The crisis has reinforced the importance of good education. Over the past decade, more than two-thirds of GDP growth in EU countries was driven by labour income growth among tertiary-educated individuals (United States 51%). Even in the midst of the recession, labour income growth among tertiary graduates increased in the majority of EU countries

1. 1
1
Education at a Glance 2012
Key findings from the 2012 edition of
Education at a Glance
European Union
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Advisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education Policy
Deputy Director for Education

2. 2
2
Education at a Glance 2012
Highlights - Europe
• The crisis has reinforced the importance of good education
– Over the past decade, more than two-thirds of GDP growth in EU countries
was driven by labour income growth among tertiary-educated individuals
(United States 51%)
– Even in the midst of the recession, labour income growth among tertiary
graduates increased in the majority of EU countries
• The relative earnings premium for those with a tertiary education
increased in most EU countries over the past ten years
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
– indicating that the demand for more educated individuals still exceeds supply
• The EU leads in early childhood education…
– In Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden, more than 90%
of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education
… but lifelong learning is still far from becoming a reality in the EU .

3. 3
3
Education at a Glance 2012
Highlights - Europe
• Most EU countries increased their investment in initial education
over the past decade, and many even during the economic crisis
– Between 2008 and 2009 expenditure on educational institutions fell in only
four EU countries (Belgium, Estonia, Iceland, Italy) but also in Japan and in
the United States
– But many EU countries still struggle to share the costs and benefits of higher
education equitably between taxpayers and households
– The data show no cross-country relationship between the share of private
financing and social mobility, while there is a very clear relationship between
social inequalities in school systems and social mobility in tertiary education,
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
an area where some EU countries are not doing well
• EU countries in Europe host 41% of all international students
• Based on current patterns of graduation, an average of 84% of
today‟s young people in OECD countries will complete upper
secondary education over their lifetimes
– In EU countries, some 86% of young people will .

4. 4
4
Education at a Glance 2012
Across the world
more people obtain better qualifications
but the pace of change varies hugely across countries as
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
do the approaches to financing this expansion

5. Australia
5
5 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
1995
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Cost per student
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
0
Graduate supply
Turkey
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

6. Australia
6
6 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
1995
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy United States
Japan
Korea
Cost per student
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
0
Graduate supply
Turkey
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

7. Australia
7
7 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2000
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

8. Australia
8
8 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2001
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

9. Australia
9
9 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2002
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

10. Australia
10
10 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2003
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

11. Australia
11
11 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2004
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

12. Australia
12
12 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2005
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

13. Australia
13
13 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2006
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

14. Australia
14
14 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2007
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

15. Australia
15
15 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2008
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

16. Australia
16
16 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

17. Australia
17
17 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
Italy Denmark
Japan United Kingdom
Korea
15,000 Australia
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands New Zealand
New Zealand Finland
10,000 Iceland
Norway
Poland
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic Australia
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

18. Australia
18
18 Austria
Belgium
Canada A world of change – higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
30,000
Estonia
Finland
France
2009
Germany
25,000
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
20,000
Israel
US
Italy
Japan
Korea
15,000
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
10,000
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia 5,000
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey 0
United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

19. Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
19
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
0
Korea
%
Japan
Canada
Ireland
Chart A1.1
Norway
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Australia
Luxembourg
Israel
Belgium
France
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Switzerland
Finland
25-34 year-olds
Spain
Chile
Estonia
OECD average
Denmark
Poland
Iceland
EU21 average
Slovenia
attained tertiary-type A education
55-64 year-olds
Greece
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Mexico
Austria
Italy
Growth in university-level qualifications (2010)
Turkey
Brazil
Estimates of the percentage of the 25-34 year-old and 55-64 year-old population that has

