Morphological Characterisation and Genetic Divergence in Proso Millet

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATIONANDGENETIC
DIVERGENCE IN PROSOMILLET (Panicum miliaceum L. )
Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University,
Agricultural college, Bapatla
Submitted to
Dr. T. Srinivas
Professor and Head
Department of
Genetics and Plant
breeding
Submitted by
D.Niveditha
BAM-20-21
M.Sc. (Ag.)1st year

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 IMPORTANCE OF MILLETS
 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
 GENETIC DIVERGENCE
 CASE STUDIES
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Agricultural College, Bapatla

INTRODUCTION
 Common names include Broom corn millet, common millet, red
and white millet archeological evidence clearly state that the crop
first domesticated before 10000BCE in Northern China.
 Proso millet is a C4 crop with a low transpiration ratios. It is
considered to be a short day plant with an adventitious root
system.
 The crop is ready to harvest in 70 to 80 days. This crop is related
to Foxtail millet, maize, pearl millet, and these are all belongs to
the same sub family panicoideae.
 Except prosomillet all are having NADP-ME pathway as the
carbon pathways where the prosomillet has NAD-ME pathway.

• Stem is erected and divided on internodes
• Leaf blades are more or less hairy on both surfaces and the
edges
• They are 1 to 2 cm wide and up to 30 cm long
• Leaf sheaths are densely hairy and have overlapping margins
• Grain is round oval or elongated covered with hulls all around
can be white, yellow, grey, red and brown
• Inflorescence are opened, clustered and compact are more
uniform in maturity has a shallow root system
MORPHOLOGY

ADVANTAGES
 Proso millet contains high lecithin which supports the neural health
system.
 It is rich in vitamins (niacin, B-complex vitamins, folic acid),
minerals (P, Ca, Zn, Fe) and essential amino acids (methionine and
cysteine).
 It has a low glycemic index and reduces the risk of type-2 diabetes.
 Helps to assist digestion
 To prevent cancer
 Overcome respiratory problems
 Anti aging properties Cardiac
ailments

NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF MILLETS
Table 2: Nutrient composition of millets (per 100 g edible portion, Dry weight basis)
Source Carbohydrates (g) Crude Protein (g) Fat (g) Crude fiber (g) Ash (g) Energy
(kcal)
Pearl millet 60.0–76.0 12.0 –14.0 4.8 –5.7 2 –2.5 2.0–2.2 363–412
Finger millet 60.0–80.0 7.0–10.0 1.3–1.8 3.6–4.2 2.6–3.0 328–336
Foxtail millet 59.0–70.0 11.2–15.0 4.0–7.0 4.5–7.0 2.0–3.5 330–350
Kodo millet 66.0–72.0 8.0–10.0 1.4–3.6 5.0–9.0 4.0–5.0 309–353
Little millet 60.0–75.0 10.0–15.0 5.0–6.0 4.0–8.0 2.5–5.0 329–341
Barnyard millet 55.0–65.0 6.0–13.0 2.0–4.0 9.5–14.0 4.0–4.5 300–310
Proso millet 55.0–70.0 10.0–13.0 1–3.5 2.0–9.0 2.0–4.0 330–340
Teff 70.0–73.0 10.0–11.0 2.0–4.0 1.0–2.0 2.8–3.1 330–340
*Wet weight basis. Sources: McWatters et al. (2003), Gebremariam et al. (2014), Sadik et al. (2012), Gopalan et al. (1989),
Saldivar, (2003), Ravindran (1991), Hulse et al. (1980), and National Research Council (US), Board on Science and
Technology for International Development ( Source)

Table 3: Mineral composition of millets (mg/100 g)
Minerals Pearl Finger Foxtail Little Proso Kodo
K 440–442 408–570 250–400 129–370 250–320 144–170
Na 10.0–
12.0
7.0–11.0 4.6–10 6–8.1 8.2–10 4.6–10
Mg 130–137 110–137 100-130 120–133 117–153 130–166
Ca 10.0–
46.0
240–410 10.0–30.0 12.0–30.0 20–23 10.0–31.0
P 350-379 240–320 270–310 251–260 230–281 215–310
Mn 1.15–1.8 5–5.5 2.19–26 1.0–20.0 0.6–1.81 1.10–2.9
Zn 2.95–3.1 2–2.3 2.14–9 3.5–11 1.4–2.4 0.7–1.5
Cu 0.62–
1.06
0.4–4 1–3.0 1.0–4.0 0.83–5.8 1.6–5.8
Fe 7.49–8.0 3.9–7.5 3.26–19 13–20 4.0–5.2 0.7–3.6
Sources: Varriano-Marston and Hoseney, (1980), Serna-Saldivar et al., (1991), Hulse et al.,(1980), Serna-Saldivar
and Rooney, (1995),

