1. 1
LESSON TITLE: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER
AND DISASTER RISK
_________________________________________________________
QUARTER 1 – WEEK 1
Name of Teacher –Writer: MA. CARIDAD CARIE MAE M. AYSON
School: SALCEDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur
12
DISASTER READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
2. 2
Explain the meaning of disaster (DRR11/12-Ia-b-1)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Enumerate natural events that may turn into hazards
2. Distinguish a hazard from a natural phenomenon
3. Explain how a hazard causes a disaster
1
1
Disaster is an inevitable phenomenon among Filipinos. Every year, the
Philippines is dealing with earthquakes, typhoons, fires, flooding, and volcanic
eruptions. Nevertheless, due to the resiliency of Filipinos, we end up victorious
in addressing such catastrophic situation. Ultimately, every Filipino need to be
prepares and for it. This includes students just like you who must be competent
and ready to face disaster.
This Self-Learning Kit (SLK), aims to provide you with the necessary
understanding and relevant skills needed in dealing with all types of disasters
during our lifetime.
Each lesson of this SLK starts with the identification and description of
the disaster. You are initiated to the nature of disaster. Be it an earthquake, a
fire, a volcanic eruption, or any other hazards brought about by nature and,
sometimes, by negligent and irresponsible people. Then, you as a student is
given instructions on how to prepare for the danger that the disaster poses to
people and the environment. You are taught how to mitigate, if not totally
eliminate, the danger that accompanies every disaster.
You’re going to answer all the given tasks/activities in this SLK that is
good for one week! Let the learning continuous while you’re at home! Enjoy!
3. 3
DIRECTIONS: Name the following examples of natural events given their definitions
below.
1. It is a large, powerful and violent tropical cyclone.
___________________________
2. A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.
__________________________
3. It is usually caused by a temporary rise or the overflowing of a river, stream, or other
water course.
_________________________
Before you start, let’s have a recall on the different natural
events that we are experiencing nowadays. Below is a simple
activity that you’re going to answer. Enjoy!
4. 4
Can we prevent disasters from happening? The frequency of
disasters due, for instance, to typhoons, floods and droughts, has
been increasing. Could this be a reflection of an increasing frequency
of hazard events? Hazards become disasters only when people’s
lives and properties are lost. If the increase in disasters is also due
to the rapid increase of vulnerable populations, then any strategy to
prevent or reduce disasters cannot be purely hazard-oriented.
Measuring vulnerability equally deserves attention if science is to
help us deal with disasters. Disasters should be seen as results of
the interaction between physical events such as earthquakes and
typhoons and the vulnerability of a population including its
infrastructure, environment, and economy.
You probably have gotten used to hearing news about
typhoons, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions happening every now
and then. Many of us might have also experienced disasters due to
one or more of these natural events that these are no longer
considered as news.
4. A giant sea waves generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the
seabed.
___________________________
5. A process wherein volcanic materials such as molten or hot fragmented rocks or
gaseous materials are ejected from a volcano.
__________________________
5. 5
SECTION 1.1 CONCEPT OF DISASTER
You probably have gotten used to hearing news about typhoons, earthquakes,
or volcanic eruptions happening every now and then. Many of us might have also
experienced disasters due to one or more of these natural events that these are no
longer considered as news.
What are disasters?
The term “disaster” originated from the French word “desastre” which is a
combination of the words “des” meaning bad and “aster” meaning star. From this, it
can be inferred that disaster literally means bad star.
Disaster is a serious and tragic event that causes loss of lives, human suffering,
and great damages to properties and environment.
When does a natural event become a hazard?
We certainly cannot prevent volcanic activities, earthquakes, typhoons and
landslides from happening. However, natural events do not automatically become
hazards, much less cause disasters. Under what circumstances then do the natural
phenomena can be considered hazards?
A natural event can be likened to a weak concrete fence that could collapse
even with just a slight push. It does not pose a threat to anything or anybody if there
is nothing or no one nearby. Once you park a car or stand right beside it, it becomes
a hazard. The threat of damage, injury, and even death now exists.