20. 22
22Education at a Glance 2012
The crisis reinforces the importance of a good education
Over the past decade, more than two-thirds of the GDP growth in EU countries with
available data has been driven by labour income growth among tertiary-educated
individuals. The comparable figure for the United States is 51% of GDP. In Denmark
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
and Ireland, the labour income growth of those with a tertiary education even
exceeds GDP growth, largely as a consequence of a strong shift towards higher skills
and the impact of the global economic crisis on overall economic activity in these
countries. In France, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, 60% or more of
growth is generated by those who have attained a tertiary education.
Those with mid-range jobs and skills felt the most severe impact
of the 2009 drop in GDP

21. Average GDP growth (real percentage change from the previous
23
23 year) and labour income growth in GDP, by educational categories
Countries with at least five years of growth estimates by educational categories; GDP growth
Education at a Glance 2012
estimates are matched with years of education growth estimates (2000-2010)
GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2
5%
4%
3%
2%
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
1%
0%
-1%
Czech Republic
United States
Germany
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Israel
Ireland
France
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Korea
Canada
Finland
United Kingdom
OECD average
EU21 average
Chart A10.1

22. Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
25
25
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
Norway
Iceland
Switzerland
Sweden
Chart A7.1
Netherlands
Slovenia
Germany
Denmark
Tertiary education
Austria
Brazil
Portugal
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Poland
Finland
Australia
Belgium
New Zealand
EU21 average
France
Czech Republic
OECD average
Israel
Slovak Republic
Canada
Ireland
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
Mexico
United States
Estonia
Greece
Spain
Japan
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010)
Chile
Hungary
Italy
Below upper secondary
Korea
Positive relationship between education and employment
Turkey

23. 30
30Education at a Glance 2012
The relative earnings premium for those with a tertiary
education is high and increased in most EU countries
indicating that the demand for more educated individuals
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
still exceeds supply

24. 32
32 The value of higher education for a man
Components of the private net present value of higher education for
a man (2008 or latest available year)
Education at a Glance 2012
Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effect
Social contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefits
Unemployment effect Grants effect
Portugal $373,851
United States
Czech Republic $249,679 $329,552
Poland $230,630
Slovenia $225,663
Austria $225,048
Ireland $223,821
Slovak Republic $208,883
Hungary $208,386
Korea $189,766
EU21 average $175,879
OECD average $161,625
France $159,950
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Italy $155,346
Canada $153,520
Netherlands $145,886
Finland $145,608
Germany $144,682
Israel $143,582
United Kingdom $143,394
Japan $143,018
Belgium $116,225
Australia $115,287 Net
Spain $102,975 present
Norway $82,076
Estonia $74,213 value in
Turkey
Sweden
$64,177
$61,454 USD
Denmark $56,369 equivalent
New Zealand $52,471
-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
USD equivalent
Chart A9.3

25. Public cost and benefits of higher education
35
35Education at a Glance 2012
For a man obtaining tertiary education (2008 or latest available year)
Public benefits Public costs
In equivalent USD
Hungary $254,984
United States $232,779
Ireland $172,602
Italy $168,693
Belgium $166,477
Germany $156,125
Slovenia $155,664
Netherlands $133,560
Austria $132,103
Poland $118,266
Czech Republic $115,790
Israel $107,436
EU21 average $105,716
OECD average $101,116
Finland $95,947
Australia $93,236
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Portugal $89,464
United Kingdom $86,550
France $81,545
Japan $67,411
Canada $66,845 Net present
Slovak Republic $58,159 value
Korea $55,367
Norway $55,318
Sweden 43,419
Denmark $38,421
New Zealand $33,912
Spain $25,591
Turkey $21,724
Estonia $4,587
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
Chart A9.5

26. 37
37Education at a Glance 2012
Because of its strong links to
earnings, employment, wealth and the well-being of
individuals and nations, education is a powerful lever to
combat inequalities
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
but the educational opportunities for people from poorly educated
families are limited in most countries