Proso millet cultivating states in
India
(Source)
Ravikeshavan et al

TAXONOMY
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division : Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Panicum
Species: P. miliaceum

• Florets can be of two types with or
without purple tips.
• Purple tipped florets has purple stigma
while green ones have pink stigma.
• Stigma can be of light pink to whitish.
• Purple tipped florets produces colored
seeds.
• Anthers are three in number, orange in
color.
• Anthers generally stay intermingled with
stigma.
Floral Biology :-

PP

CLASSIFICATION
1. A wild ancestor for proso millet has yet to be identified
(Miller et al., 2016);
2. However, weedy forms of millet, which may include a wild
progenitor, are found across Eurasia (Zohary et al., 2012).
3. Chromosomal in situ hybridization with genomic DNA and
phylogenetic data provide evidence of the allotetraploid
origin of proso millet, with Panicum capillare or a close
relative, and Panicum repens as ancestors (Hunt et al., 2014).
Agricultural College ,Bapatla

 Five races (miliaceum, patentissimum, contractum,
compactum, ovatum) have been recognized in proso millet
based on panicle morphology and shape.
 More recent studies assessed proso millet diversity based on
morpho-agronomic traits, showing high potential for breeding
and high resilience towards temperature and drought stress .
 Studies on the molecular diversity of proso millet collections
are limited and seldom used next generation

Panicum reapens L. Panicum capillare L. Panicum miliaceum L.

 Characterization is the description of plant germplasm. It determines
the expression of highly heritable characters ranging from
morphological or agronomical features to seed proteins or molecular
markers.
 Morphological characterization of plant materials with desired traits is
an essential step for effective utilization of crop germplasm (Santos et
al. 2012).
 In plants, morphological traits have been widely used for the
identification of species, families and genera
 Morphological characterization and the study of reproductive behavior
are important procedures to identify desirable traits of progenitors to
be included in breeding programs.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Morphological descriptors for DUS testing
 The candidate varieties for DUS testing shall be divided into groups to
facilitate assessment of Distinctness.
Characteristics which are suitable for grouping purpose are those which do
not vary or vary slightly, within a variety.
 The following characteristics are to be used for grouping Proso millet
varieties
» Days to 50% flowering (Characteristic 3)
» Plant: Pigmentation at leaf sheath (Characteristic 4 )
» Leaf Sheath: Pubescence (Characteristic 5)
» Inflorescence : Shape (Characteristic 8)
» Panicle: Compactness (Characteristic 13 )
» Grain: Colour(Characteristic 18)

Inflorescence shape
Panicle shape

Genetic Divergence
 The sum total of genetic differences present among different individuals,
genotypes, strains, clones, or populations of a species is called genetic diversity.
 Genetic diversity involves estimation of genetic similarity or dissimilarity
between pairs of entities and use of these estimates for grouping of entities.
 The importance of plant genetic diversity (PGD) is now being recognized as a
specific area since exploding population with urbanization and decreasing
cultivable lands are the critical factors contributing to food insecurity in
developing world.
 Diversity in plant genetic resources (PGR) provides opportunity for plant
breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable characteristics,
which include both farmer-preferred traits (yield potential and large seed, etc.)
and breeders preferred traits (pest and disease resistance and photosensitivity,
etc.).

 It reveals the amount of genetic variation existing among the
varieties of a crop.
 It facilitates identification of diverse lines that could be used
for hybridisation to produce either hybrid varieties or superior
segregating populations to be subjected to selection.
 It helps to avoid the use of closely related germplasm lines in
hybridisation programmes since this would narrow down the
genetic base of the derived varieties.
 It may help in the introgression of desirable genes or alleles
from the diverse germplasm into the elite germplasm of a crop.