Natural Hazards
Nature operates dynamically, making it very unpredictable. Natural hazards are
phenomena that may cause severe death toll, damages to property, environment, and
socio-economic condition of communities. There are different types of natural hazards
depending on their precursors, namely:
1. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – this is directly linked to an organic origin caused by
exposure of living organisms to toxic substances and microorganisms that
cause sickness.
2. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS – events that originated in solid ground count as a
major precursor. These hazards undoubtedly cause mortality and damages, as
well as impacts to other facets of society.
3. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS – this hazard involves phenomena
that are of atmosphere, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
6. 6
Human-Induced hazards
Despite the realm of increasing intensity and frequency of natural hazards, it
cannot be denied that anthropogenic influence on hazards causes much loss, both in
number of lives and socio-economic conditions. In fact, there is a widespread risk on
the exposure of hazardous materials due to industrialization and globalization.
This kind of hazard sprouts from technological or industrial conditions which
include infrastructure failures or specific human activities.
Technological hazards can also come into play due to impact of a natural
hazard like the Japan earthquake in 2011 which caused nuclear contamination.
Because of our highly interconnected world, the transportation of hazardous products
becomes easily available to several communities. If the population does not have
adequate policies to regulate the use of hazardous materials, this may pose serious
health risk to them.
Aside from nuclear accidents, other technological or man-made disasters
include bombings and bioterrorism. These armed conflicts are one of the worst
disasters that can claim lives and displace large numbers of people.
Furthermore, the readily accessible weapons and munitions mean that small
groups with violent intents can terrorize large populations. The roots of terrorist
movements are often poverty, inequity and marginalization.
When does a hazard becomes a disaster?
Natural events had been occurring since
the early part of the earth’s history. Back then,
however, there were no disasters to speak of
(at least from the point of view of man). Then
came man who, in no time at all, learned to alter
his environment to satisfy his need to grow and
develop. Almost a quickly, urban centers have
become uncontrollably bigger (with population
counting in millions).
https://www.gograph.com/clipart/swirling-tornado-in-
village-hurricane-destroying-
Consequently, exposure to hazards and the potential for greater disasters has
grown tremendously. Exposure refers to people and property. Up until now, we have
been assuming that the population exposed to hazards are vulnerable. With zero
vulnerability, even a super typhoon hitting a highly populated area does not translate
into a disaster.
Vulnerability refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic and
environmental, that increase the susceptibility to the impact of a hazard. For instance,
7. 7
In order for you to understand the differences of each natural
events and what certain hazards to they belong, below are their
examples.
a community having a large portion of its population unable to evacuate on time from
the lahar and other fast-moving volcanic hazards is considered very vulnerable.
Coastal city dwellers with low storm surge awareness level will not likely respond very
well to storm surge warnings. Vulnerability can be reduced, for example, through an
aggressive information and education campaign on storm surge hazard. The growth
in exposure of people and property to hazards and inability to reduce vulnerabilities
results in an increased number of disasters and greater loss.
A disaster happens when the
probable destructive agent, the
hazard, hits a vulnerable populated
area. A natural event like a volcanic
eruption or tsunami which hits an
uninhabited area does not qualify as a
disaster. It becomes a disaster if it hits
vulnerable population and properties –
in short, if there are victims.
Natural Hazards
1. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Examples: epidemic diseases caused by viral and bacterial infection
2. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Examples: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and emissions, and other
secondary hazards such as landslides and mudflows.
8. 8
earthquake volcanic eruption landslide
3. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
Examples: typhoon, thunderstorms, tornadoes, floods, and even
drought, among others
typhoon tornado flood
thunderstorm
Human-Induced hazards
Examples: transportation accidents and chemical spills, bombings and
bioterrorism
car accident bombing
9. 9
chemical spill bioterrorism
ACTIVITY 1: WORD SEARCH!
DIRECTIONS: Find and encircle on the grid the 10 given words listed below. Words
appear straight across, horizontally, vertically, diagonally even backwards.
Now, it’s your time to have your exercises! Are you ready?
