
by killing their conscience? There is a gradual erosion of values from the society. Few of us are engaged in
accumulating wealth and gaining power through unfair means. Why are we allowing this to happen in
our society? We can join hands to prevent the degradation of values in our society. It is important that
each one of us follows values in every sphere of life. What will happen to our society if values are not
practiced? You can think of so many answers to this question:
• loss of life and damage to public property;
• break down of families;
• no law and order;
• crime and corruption;
• alcohol and drug abuse;
• abuse of women, children and other vulnerable members of the society and
• Indiscreet use and wastage of resources.
There will be total imbalance in the society, if all its members do not practice values and ethics. Crime
and chaos will rule and life will become difficult. Hence, it becomes our responsibility as an individual to
live ethically

9. Some Sample Case studies:
Scenario-1
Honesty's Always the Best Policy
Raj knew he was smart. His classmates always turned to him for help on assignments and he always
knew the answers to the questions his teachers asked in class. Raj just didn't study for tests so his grades
were often mediocre. He knew he could do better in school, it was just that school was so... well, boring.
School was coming to an end for the year and Raj needed to get a good job this summer, after all this was
the end of his junior year. He desperately wanted to work at the famous Research Institute. Raj felt that if
he got a job there as a summer intern, it would really boost his chances of getting admitted to the
graduate engineering program of his choice. He knew the institute hired very few summer interns and
generally these were students from private schools who had excellent academic records and high
standardized test scores. So, Raj decided to "tweak" his resume. He rounded his GPA up from 3.0 to a
more respectable 3.5 and listed his SAT scores as 700 verbal and 820 math (in reality they were 600
verbal and 720 math). Raj reasoned that these changes really didn't matter because he would show them
who he really was through the quality of the work he did for the Institute once he was hired...
Consider each of the following questions and evaluate the case study:
1. What is the action or inaction that is the cause for concern?
2. Who or what may be affected?
3. How will they be affected? (i.e., what are the possible consequences?)
4. Are there any laws, regulations written or unwritten that may apply?
5. What actions might be taken and what would the consequences of these actions be?
6. Can anything be done to prevent this from reoccurring or to minimize the severity of the
consequences?
Scenario -2
Personal Friendships
Michael had several friends including Roger and Daniel. Roger has recently met and started dating a
wonderful lady named Phyllis. He is convinced this is a long term relationship. Unknown to Roger,
Michael observed them at a restaurant several days ago and realized Phyllis is the wife of his other friend
Daniel.

10. Michael is deciding whether to tell Roger that Phyllis is married when he receives a call from Daniel.
Daniel suspects his wife is having an affair and since they and Michael share many friends and contacts,
he asks if Michael has heard anything regarding an affair.
To whom does Michael owe greater friendship to in this situation?
No matter who he tells, he is going to end up hurting one, if not both friends. Does he remain silent and
hope his knowledge is never discovered?
Justify your statement with appropriate reasons.
Scenario 3
The Accident
You are an emergency worker that has just been called to the scene of an accident. When you arrive you
see that the car belongs to your wife. Fearing the worst you rush over to see she is trapped in her car with
another man.
She sees you and although barely conscious, she manages to mouth the words “I’m sorry”…
You don’t understand, but her look answers you question. The man next to her is her lover with whom
she’s been having an affair.
You reel back in shock, devastated by what her eyes have just told you. As you step back, the wreck in
front of you comes into focus. You see your wife is seriously hurt and she needs attention straight away.
Even if she gets attention there’s a very high chance she’ll die.
You look at the seat next to her and see her lover. He’s bleeding heavily from a wound to the neck and you
need to stem the flow of blood immediately. It will only take about 5 minutes to stop, but it will mean
your wife will definitely die.
If you tend to your wife however, the man will bleed to death despite the fact it could have been avoided.
Who would you choose to work on?
Offer proper justifications to your answer.

11. Scenario-3
The Sick Patients
You are a skilled doctor, with five patients who all need different organ transplants. There are currently
no organs available to give them, and if they don’t get their transplants soon they will all die. You have a
sixth patient, who is dying of an incurable disease. At the moment you are giving him medicine to ease his
pain and prolong his life. He is a compatible organ donor for your five other patients, but the medicine he
is taking will keep him alive just a day longer than they have left. If you were to stop giving him medicine
he would die before them, in a very painful way, but you would then be able to use his organs to save the
other five.
What should you do? Why? Offer proper reasons to justify your answer.

12. Unit 2 : Elements and Principles of Values
Universal Values
A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Universal
values are applicable to all the human beings irrespective of cast, creed, nationalities, religion, etc., for all
time and regions. Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral philosophy and
cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain values are found across a great diversity of human
cultures, such as primary attributes of physical attractiveness (e.g. youthfulness, symmetry) whereas
other attributes (e.g. slenderness) are subject to aesthetic relativism as governed by cultural norms. This
objection is not limited to aesthetics. Relativism concerning morals is known as moral relativism, a
philosophical stance opposed to the existence of universal moral values.
Core universal values that must be followed by every human being to be able to create an atmosphere of
love in this life (these values are also recognized by the United Nations). Those values are:
1.Peace
Peace is one of basic human rights and is the origin of man himself. Humans can not do something if he
does not have a sense of peace in his heart. With a sense of peace, then everything done will be wonderful
and memorable, especially to provide a sense of peace to others also, directly or indirectly. Peace is
necessary because the current living situation does not seem to reflect the existence of peace again.