Estimation of genetic divergence
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES ( MANOVA)
 Meteroglyph analysis (Anderson)
 D2 statistics (Mahalanobis)
 Cluster analysis
 Principle component analysis (PCA)

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Genetic Variability Studies of Grain Yield and its
Attributes in Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
N. Anuradha*, T.S.S.K. Patro, U. Triveni and P. Joga Rao and P.
Kranthi Priya ;2020
NAAS RATING :- 5.38

Materials and methods
 The experiment was conducted with 17 proso millet lines and they were
evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh
during kharif, 2019.
 Genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with three replications and a spacing of 30 × 10 cm. per each entry. Every
genotype was grown in 10 lines each of 3 m length.
 Standard management practices were followed to maintain a healthy crop.
Observations were recorded on five plants for plant height (cm), number of
productive tillers per plant and panicle length (cm).
 Days to 50% flowering, days was recorded by visualizing the entire plot.
Fodder yield and grain yield were recorded on per plot basis and then
converted into per hectare.
Department of genetics and plant breeding

 The mean of all the plants for each trait under each replication was
subjected to ANOVA as per the method suggested by (Panse and
Sukhathme, 1967). The estimates of GCV and PCV were worked
out according to the method suggested by (Burton, 1952).
 Heritability in broad sense was calculated as per the formula given
by (Lush, 1940). Range of heritability was categorized as suggested
by (Robinson et al., 1949). Genetic advance was estimated
according to the method suggested by (Johnson et al., 1955).
Correlations were calculated as suggested by (Johnson et al., 1955).

Mean sum of
squares
S.n
o
Sources Df Days to
50 %
Flowering
Plant
height
Days to
Maturity
No. of
Productive
Tillers
Panicle
length
Grain
Yield
Fodder
Yield
1 Treatment
s
17
36.093**
1202.232*
*
43.686** 1.398** 79.259**
34.840
**
709.235**
2 Replication 2
3.353 119.416 2.176 0.010 12.785 0.707 6.802
3 Error 34
1.145 58.788 1.947 0.165 7.311 2.474 74.421

S.n
o
Characters Mean Min
(Ran
ge)
Max
(Ran
ge)
GCV PCV ECV H2 GA GAM
1 Days to 50%
flowering
40.94 34.67 45.33 8.34 8.74 2.61 91.05 6.71 16.39
2 Plant height 113.00 76.73 141.6
0
17.28 18.56 6.79 86.64 37.4
3
33.13
3 Days to maturity 71.35 64.00 75.67 5.23 5.58 1.96 87.72 7.20 10.09
4 Number of
productive
tillers
3.56 2.53 5.00 18.01 21.32 11.41 71.33 1.12 31.33
5 Panicle length 29.91 20.92 37.43 16.37 18.70 9.04 76.64 8.83 29.53
6 Grain yield 12.72 8.07 22.02 25.83 28.64 12.37 81.35 6.10 47.99
7 Fodder yield 45.86 23.21 90.87 31.72 36.88 18.81 73.98 25.7
7
56.20

 High heritability and high genetic advance mean were observed for
grain yield, fodder yield and plant height indicates that there is a
preponderance of additive gene action which is responsible for
selection
 The values of PCV obtained for yield and its attributing characters
ranged from 5.58 for days to maturity to 36.88 for fodder yield.
The values of GCV ranged from 5.23 for days to maturity to 31.72
for fodder yield. These results are in consonance with earlier
studies of Manoharan (1978) and Hawlader (1991). Phenotypic
coefficient of variability is higher than genotypic coefficient of
variability for all the characters indicating that the interaction of
genotypes with environment.
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSIONS

Genetic diversity analysis of proso millet (Panicum
miliaceum L.) in relation to phenotypic characters
Shalim uddin
Gopalam azam
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING INNOVATIONS
NAAS RATINGS #