Answer the succeeding activities based on how you understand
the topic.
vulnerability bombing bioterrorism
exposure earthquake biological
hazard floods geologic
disaster
10. 10
V T Y E A R T H Q U A K E U G
B U O V B C Z H A R D E X P N
E B L E L U V J W U R C P N I
M A R N Z X B H T U R S O N B
B I O T E R R O R I S M S T M
I F G E S R B O B M H A U N O
O E D R A H A Z A R D F R O B
L A L G Z V U B D T U R E S T
O R T E H B N O I G L F T C V
G F L O O D S L S L M T U V X
I Y I L S W U V A L I B O B Z
C O B O T W E A S V U T T R E
A G C G P U T D T Z A R Y D E
L F E I R U O X E F D S L O O
O S U C B T E A R T S V R E D
ACTIVITY 2: WHERE DO I BELONG?
Objective: Review disaster concepts and distinguish between the various types of
hazards.
Indicate on the space provided for answer (a) whether each item is a hazard or
a disaster. For answer in (b), choose whether it is hydrometeorological, geologic,
biological or man-made.
1. A super typhoon with storm surge affecting Leyte.
a. ________________________ ; b. _______________________
2. A typhoon passing over a remote and unpopulated island.
a. ________________________ ; b. _______________________
3. A flood in a rural area which floods the roads but does not affect any houses.
a. _______________________ ; b. _______________________
11. 11
4. A volcano erupting in isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean
a. ________________________; b. ________________________
5. Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka.
a. ________________________ ; b. ________________________
6. A typhoon Yolanda landfall in Eastern Visayas.
a. _________________________; b. ______________________________
7. A tsunami wave 5 m high off the coast of Japan.
a. __________________________; b. ______________________________
8. An Earthquake in Luzon in the year 1990.
a. _________________________; b. ______________________________
9. A 7.2 magnitude quake that hit Central Visayas in 2013.
a. ___________________________; b. _____________________________
10.A massive landslide in Itogon, Benguet in the year 2018.
a. ___________________________; b. ____________________________
ACTIVITY 3: KNOW ME BETTER!
Objective: This activity lets one discover various natural phenomena and when can
these be considered hazards.
1. List at least two (2) natural phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
or typhoons) that you can think of.
___________________________
___________________________
2. Create a profile for each event you listed in number 1 using the following
question.
Where does this kind of event occur?
What causes the natural phenomenon?
Can it cause damage to people and the environment? If so what sort of
damage can it cause?
12. 12
In 2-3 sentence, how could you as a student prevent disasters when it
occurs?
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_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
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13. 13
LESSON TITLE: RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTER
_________________________________________________________
QUARTER 1 – WEEK 1
Name of Teacher –Writer: MA. CARIDAD CARIE MAE M. AYSON
School: SALCEDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur
12
DISASTER READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
14. 14
Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters
(DRR11/12-Ia-b-2)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define disaster risk
2. Enumerate the elements of disaster risk.
3. Explain each elements of disaster risk
1
1
Disaster is an inevitable phenomenon among Filipinos. Every year, the
Philippines is dealing with earthquakes, typhoons, fires, flooding, and volcanic
eruptions. Nevertheless, due to the resiliency of Filipinos, we end up victorious
in addressing such catastrophic situation. Ultimately, every Filipino need to be
prepares and for it. This includes students just like you who must be competent
and ready to face disaster.
This Self-Learning Kit (SLK), aims to provide you with the necessary
understanding and relevant skills needed in dealing with all types of disasters
during our lifetime.
Each lesson of this SLK starts with the identification and description of
the disaster. You are initiated to the nature of disaster. Be it an earthquake, a
fire, a volcanic eruption, or any other hazards brought about by nature and,
sometimes, by negligent and irresponsible people. Then, you as a student is
given instructions on how to prepare for the danger that the disaster poses to
people and the environment. You are taught how to mitigate, if not totally
eliminate, the danger that accompanies every disaster.
You’re going to answer all the given tasks/activities in this SLK that is
good for one week! Let the learning continuous while you’re at home! Enjoy!
15. 15
DIRECTIONS: 4-pics-1-word: Identify what are the words in each sets of pictures.
https://pt.slideshare.net/gngjane/4-pics-1-word-2/2
Have you ever try playing 4-pics-1-word? In order for you to
unlock our next lesson, you’re going to identify first each set of
pictures below. Enjoy!