13. Everywhere an act of violence, even those considered reasonable actions that belong to the violence but it
is hidden in activities that benefit both said. Therefore, everyone should have a sense of peace in his heart
first so that they can differentiate between good and true and can then act according to truth and love.
2. Be responsible
Around the world, if we ask a question to the public about the people or community leaders, political,
religious groups, tribes, and others deemed responsible enough in implementing the tasks, roles,
positions, mandate, or whatever, then generally we will get answers that can be considered uniform that
is very rarely the people who have a role within a group can be responsible with the mandate that was in
his shoulder. Issues of responsibility is an issue that is crucial, so that Jesus himself said that if a person is
not liable in small things, then he will never be given responsibility for great things. Responsibility is one
aspect of the service, both to fellow humans and to God (but we still have to remember that human
beings are created in the likeness of God (imago Dei), so hopefully if we look at our neighbor, then in
private, we can see his conscience personal God directly). Therefore, everyone should be responsible, not
because they consider that they only deal with human beings, but also with God because if they let people
in the same good things they have disappointed God.
3. Humility
Jesus’ words, “Who humbles himself before God, he shall be raised and who raised his heart before God,
he will be humbled.” Humility is one crucial thing in social life and faith. In social life, humility is required
to create a peaceful atmosphere in society, while in the life of faith, humility is necessary as a forum
where the word of the seeds grow to produce fruit of the Spirit. Although many people who doubt a
function of humility, but hopefully all the faithful keep doing this because it’s humility can not be
obtained though the benefits in the short term but humility is very useful in a total surrender to God to
hold our lives. Remember, with God nothing is impossible.
4. Simplicity
In simplicity, everyone will be able to realize how God plays a role in every aspect of their lives. In
simplicity, each person will be able to realize their true identities and their neighbors. Also in frugality,
everyone will realize how closely the relationship of God and His creation, not just between creator and
creation, but as a family.
5. Unity
There are adage that says, “United we stand, divided we fall.” This proverb clearly states how powerful
unity. With the existence of unity, all things will be lighter. Positive union will also bring all its members

14. to have a sense of familiarity so that unity will become more solid and steady. Unity needed to create
unity. If the union is formed, then it is a very small possibility of schism because every member has to feel
to be one body, not separate units but as members of the body that need each other, support, and sustain
one’s body.
6. Cooperation
Efforts to create a better world that is a world filled with love and peace merupakan demands for
everybody and neither are easy sehingga something may be accomplished by each individual without the
intervention of the human person another. This is because the world is a temporary shelter for every
creature to live. Therefore each person required to make this world a better place again for the life of
every creature in a way to keep the good and eliminate the bad. With the cooperation of everyone, it is
hoped will create a world filled with love and peace.
7. Happiness
If we ask every person in this world, whether they want to be happy, for sure, and quickly, as if it did not
consider it again, they would say with a confident and assertive that they really want to be happy. Why
everyone wants happiness. The fundamental reason is that happiness is no longer a requirement of
humans, but since about the beginning of a basic human right. Man was created by God and like God. God
is Love (Deus Caritas Est) so that all creation is God’s blessing will then have the basis and beginning of
love so that the fruit of happiness as one’s love becomes a fundamental right of every creature. Therefore
every human being must be as much as possible to do everything good and right in obtaining happiness.
Happiness is obtained should be spiritual happiness, not happiness because human flesh is also the
breath of life from God and not from breathing flesh.
8. Freedom
Humans are creatures created by God with the highest degree among all creations and endowed with
minds and hearts to weigh all the good and bad. Gift of thought and conscience is also makes humans as
individuals are free to think, act, and making choices. Freedom needed to make the world more peaceful
and full of love because only with freedom, any person to act in love to create better conditions, mulai
from itself and then to family, friends and community. With the existence of freedom, everyone respected
in social life and with the award, then every man would be able to express themselves in positive deeds
particularly useful in the creation of this love of life.

15. 9. Honesty
In every aspect of life, honesty is needed because only with honesty, truth can be enforced in this world.
Many cases are sourced from the dishonesty, corruption case, related cases which a general election,
collusion, nepotism, criminal cases, and others. When someone starts saying dishonest for the first time,
maybe we’ll let him because we thought it was just the beginning and everyone would make amends. It is
positive thinking, but do not be too let a person to walk on his own. We must ensure that people actually
take action to improve themselves by not repeating the mistakes honestly say no because every person
when he saw the consequences of his deeds were beneficial to him, no matter good or bad, will show an
intention to repeat them. Therefore, it needs more assistance from people who know about this so that
people avoid this kind of addiction to say dishonest in his life.
10. Tolerance
Tolerance is one form of recognition given to others because of differences that occur between the two
parties. Tolerance is one of the good deeds, as well as mutual respect for differences that occur, also
because it is a form of appreciation for the existence of human beings themselves. As already mentioned
above, tolerance is essential in creating a world of peace and full of love because tolerance is also a fruit
of the Spirit.
11. Love
The real core values of each of the above mentioned is love. The love that unites all beings in the world
and realize the good things with the help of God. With love, every person can realize his dream of a
beautiful and bring blessings. With love, everyone can cultivate her God-given talents and make himself
and his life a fertile land for growing fruit of the Spirit. With love, anything is possible.

16. Personal Values
Value/ Trait Definition
Peace To create tranquility within myself, my family, and the world.
To earn a great deal of money (i.e., well beyond my family's basic needs).
Wealth To be financially independent.
Happiness To be content within myself and within my life
To achieve significant goals.
To be involved in undertakings I believe personally are significant - whether or not
Success they bring me recognition from others.
Friendship/ To have strong, mutual heart relations with other people
Relationships To connect beyond words and actions
Fame To be recognized as someone special by large numbers of people
Authenticity To be fully present and without preconceived notions
Influence To have an effect on the character or behavior of someone or something.
To do something or to act in a particular way.
To influence the behavior of others, the emotions, or the course of events.
To have authority given or delegated to you.
Power To have physical strength or force.
Justice To engage in just behavior or treatment.
To have complete trust and confidence
Faith/Hope To maintain a feeling of expectation and desire
Honesty To tell the truth, without blame or judgment
To be committed to the goals of a group of people who share my beliefs, values and
Loyalty ethical principles.
To live and work consistent with my personal values and standards.
Integrity To acknowledge/stand up for my personal beliefs.

17. To take pleasure in my life
Enjoyment To possess and benefit from my life choices
Love To maintain a deep feeling of affection for life
To motivate and energize other people.
Leadership To feel responsible for identifying and accomplishing needed group tasks.
Recogntition/ To be recognized for whom I am and my contribution to life
Expertness To become a known and respected authority in what I do.
To have time with my family
To be deeply involved with a group that has a larger purpose beyond one's self.
Family/Community To perform in effective and caring teamwork
Truth To discern fact from fiction
To grow in understanding of myself, my personal calling and life's real purpose.
To grow in knowledge and practice my spiritual beliefs.
Wisdom To find lasting meaning in what I do.
To be seen by others as successful.
To become well known.
Status/Prestige To obtain recognition and status in my chosen field.
To have a high regard for who I am
To not abuse my body or spirit through drugs, laziness or putdowns.
Respect for Self To strive to be the best I can be.
Recognize the worth of other people.
Respect for Others To show others that I value and appreciate them through my actions and comments.
Location To be able to live where I want to live.
To choose between what is right and what is wrong. To be responsible for my
behavior and accept the consequences of my behavior.
Responsibility Can be trusted. Are reliable.
Courtesy To treat others as I wish to be treated
Creativity To be innovative.