 The experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
(BARI), Gazipur to evaluate genetic diversity of 119 genotypes of proso
millet.
 Proso millets germplasm were collected from Plant Genetic Resources
Center, BARI, Gazipur-1701. The experimental site is located at the center of
Modhupur Tract, AEZ-28 (24029 N latitude and 90026 E longitude) having an
altitude of 8.2 m from the ocean level.
 The experiment was accompanied following Randomized Completely Block
Design (RCBD) which replicated thrice. The experiment was conducted in
the plot having 3 m x 2 m size. Seeds were cured with the help of Provex @
2g/kg to eradicate seed borne diseases. Treated seeds were continuously
sown in a line and the line was 30 cm apart from each.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sl. no. Characters Vector I Vector II
1 50% flowering days 0.04 -0.27
2 Maturity days 0.05 -0.13
3 Filling period -0.01 0.23
4 Height of plant (cm) -0.30 -0.02
5 No. of tiller/plant 0.06 -0.05
6 Flag leaf area (cm2) 0.01 0.01
7 Panicle length (cm) -0.07 -0.05
8 Weight of
Seed/panicle (g)
0.03 0.02
9 Yield of straw/plant
(g)
0.09 -0.02
10 Harvest index 7.05 -2.78
11 Yield of grain /plant -0.43 -0.07

Clusters No.
entries
of Genotypes with original place of collection
I 13 PMB-10, PMB-11, PMB -19, PMB -20, PMB -22, PMB -52, PMB -70, PMB -86, PMB
-89, PMB -121, PMB -157, PMB -160, PMB -259
II 7 PMB-454, PMB-48, PMB-54, PMB-55, PMB-161, PMB-216, PMB-273
III 8 PMB-7, PMB-43, PMB-56, PMB-58, PMB-59, PMB-123, PMB-124, PMB 258
IV 11 PMB-51, PMB 62, PMB 64, PMB-65, PMB-67, PMB-77, PMB-80, PMB-91,
PMB130, PMB-166, PMB-8403
V 20 PMB-42, PMB-69, PMB-101, PMB-102, PMB-104, PMB-106, PMB-108, PMB-134,
PMB-139, PMB-141, PMB-142, PMB-146, PMB-147, PMB-149, PMB-170,
PMB208, PMB-250, PMB-251, PMB-279, PMB-285
VI 27 PMB-6, PMB-30, PMB-31, PMB-34, PMB-44, PMB-49, PMB-68, PMB-71, PMB72,
PMB-76, PMB-79, PMB-90, PMB-93, PMB-96, PMB-113, PMB-114, PMB-117,
PMB284, PMB-293, PMB-294
VII 14 PMB-32, PMB-39, PMB-49, PMB-109, PMB-140 PMB-63, PMB-122, PMB-132,
PMB-143, PMB-151, PMB-164, PMB-249 , PMB-287, PMB-2532
VIII 19 PMB-2, PMB-92, PMB-100, PMB-110, PMB-129, PMB-135, PMB-167, PMB-169,
PMB288, PMB-289, PMB-290, PMB-292

0Cluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII
I 1.40
II 3.97 1.70
III 3.13 4.55 1.65
IV 7.41 8.53 11.30 1.90
V 3.21 4.50 7.18 3.18 1.48
VI 6.70 5.79 10.45 7.20 4.82 1.78
VII 5.34 7.50 8.84 4.45 3.16 3.10 1.58
VIII 4.07 6.55 7.45 3.07 4.33 2.56 6.44 1.40

Cluster no. 50%
flowering
days
Maturity Filing period Height of
plant (cm)
No. of
tiller/
Plant
I 70 110 50 5812 10.92
II 77 110 43 58.29 7.86
III 69 106 48 46.38 8.00
IV 67 106 49 60.00 5.82
V 68 109 51 78.35 8.00
VI 71 109 49 67.76 7.48
VII 77 109 42 75.19 10.40
VIII 64 103 50 70.42 7.42

Cluster
no.
Flag leaf
Area (cm2)
Panicle
length (cm)
Wt. of
Seed/
panicle (g)
Yield of
straw/
Plant
HI (%) Yield of
grain
/plant
(g)
I 10.81 20.23 1.06 6.42 51 6.56
II 12.85 21.00 1.21 6.37 50 5.72
III 8.71 17.56 1.36 3.74 52 4.37
IV 11.39 21.50 1.33 3.68 57 4.76
V 14.59 23.74 1.65 10.98 49 10.48
VI 13.00 21.96 1.26 5.70 56 7.12
VII 14.97 24.85 1.31 8.10 50 7.90
VIII 13.69 23.21 1.37 6.31 56 8.09

