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ANCHORAG
    E
INDEX
   DEFINITION
   CLASSIFICATION
   FACTORS AFFECTIONG ANCHORAGE
   SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
   ANCHORAGE PLANNING
   DIFFERENT ANCHORAGES
   ANCHORAGE LAOSS & DEMAND
   ADVANCEMENT IN ANCHORAGE
   CONCLUSION
   REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
   ANCHORAGE = RESISTANCE TO UNWANTED
    TOOTH MOVEMENT.



   ANCHORAGE UNITS : The areas or units which
    provide this undesirable movement.
DEFINITITION
THE SITE OF DELIVERY FROM WHICH FORCE
 IS EXERTED
                        - white n gardner
The nature and degree of resistance to displacement
 offered by an anatomic unit when used for the
 purpose of affecting tooth movement
                         - GRABER
CLASSIFICATION
    Acc. to manner of the force application as:
1.   Simple
2.   Stationary
3.   Reciprocal
    Acc. to the jaws involved as :
1.   Intra maxillary
2.   Inter maxillary
    Acc. to the site of anchorage
1.   Intra oral
2.   Extra oral
3.   Muscular
    Acc.to the no. of anchorage units as :
1.   Simple
2.   Compound
3.   Reinforced
    Acc. To white n gardner
1.   Simple
2.   Stationary
3.   Reciprocal
4.   Reinforced
5.   Inter maxillary
6.   Extra oral
Factors affecting
   anchorage
1.   Teeth
2.   Root forms




    Round – resistance is same in any direction
    Flat – resist tooth movement in M-D direction eg. mand.
     Incisors & molars , buccal roots of max. molars ( tripod
     arrangement of roots )
    Triangular – offers greater resistance to movement. Eg.
     Maxillary canine & lateral incisor
1.   Size n no. of roots – large surface area & multirooted
     teeth > resistance
2.   Root length – deeper the root embeded > resistance
3.   Position of tooth in the dental arch – eg. Mandi. 2nd molar
     is located bt. Two ridges of basal bone , so offer more
     resistance to bodily movement
4.   Inclination of tooth – axial inclination is in opposite
     direction to force , greater resistance




5.   Mutual support
1.    Basal bone – eg.hard
      palate & lingual surface
      of the mandible in
      anterior region.

2.    The musculature –
     Hypotonic m. - Flaring &
      spacing
                                   eg.Nance palatal button
     Hypertonic m. - Collapse of
      the teeth lingually              ( use of hard palate to
                                       provide resistance to
                                       mesial movement of
                                       max. molar
SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
    INTRA –ORAL :
1.    Individual teeth
2.    Multiple tooth units
3.    Encasement (eg.Inclined planes)
4.   Occluding teeth
    OTHERS :
1.   Holding Arches
2.   Basal bone
3.   Neck cranium
4.   Occipital region
    MUSCULATURE : lip bumper
ANCHORAGE
 PLANNING
Depends on : -

1.   The number of teeth to be moved
2.   The type of teeth to be moved
3.   Type of tooth movement
4.   Periodontal condition
5.   Duration of tooth movement
INTRA
 MAXILLARY
ANCHORAGE
 Within the same jaw ( either maxilla or
  mandible )
 Eg.Elastic chains are

  used to retract the
  anterior segment
  using the posterior
  teeth as anchorage
  unit.
Sub- divisions
1.   Simple
2.   Stationary
3.   Reciprocal
INTER MAXILLARY
  ANCHORAGE
Also called   “BAKER’S ANCHORAGE”

    When the anchorage units situated in the one
     jaw are used to provide the force required to
     move teeth in the opposing jaw.