18. To create new and better ways of doing things.
Health To be physically and mentally fit.
To contribute to the well-being and satisfaction of others.
Service To help people who need help and improve society.
To have freedom of thought and action.
Independence To be able to act in terms of my own time schedules and priorities.
Social Values
Social Values form an important part of the culture of the society. Values account for the stability of social
order. They provide the general guidelines for social conduct. Values such as fundamental rights,
patriotism, respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide
our behaviour in many ways. Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives; arrange their
priorities and choosing between alternative course of action.
In simple words, values may be defined as measure of goodness or desirability. Values are standards of
social behaviour derived from social interaction and accepted as constituent facts of social structure.
They are objects that social conditions desire. These are culturally defined goals and involve “sentiments
and significance.” These consist of “aspirational reference.”
Values are expected to be followed for judging and evaluating social interaction, goals, means, ideas,
feelings and the expected conduct. Without such evaluating standard, it would be difficult to judge
individual behaviour or social action. Values aim to integrate expected individual behaviour and social
action. It tends to forestall tension and as such have tension management role.
Civic Values
Civic Values are the values we learn to respect as citizens, as set forth in the Declaration of Independence
and the Preamble to the Constitution. All people are created equal. We're endowed with inalienable
rights--life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Our government was created to "establish justice,
provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity." In the midst of our national debate over values, many of us have forgotten
that these civic values are the values we're supposed to share.

19. Civic responsibility can also include helping promote community activities, encouraging corporate giving
to help the community, working to register voters, advocating for the needy, obeying all laws and
behaving in an ethical manner. Activities that fulfill civic responsibilities typically fall under the
categories of respecting laws but dissenting when necessary, establishing balance between the
responsibilities and rights of citizens, addressing social problems, working to include all citizens in the
democratic process, questioning government, using community resources wisely, and negotiating
differences among citizens.
The concept of civic responsibility was first recorded in ancient Rome, where citizens wanted to make
contributions for the good of the whole society. The idea was included in the U.S. Constitution, and by the
18th and 19th centuries, the idea was commonly manifested through volunteer participation in fire
departments and public works projects.
Civic responsibility differs from civic duty, which consists of actions that are legally required of citizens.
Examples of civic duty are paying taxes, registering for the draft, attending school and serving on juries.
Democratic Values
Democracy is all about being able to make informed choices. For example, if there are three political
parties in an election, you make a choice from the individual candidates, and/or from the programmes
and positions of the parties they represent.
In order for you to make genuinely informed choices, you need to be able to:
 engage meaningfully in open dialogue and debate

 access relevant and objective information so that your views are informed

20.  perceive that your participation in the debate and subsequent decision-making has value

 feel safe

 make a free decision without suffering or fearing harm to yourself or your family.
AmartyaSen, a Nobel Prize-winning economist from India, provides this view of how these elements
combine:
We must not identify democracy with majority rule. Democracy has complex demands, which certainly
include voting and respect for election results, but it also requires the protection of liberties and freedoms,
respect for legal entitlements and the guaranteeing of free and uncensored distribution of news and fair
comment. Even elections can be deeply defective if they occur without the different sides getting an adequate
opportunity to present their respective cases, or without the electorate enjoying the freedom to obtain news
and to consider the views of competing protagonists.
Some core democratic values are as under:
LIFE: The individual’s right to life should be considered inviolable except in certain highly restricted and
extreme circumstances, such as the use of deadly force to protect one’s own or others’ lives.
LIBERTY: The right to liberty is considered an unalterable aspect of the human condition. Central to this
idea of liberty is the understanding that the political or personal obligations of parents or ancestors
cannot be legitimately forced on people. The right to liberty includes personal freedom: the private realm
in which the individual is free to act, to think and to believe, and which the government cannot
legitimately invade; political freedom: the right to participate freely in the political process, choose and
remove public officials, to be governed under a rule of law; the right to a free flow of information and
ideas, open debate and right of assembly; and economic freedom: the right to acquire, use, transfer and
dispose of private property without unreasonable governmental interference; the right to seek
employment wherever one pleases; to change employment at will; and to engage in any lawful economic
activity.
THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: It is the right of citizens in the American constitutional democracy to
attempt to attain – “pursue” – happiness in their own way, so long as they do not infringe upon the rights
of others.
COMMON GOOD: The public or common good requires that individual citizens have the commitment and
motivation – that they accept their obligation – to promote the welfare of the community and to work
together with other members for the greater benefit of all.
JUSTICE: People should be treated fairly in the distribution of the benefits and burdens of society, the
correction of wrongs and injuries, and in the gathering of information and making of decisions.

21. EQUALITY: All citizens have: political equality and are not denied these rights unless by due process of
law; legal equality and should be treated as equals before the law; social equality so as there should be no
class hierarchy sanctioned by law; economic equality which tends to strengthen political and social
equality for extreme economic inequality tends to undermine all other forms of equality and should there
fore be avoided.
DIVERSITY: Variety in culture and ethnic background, race, lifestyle, and belief is not only permissible but
desirable and beneficial in a pluralist society.
TRUTH: Citizens can legitimately demand that truth-telling as refraining from lying and full disclosure by
government be the rule, since trust in the veracity of government constitutes an essential element of the
bond between governors and governed.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: The citizenry is collectively the sovereign of the state and hold ultimate
authority over public officials and their policies.
PATRIOTISM: Virtuous citizens display a devotion to their country, including devotion to the fundamental
values upon which it depends.

22. Unit-3 Applied Ethics
Definition of Code of Ethics:
 A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly
and with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the business
or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles
based on the organization's core values and the standards to which the professional is held.

 Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference
between 'right' and 'wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions. An ethical code
generally implies documents at three levels: codes of business ethics, codes of conduct for
employees, and codes of professional practice.