 Germplasms from cluster III and cluster IV can be selected for
plant breeding program as they displayed high degree of genetic
diversity.
 Genotypes from cluster III can be used in breeding to get desired
characters such as height of plant, weight of seed per panicle, yield
of straw per plant and yield of per plant.
 Cluster VIII is suitable for early flowering and short duration proso
millet variety. Cluster III is best suited for the development of
dwarf variety.
 In this study it was found that weight of seed/ panicle (g) and flag
leaf area (cm2) contributed most towards genetic diversity of proso
millet.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS

NAAS RATING :-3.2
Genetic Diversity Studies in Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum
L.)
K. K. Verulkar, L. C. Mohotkar2 and S. R. Karad3
Department of Agril. Botany College of Agriculture, Kolhapur
- 416 008 (India)
Journal of agricultural
research and technology

 The experimental material consisted of thirty nine genotypes of proso millet
collected from Associate Director of Research, Igatapuri Dist. Nashik (M.S).
 All the genotypes were grown in a randomized block design with three replications
at Post Graduate Farm, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, (M.S). during kharif
2011.
 Each genotype was dibbled by double row of 3 m length with a spacing of 22.5 cm
between rows and 10 cm between the plants within rows.
 Observations on five randomly selected plants from each germplasm in each
replication were recorded on days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant
height, productive tillers plant-1, ear head length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield
plant-1, harvest index and protein.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

(%) GCV(%)PCV tability advance advanc
e
% (bs) as % of
mean
Days to 50 % flowering 82.39 69.00-88.6 4.74 5.21 82.8 7.32 8.88
Days to maturity 113.28 99.00-118.00 3.38 3.52 92.0 7.56 6.68
Number of productive tillers plant-
1
3.25 1.3-4.6 24.31 24.69 96.9 1.60 49.32
Plant height (cm) 121.30 80.2-148.0 13.08 13.16 98.8 32.51 26.80
Ear head length (cm) 26.45 20.5-33.9 14.97 15.41 94.2 7.92 29.93
1000 grain weight (g) 2.40 1.82-3.40 24.15 24.51 97.1 1.17 49.02
Harvest index (%) 19.41 13.74-27.32 19.25 19.66 95.8 7.54 38.82
Protein content (%) 11.6 10.24-12.56 5.53 5.59 97.7 1.31 11.25
Grain yield plant-1 (g) 7.57 3.52-12.23 31.03 31.13 99.3 4.82 63.69

Table 2. Distribution of 39 genotypes of proso millet into different clusters.
Clusters Genotypes Name of the genotypes included included
I 19 PM-1-1, PM-19, PM-19-1, IPPM-2, IPPM-4, IPPM-6, PM-4, PM-18,
PM-12, PM-6-2, PM-8-1, PM-3-1, PM-13, 2007-1, PM-2, PM-15, PM-
7, PM-17, PM-10-1
II 7 PM-1, IPPM-8, IPPM-10, IPPM-5, IPPM-9, IPPM-1, PM-5
III 4 PM-14, IPPM-3, PM-16, PM-8
IV 4 IPPM-10-1, PMS-9 (ch), PM-21, PM-6-1
V 1 PM-10
VI 1 PM-1 7-1
VII 1 PM-6
VIII 1 PM-3
IX 1 PM-9

Average intra
and inter
cluster D2
values in 39
genotypes of
proso millet.
Cluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
I 65.77 376.74 297.90 148.10 126.56 136.42 348.56 196.84 243.04
(8.11) (19.41) (17.26) (12.17) (11.25) (11.68) (18.67) (14.03) (15.59)
II 82.99 1062.10 236.54 313.64 574.56 143.04 768.95 282.91
(9.11) (32.59) (15.38) (17.71) (23.97) (11.96) (27.73) (16.82)
III 98.80 593.40 322.92 272.58 906.61 266.34 520.75
(9.94) (24.36) (17.97) (16.51) (30.11) (16.32) (22.82)
IV 124.54 220.81 261.14 278.89 387.69 247.11
(11.16) (14.86) (16.16) (16.70) (16.69) (15.72)
V 0.00 237.16 294.80 386.12 120.78
(15.40) (17.17) (19.65) (10.99)
VI 0.00 510.76 118.81 327.61
(22.60) (10.90) (18.10)
VII 0.00 684.86 257.28
(26.17) (16.04)
VIII 0.00 423.12
(20.57)