    SUB DIVISION :
1.   Simple
2.   Staionary
3.   Reciprocal
   Eg. When class II elastics are used to
    retract the maxillary anteriors , the
    anchorage units are situated in the
    mandibular arch.
   CLASS III INTER MAXILLARY ELASTICS
SIMPLE
ANCHORAGE
   When the manner & application of force is
    such that it tends to change the axial
    inclination of the tooth or teeth that form the
    anchorage unit in the plane of the space in
    which the force is applied.
   Simple anchorage is obtained by engaging
    a greater number of teeth than are to be
    moved
NT: The root surface area of the
anchorage unit should be at least
double that of the units to be moved.
eg.                 Anterior retraction with
 the
                     help of a HAWLEY’S
                     appliance

The movement of a single
 tooth using a screw
 appliance
STATIONARY
ANCHORAGE
   When the application of force tends to
    displace the anchorage unit bodily in the
    plane of space in which force is being
    applied

   The anchorage potential of teeth being
    moved bodily is considerably greater as
    compare to teeth being moved using a
    tipping force.
   Mandibular molars are bodily pitted against
    the tipping forces of the maxillary anteriors.
RECIPROCAL
ANCHORAGE
   When two teeth or two sets of teeth move to an
    equal extend in an opposite direction .
   Here the root surface area of the anchorage unit
    is equal to that of the teeth to be moved.
   The effect of the forces exerted is equal.
• Cross Elastic To Correct
                          Molar Cross-bite

   Ni-Ti                                 Molar
                                          Rotator



    Arch expansion using a mid-
    line screw
SINGLE OR PRIMARY ANCHORAGE

   The resistance provided by single
    tooth with greater alveolar support is
    used to move another tooth with
    lesser alveolar support.

   Eg. Molar being used to retract a pre
    molar
COMPOUND ANCHORAGE
   The resistance is provided by more
    than one tooth with greater support is
    used to move teeth with less support.
   Eg. Retracting incisors using loop
    mechanics
REINFORCED
ANCHORAGE
   The anchorage units are reinforced by the
    use of more than one type of resistance
    units.
   Anterior inclined plane

    Exerts a backward
    pull on the maxillary
    appliance through the
    mandible
   SVED BITE PLANE :

Prevent from being
  inclined labially.
   A rigid labial bow :

To engage labial surface
  of the incisor at the
  junction of cervical &
  incisal third of each
  crown.
   Banding of 2nd molar
    for the retraction of
    permanent canine
EXTRA ORAL
ANCHORAGE
    The extra oral structure most commonly
     used are :

1.   Cervical region
2.   The occiput
3.   The forehead
4.   The chin
Extra oral forces to augment
anchorage
Advantage

   The anchorage unit is far away from
    the actual site where the movement is
    taking place, so less chances of any
    change in the anchorage units
Disadvantage

   Lack of patient’s co- operation
   Anchorage assembly is bulky &
    externally visible
   Decrease in the number of hours for
    which the anchorage assembly is
    worn, so affects quality of result
    achieved
MUSCULAR
ANCHORAGE
   Peri oral musculature is not so strong
    but also resilient.
   The forces generated by the
    musculature sometimes used to bring
    about tooth movement.
    eg.Lip bumper appliance
      (to distalize mandibular
        1st molars)
ANCHORAGE LOSS

   It is the movement of the reaction unit or
    the anchor unit instead of the teeth to be
    moved.
ANCHORAGE DEMAND

    Depending on anchorage loss : -

1.   Maximum anchorage case
2.   Moderate anchorage case
3.   Minimum anchorage case
Maximum anchorage cases
               Anchorage demand is
                very high

               Not more than ¼ th of
                the extraction space
                should be lost by
                forward movement of
                the anchor teeth
Moderate anchorage cases

               Anchor teeth can be
                permitted to move
                forward into ¼ th to ½
                of the extraction
                space.
Minimum anchorage cases


               Anchorage demand is
                very low
ADVANCEMENT
     IN
 ANCHORAGE
anchorage
anchorage
anchorage
anchorage
anchorage
anchorage
anchorage