Universal Code of Ethics

The Universal Code is a list of fundamental moral principles that can be found throughout the world. It
was created by Dr. Kent M. Keith in 2003 while writing a book on morality and ethics. The code
incorporates basic, universal ideas about how we should live and how we should treat each other. Living
these principles can provide each of us with the meaning that comes from living our values and doing
what's right.

There are several ethical standards that are considered to be self-evident, and seem to apply to all people
throughout all of history, regardless of cultural, political, social, or economic context. The non-aggression
principle, which prohibits aggression, or the initiation of force or violence against another person, is a
universal ethical principle. Examples of aggression include murder, rape, kidnapping, assault, robbery,
theft, and vandalism. On the other hand, the commission of any of such acts in response to aggression
does not necessarily violate universal ethics.

The code is divided into two complementary sets of statements. The first set consists of negative
statements about not doing harm, while the second set consists of positive statements about doing good.


DO NO HARM.

 Do not do to others what you would not like them to do to you.

 Do not lie.

 Do not steal.

 Do not cheat.

23.  Do not falsely accuse others.

 Do not commit adultery.

 Do not commit incest.

 Do not physically or verbally abuse others.

 Do not murder.

 Do not destroy the natural environment upon which all life depends.
DO GOOD.
 Do to others what you would like them to do to you.

 Be honest and fair.

 Be generous.

 Be faithful to your family and friends.

 Take care of your children when they are young.

 Take care of your parents when they are old.

 Take care of those who cannot take care of themselves.

 Be kind to strangers.

 Respect all life.

 Protect the natural environment upon which all life depends.
Professional Ethics
Professional ethics encompass the personal, organizational, and corporate standards of behavior
expected of professionals. Professionals and those working in acknowledged professions exercise
specialist knowledge and skill. How the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a
service to the public can be considered a moral issue and is termed professional ethics. Professionals are
capable of making judgments, applying their skills, and reaching informed decisions in situations that the
general public cannot because they have not attained the necessary knowledge and skills. One of the
earliest examples of professional ethics is the oath to which medical doctors still adhere to this day. Some
professional organizations may define their ethical approach in terms of a number of discrete
components. Typically these include:
 Honesty
 Integrity
 Transparency
 Accountability

24.  Confidentiality
 Objectivity
 Respectfulness
 Obedience to the law
 Loyalty


Professionalism is the conduct, aims or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional
person; it implies quality of workmanship or service. Every organization knows that a professional
reputation is the difference between success and failure and they seek to keep their most professional
staff.

Professionalism is all about success and influence; having a reputation for excellence and being thought
of as someone who exhibits professionalism under any circumstances can open doors for you either in
the workplace or in your personal ambition.


‘Professional Ethics’ is a understood that can be understood in different ways. Professional ethics is a
code of values and norms that actually guide practical decisions when they are made by professionals.
Second, professional ethics is a fully idealized set of values whose purpose is to explicate the best
possible world in which the given profession could be working. All professions have nowadays
formulated their own code of conduct that explicate their own best values, conduct, and consequences.

Professional Ethics encompass the personal, organizational and corporate standards of behavior
expected of professional. Most professions have internally enforced codes of practice that members of the
profession must follow to preserve the integrity of the profession. Professional ethics allow to define a
standard of conduct and ensure that individual practitioner meet this standard. Professionals such as
managers, lawyers, and accountants are individuals who exercise specialized knowledge and skills when
providing services to customers or to the public. By virtue of their profession, they have obligations to
those they serve. For example, lawyers must hold client conversations confidential and accountants must
display the highest levels of honesty and integrity in their record keeping and financial analysis.

In short, professional ethics are principles that govern the behaviour of a person or group in a business
environment. Like values, professional ethics provide rules on how a person should act towards other
people and institutions in such an environment.

Unlike values, professional ethics are often codified as a set of rules, which a particular group of people
use. This means that all those in a particular group will use the same professional ethics, even though
their values may be unique to each person.

25. Companies have also started encouraging the cultivation and practice of good ethics ontheir workplaces
by providing fair assessments to their employees, and sharing power andresponsibility with them. There
is a transparency in the way work responsibility is sharedand how work is delegated. A lot of importance
is given to clear communication, with exactinstructions.Companies periodically conduct trainings to
enhance employees’ knowledge and aptitudetowards work. Sharing constructive feedback with
employees and inviting their feedbackare important steps that encourage an employee to think of the
organization as a collectiveunit where teams are allotted specific responsibilities.In a recent survey, it
was found that the employees who had been encouraged to be ethicalin business practices were much
more loyal and productive.
Following are ten golden rules to being professional in service to your organization:
 Always strive for excellence; this is the first rule to achieving greatness in whatever endeavor you
undertake this is the quality that makes you and your work stand-out. Excellence is a quality of
service which is unusually good and so surpasses ordinary standards, it should be made a habit for
it to make a good impression on your bosses and colleagues.

 Be trustworthy; in today’s society trust is an issue and any employee who exhibits trustworthiness
is on a fast track to professionalism. Trustworthiness is about fulfilling an assigned task and as an
extension- not letting down expectations, it is been dependable, and reliable when called upon to
deliver a service. In order to earn the trust of your bosses and colleagues, worth and integrity
must be proven over time.

 Be accountable; to be accountable is to stand tall and be counted for what actions you have
undertaken, this is the blameworthiness and responsibility for your actions and its consequences-
good or bad.

 Be courteous and respectful; courteousness is being friendly, polite and well mannered with a
gracious consideration towards others. It makes social interactions in the workplace run
smoothly, avoid conflicts and earn respect. Respect is a positive feeling of esteem or deference for
a person or organization; it is built over time and can be lost with one stupid or inconsiderate
action. Continued courteous interactions are required to maintain or increase the original respect
gained.

 Be honest, open and transparent; honesty is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and
virtuous attributes such as truthfulness, straightforwardness of conduct, loyalty, fairness,
sincerity, openness in communication and generally operating in a way for others to see what
actions are being performed. This is a virtue highly prized by employers and colleagues, for it
builds trust and increases your personal value to all.

26.  Be competent and improve continually; competence is the ability of an individual to do a job
properly, it is a combination of knowledge, skills and behavior used to improve performance.
Competency grows through experience and to the extent one is willing to learn and adapt.
Continuous self development is a pre-requisite in offering professional service at all times.