S
F
S
D
R
E
L
D
A
I
O
T
B
U
G
F
S
D
W
L
D
A
I
T
B
U
G
K N
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16. 16
Recognizing that no two persons are alike guides in relating
with different kinds of people. In the same manner, no two disasters
are alike. Some are definitely similar, but appreciating their
differences in terms of their nature and magnitude of triggering
hazards, exposed elements risk, and vulnerabilities will help us deal
with potential disasters. The risks associated with disasters can be
estimated and can be expressed either quantitatively or in relative
terms. This provides a way of comparing past and future disasters.
Can you imagine how interventions to reduce risk can be
made effectively without prior disaster risk assessment?
SECTION 1.2 DISASTER RISK
Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction
and damage from a disaster in a given period of time. It is widely recognized as the
consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make
people and places vulnerable and exposed.
The Elements of Disaster Risk
When more people encroach on hazardous areas and urban centers continue
to grow along the path of hazard events, the magnitude of disasters is expected to
increase. Thus, we say, that the risk of losing lives or causing injury to people and of
losing or damaging property due to a hazard increases as the levels of exposure and
vulnerability increase. It refers to the expectation value of deaths, injuries, and property
losses that would be caused by a hazard. Disaster risk is expressed as a function of
hazard, exposure and vulnerability. (Disaster Risk = function [Hazard, Exposure,
Vulnerability]). It seeks not only to express the chance of the disaster happening but
also to quantify the impact. In this model, the term vulnerability assumes a more
specific meaning.
RISK = HAZARD X EXPOSURE X VULNERABILITY
17. 17
The following are some examples of exposure and vulnerability as
an elements of disaster risk.
According to this formula, if there is no hazard, then the risk is null (the
same if population or vulnerability is null.)
1. HAZARD - is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property,
or the environment.
2. EXPOSURE – refers to people and properties that are affected by hazards. It
can be measured by the number of people or types of assets in an area.
3. VULNERABILITY – explains how people and the differences among them
contribute to the situation or context wherein they operate. It comes in many
types, namely: social, psychological, economic, environmental and physical
vulnerability
1. EXPOSURE
Those who live below the mountainous areas are more exposed to
hazards such as landslides and rock falls than those who are in the
cityscapes.
Those who live along the sea areas are more exposed to hazards such
as storm surge and tsunami.
2. VULNERABILITY
Social vulnerability
o situations such as lack of inclusion of women in decision-making
may lead to more vulnerable communities
o migrants or those who are new to a community are more
vulnerable because they are equipped with the knowledge and
culture of the community’s local, social, and environmental
context
Psychological vulnerability – pertains to the trauma of loss that may
translate to an unhealthy condition.
Physical vulnerability – includes assets such as money and houses
Economic Vulnerability - level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon
the economic status of individuals, communities and nations.
o The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they
lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other
18. 18
engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being
negatively impacted by disasters.
Environmental Vulnerability - natural resource depletion and resource
degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability.
o Wetlands, such as the Caroni Swamp, are sensitive to increasing
salinity from sea water, and pollution from storm water runoff
containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.
ACTIVITY 1: TRUE/FALSE
DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is
incorrect.
_______1. Exposure is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans,
property, or the environment.
_______2. The three elements of disaster risk are hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
_______3. Those who live below the mountainous areas are more exposed to hazards
such as landslides and rock falls.
_______4. When more people encroach on hazardous areas and urban centers
continue to grow along the path of hazard events, the magnitude of disasters is
expected to decrease.
_______5. Vulnerability refers to people and properties that are affected by hazards.
_______6. Psychological vulnerability pertains to the trauma of loss that may translate
to an unhealthy condition.
_______7. The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the
resources to build sturdy structures.
_______8. Physical vulnerability includes assets such as money and houses.
_______9. The occurrence of natural disasters are cannot be prevented, but reducing
exposure and vulnerability can minimize their impacts.
_______10. The risk of losing lives or causing injury to people and of losing or
damaging property due to a hazard increases as the levels of exposure and
vulnerability decrease.