27. Intergenerational mobility in education (2009)
41
41 Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their
parents‟ (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo) and status quo by
parents' educational level (low, medium, high)
Education at a Glance 2012
High Medium Low Downward mobility Upward mobility
„Status quo by parents educational level
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Turkey
Germany
Norway
Australia
Luxembourg
Sweden
Austria
Greece
Portugal
France
OECD average
Spain
Hungary
Ireland
Slovenia
Switzerland
Italy
Denmark
Estonia
Belgium
Netherlands
Canada
Czech Republic
Poland
EU21 average
New Zealand
Iceland
United Kingdom
Finland
United States
Slovak Republic
Chart
A6.5

28. 43
43Education at a Glance 2012
Investing in high-quality schooling for all appears
to be the best way to enhance educational
mobility later in life
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Inequalities in early schooling attributable to different socio-
economic backgrounds are strongly linked to inequalities at the
tertiary level of education. There is no cross-country relationship
between the level of tuition fees for higher education and the
participation of disadvantaged youth in this level of education.

29. 44
44 No relationship between share of private financing and
educational mobility in higher education
Education at a Glance 2012
Percentage of private sources in higher education finance
80
United Kingdom
70 Higher share of private financing in higher education
United States
60
Australia
50
40 Canada
New Zealand Italy
Poland Portugal
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
30
Netherlands
Czech Republic Spain
20 France
Germany Ireland
Slovenia
Austria
Belgium Sweden
10
Iceland
Finland
Norway Denmark
Hungary
Higher degree of educational mobility
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Percentage of students in higher education whose parents have low education

30. A close relationship between equity at school
45
45Education at a Glance 2012
and equity in higher education
0.80
The odds of a 20-34 year-old attending higher education if parents have low levels of
Iceland
0.70
…the more likely it is that people with disadvantaged
Portugal
Ireland
0.60 Denmark
backgrounds make it into higher education
Sweden
0.50 Spain
Australia 1
education (2009)
Italy
Finland Poland Germany
0.40 Austria
Greece Norway
Switzerland Belgium Hungary
Czech Republic
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
0.30
United States 2
0.20
Canada 2 New Zealand 1
R² = 0.37
0.10
The weaker the influence of social background on learning outcomes at school (PISA)
0.00
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Impact of PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) on student reading performance (2000)
Note: The number of students attending higher education are under-reported for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United
States compared to the other countries as they only include students who attained ISCED 5A, while the other countries include
students who attained ISCED 5A and/or 5B. Therefore, the omission of data on 5B qualifications may understate
intergenerational mobility in these countries.
1. Data source from Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL) of 2006.

31. 46
46Education at a Glance 2012
The socio-economic composition of European schools
poses significant challenges for disadvantaged
students and students with an immigrant background
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Even immigrant students from families with highly educated
mothers are more than twice as likely in the EU to attend
disadvantaged schools than their non-immigrant counterparts
Except for the Nordic countries the impact of being in a
disadvantaged school is larger than the impact of having a low-
educated mother
(A5)

32. 49
49Education at a Glance 2012
Expenditure on education rose significantly,
even during the economic crisis
Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
educational institutions as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.6%
in 1995 to 4.5% in 2009 in the UK, from below the OECD average to
a level that is now clearly above the OECD average of 4.0%

33. Changes in student numbers and expenditure
54
54 Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)
Education at a Glance 2012
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Index of change
Change in expenditure per student
(2000 = 100)
240
220
200
180
160
140
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
120
100
80
60
Netherlands
Norway
Czech Republic
Poland
Australia
Switzerland
Japan
Brazil
Spain
Germany
Ireland
Hungary
Iceland
Austria
Portugal
Denmark
France
Italy
Belgium
Canada
United States
Sweden
Estonia
Korea
United Kingdom
Finland
Israel
OECD average
Mexico
EU21 average
Slovak Republic
Chart B1.6