 Always be ethical; ethical behavior is acting within certain moral codes in accordance with the
generally accepted code of conduct or rules. It is always safe for an employee to “play by the
rules”. This is always the best policy and in instances the rule book is inadequate, acting with a
clear moral conscience is the right way to go. This may cause friction in some organizations but
ethical organizations will always stand by the right moral decisions and actions of their
employees.

 Always be honorable and act with integrity; honorable action is behaving in a way that portrays

“nobility of soul, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness” which is derived from virtuous conduct
and personal integrity. This is a concept of “wholeness or completeness” of character in line with
certain values, believes, and principles with consistency in action and outcome.

 Be respectful of confidentiality; confidentiality is respecting the set of rules or promise that
restricts you from further and unauthorized dissemination of information. Over the course of your
career, information will be passed on to you in confidence – either from the organization or from
colleagues- and it is important to be true to such confidences. You gain trust and respect of those
confiding in you and increase your influence within the organization.

 Set good examples; applying the foregoing rules helps you improve your professionalism within
your organization but it is not complete until you impact knowledge on those around and below
you. You must show and lead by good example. Being a professional is about living an exemplary
live within and without the organization.
Professionalism is highly valued by every organization today and professionals are hardly out of
work. Apply the ten golden rules of professionalism and enjoy a wonderful, professional and
prosperous career.
Organizational Ethics
What is organization?
An organization is formed when individuals from different backgrounds and varied interests come
together on a common platform and work towards predefined goals and objectives.
What is Organization Ethics?

27. The way an organization should respond to external environment refers to organization ethics. Ethics are
very important in an organization. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern
his or her actions and decisions.Organization ethics includes various guidelines and principles which
decide the way individuals should behave at the workplace
Employees are the assets of an organization and it is essential for them to maintain the decorum and
ambience of the workplace.
It also refers to the code of conduct of the individuals working in a particular organization. Every
organization runs to earn profits but how it makes money is more important. No organization should
depend on unfair means to earn money. One must understand that money is not the only important thing;
pride and honour are more important. An individual’s first priority can be to make money but he should
not stoop too low just to be able to do that.
Importance of Organizational Ethics:
Primarily it is the individual, the consumer, the employee or the human social unit of the society who
benefits from ethics. In addition ethics is important because of the following:
Satisfying Basic Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human needs. Every
employee desires to be such himself and to work for an organization that is fair and ethical in its
practices.
Creating Credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven by moral values is respected in the
society even by those who may have no information about the working and the businesses or an
organization. Infosys, for example is perceived as an organization for good corporate governance and
social responsibility initiatives. This perception is held far and wide even by those who do not even know
what business the organization is into.
Uniting People and Leadership: An organization driven by values is revered by its employees also. They
are the common thread that brings the employees and the decision makers on a common platform. This
goes a long way in aligning behaviors within the organization towards achievement of one common goal
or mission.
Improving Decision Making: A man’s destiny is the sum total of all the decisions that he/she takes in
course of his life. The same holds true for organizations. Decisions are driven by values. For example an
organization that does not value competition will be fierce in its operations aiming to wipe out its
competitors and establish a monopoly in the market.

28. Long Term Gains: Organizations guided by ethics and values are profitable in the long run, though in the
short run they may seem to lose money. Tata group, one of the largest business conglomerates in India
was seen on the verge of decline at the beginning of 1990’s, which soon turned out to be otherwise. The
same company’s Tata NANO car was predicted as a failure, and failed to do well but the same is picking
up fast now.
Securing the Society: Often ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. The law machinery is often
found acting as a mute spectator, unable to save the society and the environment. Technology, for
example is growing at such a fast pace that the by the time law comes up with a regulation we have a
newer technology with new threats replacing the older one. Lawyers and public interest litigations may
not help a great deal but ethics can.
Examples of some organizational ethics:
1. Children below fourteen years of age must not be employed to work in any organization. Childhood is
the best phase of one’s life and no child should be deprived of his childhood.
2. Employees should not indulge in destruction or manipulation of information to get results. Data
Tampering is considered strictly unethical and unprofessional in the corporate world. Remember if one is
honest, things will always be in his favour.
3. Employees should not pass on company’s information to any of the external parties. Do not share any
of your organization’s policies and guidelines with others. It is better not to discuss official matters with
friends and relatives. Confidential data or information must not be leaked under any circumstances.
4. There must be absolute fairness in monetary transactions and all kinds of trading. Never ever cheat
your clients.
5. Organizations must not discriminate any employee on the grounds of sex, physical appearance, age or
family background. Female employees must be treated with respect. Don’t ask your female employees to
stay back late at work. It is unethical to discriminate employees just because they do not belong to an
affluent background. Employees should be judged by their work and nothing else.
6. Organization must not exploit any of the employees. The employees must be paid according to their
hard work and efforts. If individuals are working late at night, make sure overtimes are paid. The
management must ensure employees get their arrears, bonus, incentives and other reimbursements on
time.

29. 7. Stealing office property is strictly unethical.
8. Organization must take care of the safety of the employees. Individuals should not be exposed to
hazardous conditions.
9. Never lie to your customers. It is unprofessional to make false promises to the consumers. The
advertisements must give a clear picture of the product. Do not commit anything which your organization
can’t offer. It is important to be honest with your customers to expect loyalty from them. It is absolutely
unethical to fool the customers.
Organizational ethics are the principals and standards by which businesses operate, according to
Reference for Business. They are best demonstrated through acts of fairness, compassion, integrity,
honor and responsibility. The key for business owners and executives is ensuring that all employees
understand these ethics. One of the best ways to communicate organizational ethics is by training
employees on company standards.
Uniform Treatment
One example of organizational ethics is the uniform treatment of all employees. Small business owners
should treat all employees with the same respect, regardless of their race, religion, cultures or lifestyles.
Everyone should also have equal chances for promotions. One way to promote uniform treatment in
organizations is through sensitivity training. Some companies hold one-day seminars on various
discrimination issues. They then invite outside experts in to discuss these topics. Similarly, small
company managers must also avoid favoring one employee over others. This practice may also lead to
lawsuits from disgruntled employees. It is also counterproductive. Some of characteristic of
Organizational Ethics are as under:
Social Responsibility
Small companies also have an obligation to protect the community. For example, the owner of a small
chemical company needs to communicate certain dangers to the community when explosions or other
disasters occur. The owner must also maintain certain safety standards for protecting nearby residents
from leaks that affect the water or air quality. There are state and federal laws that protect people from
unethical environmental practices. Business owners who violate these laws may face stiff penalties. They
may also be shut down.
Financial Ethics
Business owners must run clean operations with respect to finances, investing and expanding their
companies. For example, organizations must not bribe state legislators for tax credits or special