Figures
in Table
4.
parenthesis denote D values.
Mean performance of cluster for 9 characters in 39 genotypes of proso millet.
Cluster Days Days Produ- Plant Ear 1000 Harvest Protein Grain
to 50% to ctive height head grain index content yield
flower- matu- tillers (cm) length weight (%) (%) plant-1
ing rity plant-1 (cm) (g) (g)
I 82.74 113.70 3.03 120.98 25.38 2.24 18.26 11.69 6.63
II 83.90 114.52 4.24 140.78 30.51 3.33 24.14 11.47 11.23
III 81.08 115.08 2.02 86.48 21.23 1.88 14.94 11.78 4.08
IV 79.67 110.75 4.08 131.07 28.48 2.24 18.81 11.98 8.36
V 84.67 117.00 3.37 104.00 28.00 3.15 20.75 11.74 7.76
VI 72.00 99.00 2.77 115.67 24.80 1.82 22.99 11.13 6.70
VII 86.00 114.00 2.23 136.00 31.87 2.60 25.98 11.65 11.66
VIII 84.67 107.67 2.40 119.07 21.57 1.80 15.77 10.25 5.00

Characters Number of Per cent
times contri-
expression in first time bution
Days to 50 % flowering 4 0.54
Days to maturity 30 4.05
Number of productive 30 4.05
tillers plant-1
Plant height (cm)
153 20.65
Ear head length (cm) 12 1.62
1000 grain weight (g) 27 3.64
Harvest index (%) 32 4.32
Protein content (%) 149 20.11
Grain yield plant-1 (g) 304 41.03
Contribution of various characters towards genetic diversity

 The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed for cluster IV (D=11.16)
followed by cluster III (D=9.94) and cluster II (D=9.11) suggesting that the
genotypes present in these clusters might have different genetical architecture
(Table 3). The cluster V, VI, VII, VIII and IX showed no intra cluster distance
being monogenotypic.
 Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and III
(D=32.59) followed by between clusters III and VII (D=30.11) and cluster II
and VIII (27.73) indicating wide divergence among these clusters. This also
suggests that genotypes present in one cluster differ entirely from those present
in other cluster.
 The minimum intercluster distance was found between clusters VI and VIII
(D= 10.90) indicating that the genetic constitution of the genotypes in one
cluster had close proximity with the genotype was not so genetically diverse.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Diversity for Protein and Morpho-Agronomical
Characteristics in Proso Millet Germplasm Collections
of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India
Nilamani Dikshit* and Natarajan Sivaraj1,
2013
VEGETOS
NAAS RATING
5.27

• Eighteen accessions of diverse proso millet germplasm collected from
different sites located in 17 villages in the coastal Ratnagiri district of
Maharashtra were selected for the study for which the source particulars
are provided in along with geographical coordinates.
• These germplasm accessions were raised in an augmented design in the
experimental farm of the NBPGR Regional Station at Akola during rainy
season (kharif) 2011 and characterized
• for 18 morpho-agronomic traits (nine qualitative and nine quantitative)
using the standard descriptor. Anonymous (1985).
• Five randomly selected healthy plants of each accession were selected
for observation and data recording.
Materials and methods

DIVA-GIS map showing the regions with high
variability (red) and low variability (green) for
protein content, inflorescence length and days
to maturity in proso millet germplasm

Traits Range Mean SE CV %
Plant height (cm) 59.6-101.1 79.4 3.52 18.9
Number of effective tillers 4.8 – 9.4 6.5 0.30 19.6
Flag leaf length (cm) 16.3 – 35.1 23.3 1.01 18.5
Sheath length of flag leaf (cm) 4.5 – 14.1 8.9 0.50 24.4
Inflorescence length (cm) 15.1-28.4 21.02 1.00 20.3
Nodes / Primary axis of inflorescence 2.6 – 8.8 5.5 0.29 22.6
Days to maturity 106-122 113 0.90 3.4
1000- seed weight (g) 1.3-1.7 1.48 0.00 7.8
Protein content (%) 7.2 – 16.6 11.9 0.63 22.6

Cluster I (IC344135, IC344160, IC344136, IC3444152 &
IC344191) and cluster V (IC344164, IC344206, IC344211,
IC344212 & IC344181) are the largest clusters consisting of five
genotypes each followed by cluster III (IC344156, ICIC344177,
IC344186 & IC344200) having four accessions, cluster IV
(IC344183, IC344202 & IC344204) with three accessions and
finally cluster II with a single accession i.e., IC344136.