34. Changes in student numbers and expenditure
55
55 Tertiary education
Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)
Education at a Glance 2012
Change in expenditure
Index of change Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
(2000 = 100) Change in expenditure per student
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
110
100
90
80
70
Japan
Switzerland
Spain
Portugal
Austria
Ireland
Brazil
Iceland
Czech Republic
Italy
Germany
Norway
France
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Hungary
Korea
Israel
Estonia
Poland
Belgium
Mexico
EU21 average
OECD average
United States
Slovak Republic
Chart B1.6

35. 56
56Education at a Glance 2012
The massive expansion of tertiary education has
been accompanied by increases in public – and, to
an even greater extent, private – investment
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Since 1995, 14 out of the 25 countries with available information
implemented reforms to tuition fees. Most of these reforms led to an
increase in the average level of tuition fees charged by tertiary educational
institutions. Between 1995 and 2009, the share of public funding for
tertiary institutions decreased from 78% in 1995, to 77% in 2000, to 73% in
2005 and then stabilised at 73% in 2009 (on average among the OECD
countries for which trend data are available for all years). But this trend is
mainly influenced by non-European countries, where tuition fees are
generally higher and enterprises participate more actively in providing
grants to finance tertiary institutions

36. Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
58
58
%
0
20
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
30
Chile
Korea
United Kingdom
Chart B3.3
Japan
United States
Australia
Israel
Canada
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Italy
Mexico
2009
Poland
OECD average
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Netherlands
2005
Spain
Czech Republic
Estonia
Argentina
EU21 average
2000
France
Ireland
Germany
Share of private expenditure
Slovenia
Austria
Belgium
Sweden
Iceland
Denmark
Finland
Norway
on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2009)

37. Average tuition fees and proportion of students who
60
60
benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants
Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time students
Education at a Glance 2012
Bubble size
7 000 shows
Group 2: graduation rates
Group 3: Potentially high financial United States
Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD
6 000 Extensive and barriers for entry to
broadly uniform cost tertiary-type A education,
sharing across but also strong student United Kingdom
5 000 students, student support.
support systems Japan
somewhat less Australia
4 000 developed.
3 000 Group 4: New Zealand
Group 1:
Andreas Schleicher
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Relatively low financial barriers
No (or low) financial barriers
to entry to tertiary education and Netherlands
2 000 relatively low support
for tertiary studies due to
tuition fees and a high level of
student aid.
Switzerland Italy Spain
1 000 Austria
Belgium (Fl.) Norway
Belgium (Fr.) Denmark
0 France
Mexico
Finland Iceland Sweden
-1 000
0 25 50 75 100
Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants

38. 78
78Education at a Glance 2012
The EU leads in early childhood education
In Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden, more than 90% of 3-year-
olds are enrolled in early childhood education
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher

39. Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
79
79
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
France
Netherlands
Spain
Chart C2.1
Mexico
Belgium
Denmark
Japan
Norway
United Kingdom
Italy
Luxembourg
Iceland
Germany
New Zealand
Sweden
Hungary
Estonia
Austria
2010
Slovenia
EU21 average
Israel
Portugal
2005
Czech Republic
OECD average
Korea
Chile
Argentina
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Ireland
among 4-year-olds (2005 and 2010)
Poland
Finland
Brazil
Greece
Australia
Canada
Switzerland
Indonesia
Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education
Turkey

40. 80
80Education at a Glance 2012
Some progress towards reducing the share of
workers without baseline qualifications
Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher

41. Brussels, 11. September 2012
Andreas Schleicher
Education at a Glance 2012
81
81
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
100
%
Korea
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Chart A1.2
Poland
Slovenia
Canada
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
United States
Israel
Austria
Ireland
Chile
Germany
25-34 year-olds
Estonia
Hungary
Australia
Luxembourg
France
EU21 average
Norway
United Kingdom
Percentage, by age group (2010)
Netherlands
Belgium
OECD average
55-64 year-olds
Denmark
New Zealand
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Spain
Brazil
Portugal
Mexico
Population that has attained at least upper secondary education
Turkey