30. privileges. Insider trading is also prohibited. Insider trading is when managers or executives illegally
apprise investors or outside parties of privileged information affecting publicly traded stocks, according
to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information helps some investors achieve greater
returns on their investments at the expense of others. Executives in small companies must strive to help
all shareholders earn better returns on their money. They must also avoid collusive arrangements with
other companies to deliberately harm other competitors.
Considerations
A small company's organizational ethics can also include taking care of employees with mental illnesses
or substance abuse problems, such as drug and alcohol dependency. Ethical business owners help their
employees overcome these types of problems when possible. They often put them through employee
advisor programs, which involves getting them the treatment they need. Employees may have issues that
lead to these types of problems. Therefore, they deserve a chance to explain their situations and get the
help they need.
Ethical Leadership
Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for
the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration,
charisma and fairness.
Leaders know what they value. They also recognize the importance of ethical behavior. The best leaders
exhibit both their values and their ethics in their leadership style and actions. Your leadership ethics and
values should be visible because you live them in your actions every single day. A lack of trust is a
problem in many workplaces. If leaders never identified their values in these workplaces, the mistrust is
understandable. People don't know what they can expect. If leaders have identified and shared their
values, living the values daily - visibly will create trust. To say one sentiment and to do another will
damage trust - possibly forever.
Are you the same at work, at home and in the community? Do you have the bravery to stand against peer
pressure when it comes to compromising your values? According to the Center for Ethical Leadership,
“Ethical leadership is knowing your core values and having the courage to live them in all parts of your
life in service of the common good.” In our experience, ethical leadership involves leading in a manner
that respects the rights and dignity of others; a concept that is at times in direct conflict with more
traditional models of leadership. In the past, the main goal of leadership has been to increase
production/productivity and profits. However, in the 21st Century this view has begun to slowly
diminish as more organizational development and human resources experts assert that leaders also have

31. the responsibility for ensuring standards of moral and ethical conduct. Good leadership then, refers not
only to competence, but to ethics that transform organizations and people’s lives.
Ethical leadership requires ethical leaders. If leaders are ethical, they can ensure that ethical practices are
carried out throughout the organization. Leaders are naturally in a position of power both on and off the
job, so ethical leadership must focus on how leaders leverage this power in the decisions they make,
actions they engage in and ways they influence others. Leaders are responsible for influencing followers
to perform actions, complete tasks, and behave in certain manners. Effective leaders also influence
processes, stimulate change in attitudes and values, and amplify empowerment and self-efficacy of their
followers, as they foster the internalization of corporate vision. The nurturing aspect of leadership can
also raise an organization’s culture and employee’s values to higher levels of ethical behavior. By
demonstrating ethical leadership we promote a high level of integrity that stimulates a sense of
trustworthiness, and encourages subordinates to accept and follow our vision. Character and integrity
provides a strong foundation for other personal characteristics that direct our ethical beliefs, values, and
decisions.
Ethical leaders are likely to be people-oriented, and aware of how their decisions impact others. They
therefore use their power and authority to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests –a
“win/win” for employees and the organization. This modeling serves as a guide and motivator for others
to put the needs and interests of the group ahead of their own. Such engagement creates an intellectual
and emotional commitment between leaders and their followers that makes both parties equally
responsible in the pursuit of common goals. Further characteristics of ethical leaders include: inspiring,
stimulating, and other visionary behaviors that make up transformational leadership. Ethical leaders also
coach cohorts in gaining a sense of personal and professional competence that allows them to excel while
being more resilient, loyal and profitable.
The Center for Ethical Leadership recommends a 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership as a framework that
aligns leaders’ internal beliefs and values with his or her external behaviors and actions for the purpose
of advancing the common good of employees, leaders, organizations and beyond. The model was created
and based on research by Center founder Dr. Bill Grace. A quick overview of the 4-V Model is as follows:
 Values – Ethical leadership begins with an understanding of and commitment to a leader’s core
values. By discovering the values which make up the core of our identities and motivators, we begin

32. the process of integrating our unique values with our choices in our personal, professional, and civic
lives.
 Vision – Ethical leadership requires the ability to frame our actions within a picture of “what ought to
be” – particularly in the area of service to others.
 Voice – Ethical leaders must be able to articulate their vision to others in an authentic way that
enlivens them into action.

 Virtue – Ethical leaders strive to do what is right and good. They practice virtuous behavior by asking

“How are my values, vision and voice in alignment with and supporting the common good?”
Ethical Leadership Characteristics
ETHICAL LEADERS ALWAYS KNOW HOW TO DO THE RIGHT THING. IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO DEFINE
EXACTLY WHAT “RIGHT” IS, BUT A LEADER WHO IS ETHICAL IS NOT AFRAID TO DO WHAT THEY
TRULY BELIEVE TO BE RIGHT – EVEN IF IT IS UNPOPULAR, UNPROFITABLE, OR INCONVENIENT.
Here are 10 ethical leadership characteristics:
1. Justice
An ethical leader is always fair and just. They have no favorites, and treat everyone equally. Under an
ethical leader, no employee has any reason to fear biased treatment on the basis of gender, ethnicity,
nationality, or any other factor.
2. Respect others
One of the most important traits of ethical leadership is the respect that is given to followers. An ethical
leader shows respect all members of the team by listening to them attentively, valuing their
contributions, being compassionate, and being generous while considering opposing viewpoints.
3. Honesty
It goes without saying that anyone who is ethical will also be honest and loyal. Honesty is particularly
important to be an effective ethical leader, because followers trust honest and dependable leaders.
Ethical leaders convey facts transparently, no matter how unpopular they may be.