OB1 IC-344135 OB6 IC-344160
OB
11 IC-344186 OB16 IC-344206
OB2 IC-344136 OB7 IC-344164
OB
12 IC-344191 OB17 IC-344211
OB3 IC-344144 OB8 IC-344177
OB
13 IC-344200 OB18 IC-344212
OB4 IC-344152 OB9 IC-344181
OB
14 IC-344202
OB5 IC-344156 OB10 IC-344183
OB
15 IC-344204

• Plant height (cm)- PLT_HGT; Number of effective tillers-TILL_EFF; Flag leaf length
(cm)-FLG_LF_LT; Sheath length of flag leaf (cm)S_LT_FLG_LF; Inflorescence length
(cm)-INFL_LT; Nodes / primary axis inflorescence-NOD_PR_ AX; Days to 80 %
maturity-DAY_MAT;
•
1000 -seed weight (g)- SED_WGT
Plant height (cm)- PLT_HGT; Number of effective tillers-TILL_EFF; Flag leaf length (cm)-
FLG_LF_LT; Sheath length of flag leaf (cm)S_LT_FLG_LF; Inflorescence length (cm)-INFL_LT;
Nodes / primary axis inflorescence-NOD_PR_ AX; Days to 80 % maturity-DAY_MAT;
Trait
PLT_H GT TILL_E FF FLG_LF_ LT S_LT_FLG _LF INFL_ LT NOD_PR_
AX
Day_M
AT
SED_W
GT
PLT_HGT
1.0000 0.1 -
0.150
-0.2497 0.6608 0.3086 -0.3751 0.13
TILL_EFF
0.1042 1.0 0.298 -0.2280 0.3122 0.2233 -0.2559 0.
FLG_LF_L
T
-0.1505 0.2 1.000 0.3683 0.0863 0.0191 -0.1097 0.2
S_LT_FLG_
LF
-0.2497 -0.2 0.368 1.0000 -0.1462 -0.490 -0.2538 0.3
INFL_LT
0.6608 0.3 0.086 -0.1462 1.0000 -0.113 -0.5095 0.28
NOD_PR_A
X
0.3086 0.2 0.019 -0.4909 -0.1138 1.0000 0.1 0.08
Day_MAT
-0.3751 -
0.2
_0.10 -0.2538 -0.5095 0.1040 1. 0.01
1000-SWT
0.1373 0.4 _0.02 -0.3373 0.2870 0.0853 0.0 1.00
Protein
0.6555 0.4 -
0.091
-0.3692 0.5244 0.4075 -0.4498 0.09
Protein
0.655
0.435
_0.091
_0.369
0.5244
0.4075
_0.447
0.0934
1.0000

• High CV was observed with regards to sheath length of flag leaf (24.4%) followed
by nodes/primary axis of inflorescence (22.6%), protein content (22.6%) and
inflorescence length (20.3%). Moderate variation was recorded for number of
effective tillers per plant (19.6%), plant height (18.9%) and flag leaf length
(18.5%) respectively. The protein content of the proso millet germplasm ranged
from a minimum of 7.2% to a maximum 16.6% recorded in accessions IC344136
and IC344212 respectively.
• Correlation studies on the quantitative traits recorded indicate a positive
association of plant height, number of effective tillers, inflorescence length, nodes
per primary axis and 1000-seed weight with seed protein content while flag leaf
length, sheath length and days to maturity have negative correlation (Table 3).
Plant height has a positive correlation with traits such as number of effective
tillers, inflorescence length, nodes per primary axis, seed weight and protein
content while, sheath length of flag leaf negatively correlated with majority of the
traits studied except flag leaf sheath.
Results and conclusions

Morphological Characterisation and Genetic Divergence in Proso Millet

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Morphological Characterisation and Genetic Divergence in Proso Millet

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