Now, it’s your time to have your exercises! Are you ready?
Answer the succeeding activities based on how you understand
the topic.
19. 19
ACTIVITY 2: ANALYZE!
DIRECTIONS: Below are situations regarding vulnerability, tell whether the situation
is social, economic, environmental, physical or psychological vulnerability. Write your
answers on the space provided before the number.
__________1. When flooding occurs some citizens, such as children, elderly and
differently-able, may be unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary.
__________2. Poorer families may live in squatter settlements because they cannot
afford to live in safer (more expensive) areas.
__________3. Lack of proper planning and implementation in construction of
residential and commercial buildings results in buildings that are weaker and
vulnerable in earthquakes, floods, landslides and other hazards.
__________4. Rural households are found to be more vulnerable than those in urban
environments because of the greater number of people living in poverty.
__________5. A person having a major depression in the place where he migrated.
ACTIVITY 3: CRITICAL THINKING!
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.
1. In 2-3 sentences, what are the elements of disaster risk? Explain the
significance of each element of disaster risk in determining the odds of a
disaster happening and its impacts.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______.
2. In 2-3 sentences. what makes communities vulnerable to hazard?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
20. 20
MY 7-DAY SURVIVAL KIT BAG
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In every disaster response, it is important to note that it
is always a communal activity. From planning stage down to the
last thing to be done, a sense of task sharing is needed. This is
the reason why the government establishes coordinating
bodies among different agencies all in the purpose of limiting
life and destruction of property whenever we are faced with
forces that is beyond our control.
Below is a 7-day survival kit bag. You’re going to write on the
bag all the things you need to prepare when there is a disaster
in your area. After which, you’re going to write down your
reasons why those things written on the bag are important to
you.
22. 22
b. men, women, boys
c. women, children, old people
d. none of the above
9. Which of the following is a geological disaster?
a. tsunami b. storm surge c. flood d. earthquake
10.Which of the following is a man-made disaster?
a. terrorism b. major fire c. pollution d. all of the above
11.The level of risk of a disaster depends on
a. nature of the hazard
b. vulnerability of the elements which are affected
c. economic value of the elements which are affected
d. all of the above
12.Which of the following is not a hydrometeorological hazard?
a. epidemic in human
b. hail
c. heavy rainfall
d. hurricanes
13.Tsunamis can occur only during
a. evening
b. afternoon
c. any time of the day or night
d. morning
14.High vulnerability and high hazard are associated with
a. low disaster risk
b. medium disaster risk
c. higher disaster risk
d. none of the above
15.Floods can be prevented by
a. Afforestation
b. Cutting the trees
c. Tilling the land
d. Removing the topsoil
23. 23
Books:
Rolly E. Rimando, Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (main office at 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St.,Sampaloc, Manila; Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016), 3-13.
Francis Ron De Guzman & Denise Ann-Marie R. Suarez, Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction, (main office at 1253 G. Araneta Avemue, Quezon City;
Vibal Group, Inc.,2016), 4-8.
Other Sources:
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/disaster-risk
http://www.odpm.gov.tt/node/162
Pictures:
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/684758318326657384/
https://www.123rf.com/photo_138832501_stock-vector-volcano-eruption-in-small-
city-cartoon-vector-illustration-volcanic-activity-active-volcano-spewing-.html
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/storm-scene-with-rain-and-wind-
vector-22380772
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/189714203023392565/
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/heavy-rain-drops-and-city-flood-in-
modern-village-vector-20949362
https://www.cleanpng.com/png-car-bus-traffic-collision-clip-art-accident-
688314/preview.html
https://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/the-best-of-the-worst-most-memorable-
dystopian-worlds/article_990ed972-d428-532d-9975-591b1e7528cb.html
https://www.desmogblog.com/2014/01/21/high-tech-oil-pipeline-monitors-catch-less-
20-percent-leaks
https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/bioterrorism-threat-matter-of-concern/
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/storm-nature-outdoor-scene-vector-
27894624
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1903336/adventure_backpack_camping_hiking_ou
tdoor_recreation_rucksack_icon