33. 4. Humane
Being humane is one of the most revealing traits of a leader who is ethical and moral. Ethical leaders
place importance in being kind, and act in a manner that is always beneficial to the team.
5. Focus on teambuilding
Ethical leaders foster a sense of community and team spirit within the organization. When an ethical
leader strives to achieve goals, it is not just personal goals that they’re concerned about. They make
genuine efforts to achieve goals that benefit the entire organization – not just themselves.
6. Value driven decision-making
In ethical leadership, all decisions are first checked to ensure that they are in accordance with the overall
organizational values. Only those decisions that meet this criterion are implemented.
7. Encourages initiative
Under an ethical leader, employees thrive and flourish. Employees are rewarded for coming up with
innovative ideas, and are encouraged to do what it takes to improve the way things are done. Employees
are praised for taking the first step rather than waiting for somebody else to do it for them.
8. Leadership by example
Ethical leadership is not just about talking the talk, this type of leader also walks the walk. The high
expectations that an ethical leader has of employees are also applicable on the individual level. Leaders
expect others to do the right thing by leading from example.
9. Values awareness
An ethical leader will regularly discuss the high values and expectations that they place on themselves,
other employees, and the organization. By regularly communicating and discussing values, they ensure
that there is consistent understanding across the organization.
10. No tolerance for ethical violations
An ethical leader expects employees to do the right thing at all times, not just when it is convenient for
them. Don’t expect a leader of such high values to overlook or tolerate ethical violation.

35. Unit-4 Values, Ethics & Global Issues
Global Ethics & Human Values allows us to study the urgent ethical issues of our globalizing world
including climate change, war, terrorism, poverty, inequality, trade, justice and human rights. Global
problem-solving and ethics intersect in a number of ways. Obviously, the manner in which issues such as
climate change, resource depletion, violent death, human trafficking, savage inequalities in life chances,
and threats to biodiversity are approached and conceived. The world is facing a number of threats to
global security. The present day situation is that an individual, irrespective of his or her location, feels
insecure on account of multiple threats. According to the Report of the UN Secretary General’s High Level
Panel on “Threats, Challenges and Change” there are following security threats to the world:
 Economic and social threats, including poverty, infectious disease and environmental degradation.

 Inter-State conflict.

 Internal conflict, including civil war, genocide and other large scale atrocities.

 Nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons.

 Terrorism.

 Transnational organized crime
As a result of this one does not feel safe at home, in the office, at a public place or while traveling or even
while surfing the net. Each of these threats can cause large scale deaths, socio economic disruption,
prolonged human misery and massive demoralization. It is suggested that most of the global threats we
face today are rooted in the deeper issues of ethics and values in international politics.
Issue Ethical Issue Involved
Climate Change
Exploitation of resources; luxury vs survival; differentiated
responsibility; Sustainable development.
Terrorism
Deprivation; clash of civilizations; identity; moral superiority;
tolerance; injustice, Inequality.
Poverty socio-economic inequalities, insensitivity.
Financial Instability Greed
Disarmment Morality of nuclear weapons, nonviolence
Organised crime, drugs,
Greed, Utter Insensibility
humantrafficking
Competition over
Selfishness, Greed
resources

36. These threats concern the well being of an individual whose identity is rooted in different socio-economic
and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the solutions to today’s global security problems have to take into
account an individual’s cultural and socio-economic background. many of today’s problems are rooted in
religious and cultural misunderstandings and intolerance. Individuals are deeply moved by their faith
and values. One way to handle these issues is to look for similarities among different value systems and
faiths and build solutions based on these commonalities.
Ethics and values play an important role in the makeup of an individual, a community and a nation.
Therefore, ethics and values should play an important role in international relations too. But in this
competitive world there is too much focus on realism which has distracted from the question of ethics,
morality and values in international relations. It should be recognized that behind each of the present
dayproblems there are there are questions of ethics and values and only sound ethical behaviour and
uplifted morality may contribute to better the situation.
What should be done?
How should one deal with these issues? There is a need to bring the focus on ethical and moral dimension
of today’s problems. No doubt, values systems of different people do not always coincide and are quite
often are the cause of conflict. Values often breed self-righteousness and moral superiority. However, it
needs to be realized that the world’s major faiths and civilizations have a lot that is common and
acceptable to most. Thus, a study of the world’s prominent religions, thought systems, cultures should be
done with a view to build a data-base of global ethics which is secular in nature and which appeals to
most people. What could be a possible, common minimum ethical code that can be extracted after such a
study.
A common sense approach would point to the following common minimum secular values acceptable to
most people: peace, truth, tolerance, honesty, non-violence, charity, justice, harmony, parsimony, mutual
respect, philanthropy, right conduct, human rights, and compassion, self-restraint, rectitude, forbearance
and family values. No right-thinking person can quarrel with this list. These values are found in all
religions. They form the basis of our civilization. If these values are imbibed amongst children and youth
from the beginning and if these are advocated at the national and international level by politicians,
policy-makers, businessmen and other influential people, there will be a beneficial impact on global
security situation.
Promotion of value system in politics is easier said than done. However, it is remarkable that there is
overwhelming support amongst the common people for value-based politics. They are, however, not
organized. The people are fed up with corruption, violence and insecurity. They support value-based

37. politics. Therefore, a movement has to be built to take advantage of people’s rejection of valueless
politics. A movement for global ethics needs to be built.
Values, Rights and Responsibilities of Global Citizenship
A global citizen is someone who sees themselves as part of an emerging sustainable world community,
and whose actions support the values and practices of that community. There are two types of values that
can characterize our emerging world community: (a) political, economic and humanitarian values and (b)
personal values. Each of these types of values is evolving over time, as the nature of global issues change
and as a greater interest emerges regarding the common ethics and morals that underlie the world’s
great wisdom traditions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others).
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP VALUES
(a) Political, economic and humanitarian values:
For the most part the world community’s political, economic, and humanitarian values are values that
have been espoused by global leaders for the past one hundred years These include: human rights,
environmental protection, sustainable development gender equity, religious pluralism, digital access,
poverty alleviation and the reduction of resource inequalities, global peace and justice, the elimination of
weapons of mass destruction, and humanitarian assistance. These values are reflected in the nature of a
growing number of global issues that the world community needs to solve collaboratively, such as climate
change, human rights violations, gender inequities, religious intolerance, increases in civil conflicts, and
others.
These issues are beyond the capacity of individual nation states to solve on their own. Yet because of the
power of the nation-state; its dependence on the views of citizens, many of whom are more concerned
with local than global issues; and the consequent reluctance of countries in working with others; many of
our global issues continue to worsen.
One major, heartening expedition to this trend, is in the field of humanitarian assistance. Over the last
decade, in places like Haiti, Japan, and the Philippines, the world has collectively responded to the
emergency needs of the people involved.
(b) -Social, cultural and behavioral values:
The social, cultural, and behavioral values of the world community can be found in many of the world’s
great wisdom traditions. Sharif Abdullah, in his book Creating A World That Works for All finds that most
wisdom traditions share universal values such as love, peace, nonviolence, compassion,service,caring for

38. others, forgiveness, tolerance, patience, humility, surrender, inclusivity, truth, joy, gratitude, and
happiness. In an interview we did with Sharif Abdullah he comments, somewhat skeptically, on this list: “I
can find some level of all of these values ascribed to in all cultures. However, the truth is that most
cultures believe these things, yet practice almost the opposite of these values, which is why we’re talking
right now. If people actually practiced their values, there would be no need for my organization or yours.
There is lots of evidence that we’re not practicing the universal values.”
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS
The rights of global citizens are embedded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, first drafted in
1948 after World War II. The core nature of the Universal Declaration—grounded in individual liberty,
equality, and equity—has remained constant. However the ways in human rights are applied change over
time, with changes that occur in the political, economic and social fabric of society. Also new rights, that
were not on the 1948 human rights agenda have emerged, for example, digital access rights, LGBT rights,
and environmental rights. Some people cite the emergence of new rights and changing political systems
as calling forth the need for an updated Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The main problem related to human rights has been the difficulties that the world has had in enforcing
them. There is a long and shameful history of disrespect for and abuse of human rights on the part of
sovereign states, religious institutions, corporations and others. A growing number of international
mechanisms have been established for reporting human rights abuses. There also are global, regional,
and national courts that exist to adjudicate incidences of human rights abuse. Yet, unfortunately human
rights enforcement mechanisms still have limited legal jurisdiction, and many states have not agreed to
participate in them. This is yet another reason for a review and update of our current human rights
policies and programs.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES
A global citizen, living in an emerging world community, has moral, ethical, political, and economic
responsibilities. It is a tall order that requires the provision of education, training and awareness raising,
starting at an early age and extending through secondary and post secondary education. The great
challenge for those of us interested in promoting global citizenship is to educate and nurture a new
generation of global citizen leaders. The instructional framework for global citizen leadership should help
participants fulfill the following responsibilities.
#1 Responsibility to understand one’s own perspective and the perspectives of others on global issues.:

39. Almost every global issue has multiple ethnic, social, political, and economic perspectives attached to it. It
is the responsibility of global citizens to understand these different perspectives and promote problem-
solving consensus among the different perspectives and the building of common ground solutions. A
global citizen should avoid taking sides with one particular point of view, and instead search for ways to
bring all sides together.
# 2 Responsibility to respect the principle of cultural diversity:
The multiple perspectives that exist with most global issues often are a reflection of different cultural
belief systems. Each of our major cultural belief systems brings value-added to our search for solutions to
the global issues we face. In building a sustainable values-based world community it is important to
maintain respect for the world’s different cultural traditions; to make an effort to bring together the
leaders of these different cultural traditions who often have much in common with one another.; and to
help leaders bring the best elements of their cultures to the task of solving global issues and building
world community.
# 3 Responsibilities to make connections and build relationships with people from other countries and
cultures:
Global citizens need to reach out and build relationships with people from other countries and cultures.
Otherwise we will continue to live in isolated communities with narrow conflict-prone points of view on
global issues. It is quite easy to build global relationships. Most countries, cities, and towns are now
populated with immigrants and people from different ethnic traditions. The Internet offers a range of
opportunities to connect with people on different issues. So even without traveling abroad (which is a
useful thing to do), it is possible to build a network of personal and group cross-country and cultural
relationships. Building such networks help those involved better understand their similarities and
differences and search for common solutions for the global issues that everyone faces.
#4 Responsibilities to understand the ways in which the peoples and countries of the world are inter-
connected and inter-dependent:
Global citizens have the responsibility to understand the many ways in which their lives are inter-
connected with people and countries in different parts of the world. They need for example to
understand they ways in which the global environment affects them where they live, and how the
environmental lifestyles they choose affect the environment in other parts of the world. They need to
understand the ways in which human rights violations in foreign countries affect their own human rights,

40. how growing income inequalities across the world affect the quality of their lives, how the global tide of
immigration affects what goes on in their countries.
#5 Responsibilities to understand global issues:
Global citizens have the responsibility to understand the major global issues that affect their lives. For
example, they need to understand the impact of the scarcity of resources on societies; the challenges
presented by the current distribution of wealth and power in the world; the roots of conflict and
dimensions of peace-building; the challenges posed by a growing global populations.
#6 Responsibilities to advocate for greater international cooperation with other nations:
Global citizens need to play activist roles in urging greater international cooperation between their
nation and others. When a global issue arises, it is important for global citizens to provide advice on how
their countries can work with other nations to address this issue; how it can work with established
international organizations like the United Nations, rather than proceed on a unilateral course of action
#7 Responsibility for advocating for the implementation of international agreements, conventions,
treaties related to global issues: Global citizens have the responsibility to advocate for having their
countries ratify and implement the global agreements, conventions, and treaties that they have signed.
#8 Responsibilities for advocating for more effective global equity and justice in each of the value
domains of the world community:
There are a growing number of cross-sectoral issues that require the implementation of global standards
of justice and equity; for example the global rise in military spending, the unequal access by different
countries to technology, the lack of consistent policies on immigration. Global citizens have the
responsibility to work with one another and advocate for global equality and justice solutions to these
issues.

41. References:
https://www.nspe.org/
http://www.theworkplacecoach.com/the-importance-of-ethical-leadership/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_leadership
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140831053426-77080879-10-golden-rules-to-professional-
ethics-in-the-workplace
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/code-of-ethics.asp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_code
http://www.universalmoralcode.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_code_(ethics)
http://www.theglobalcitizensinitiative.org/global-citizenship-blog-may-2014/
http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/importance-of-moral-ethics-values-in-our-lives
https://josuatarsisius.wordpress.com/2010/08/23/469/
http://www.herbstevenson.com/articles/core-values-assessment.php
http://scottjeffrey.com/seven-steps-discovering-personal-core-values/
https://www.reference.com/world-view/examples-civic-responsibility-aac021aa290799fa