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anchorage

  • 2. INDEX  DEFINITION  CLASSIFICATION  FACTORS AFFECTIONG ANCHORAGE  SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE  ANCHORAGE PLANNING  DIFFERENT ANCHORAGES  ANCHORAGE LAOSS & DEMAND  ADVANCEMENT IN ANCHORAGE  CONCLUSION  REFERENCES
  • 4. ANCHORAGE = RESISTANCE TO UNWANTED TOOTH MOVEMENT.  ANCHORAGE UNITS : The areas or units which provide this undesirable movement.
  • 6. THE SITE OF DELIVERY FROM WHICH FORCE IS EXERTED - white n gardner The nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an anatomic unit when used for the purpose of affecting tooth movement - GRABER
  • 8. Acc. to manner of the force application as: 1. Simple 2. Stationary 3. Reciprocal  Acc. to the jaws involved as : 1. Intra maxillary 2. Inter maxillary
  • 9. Acc. to the site of anchorage 1. Intra oral 2. Extra oral 3. Muscular  Acc.to the no. of anchorage units as : 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Reinforced
  • 10. Acc. To white n gardner 1. Simple 2. Stationary 3. Reciprocal 4. Reinforced 5. Inter maxillary 6. Extra oral
  • 11. Factors affecting anchorage
  • 12. 1. Teeth 2. Root forms  Round – resistance is same in any direction  Flat – resist tooth movement in M-D direction eg. mand. Incisors & molars , buccal roots of max. molars ( tripod arrangement of roots )  Triangular – offers greater resistance to movement. Eg. Maxillary canine & lateral incisor
  • 13. 1. Size n no. of roots – large surface area & multirooted teeth > resistance 2. Root length – deeper the root embeded > resistance 3. Position of tooth in the dental arch – eg. Mandi. 2nd molar is located bt. Two ridges of basal bone , so offer more resistance to bodily movement 4. Inclination of tooth – axial inclination is in opposite direction to force , greater resistance 5. Mutual support
  • 14. 1. Basal bone – eg.hard palate & lingual surface of the mandible in anterior region. 2. The musculature – Hypotonic m. - Flaring & spacing eg.Nance palatal button Hypertonic m. - Collapse of the teeth lingually ( use of hard palate to provide resistance to mesial movement of max. molar
  • 16. INTRA –ORAL : 1. Individual teeth 2. Multiple tooth units 3. Encasement (eg.Inclined planes) 4. Occluding teeth  OTHERS : 1. Holding Arches 2. Basal bone 3. Neck cranium 4. Occipital region  MUSCULATURE : lip bumper
  • 18. Depends on : - 1. The number of teeth to be moved 2. The type of teeth to be moved 3. Type of tooth movement 4. Periodontal condition 5. Duration of tooth movement
  • 20.  Within the same jaw ( either maxilla or mandible )  Eg.Elastic chains are used to retract the anterior segment using the posterior teeth as anchorage unit.
  • 21. Sub- divisions 1. Simple 2. Stationary 3. Reciprocal
  • 22. INTER MAXILLARY ANCHORAGE
  • 23. Also called “BAKER’S ANCHORAGE”  When the anchorage units situated in the one jaw are used to provide the force required to move teeth in the opposing jaw.  SUB DIVISION : 1. Simple 2. Staionary 3. Reciprocal
  • 24. Eg. When class II elastics are used to retract the maxillary anteriors , the anchorage units are situated in the mandibular arch.
  • 25. CLASS III INTER MAXILLARY ELASTICS
  • 27. When the manner & application of force is such that it tends to change the axial inclination of the tooth or teeth that form the anchorage unit in the plane of the space in which the force is applied.  Simple anchorage is obtained by engaging a greater number of teeth than are to be moved
  • 28. NT: The root surface area of the anchorage unit should be at least double that of the units to be moved. eg. Anterior retraction with the help of a HAWLEY’S appliance The movement of a single tooth using a screw appliance
  • 30. When the application of force tends to displace the anchorage unit bodily in the plane of space in which force is being applied  The anchorage potential of teeth being moved bodily is considerably greater as compare to teeth being moved using a tipping force.
  • 31. Mandibular molars are bodily pitted against the tipping forces of the maxillary anteriors.
  • 33. When two teeth or two sets of teeth move to an equal extend in an opposite direction .  Here the root surface area of the anchorage unit is equal to that of the teeth to be moved.  The effect of the forces exerted is equal.
  • 34. • Cross Elastic To Correct Molar Cross-bite  Ni-Ti Molar Rotator  Arch expansion using a mid- line screw
  • 35. SINGLE OR PRIMARY ANCHORAGE  The resistance provided by single tooth with greater alveolar support is used to move another tooth with lesser alveolar support.  Eg. Molar being used to retract a pre molar
  • 36. COMPOUND ANCHORAGE  The resistance is provided by more than one tooth with greater support is used to move teeth with less support.  Eg. Retracting incisors using loop mechanics
  • 38. The anchorage units are reinforced by the use of more than one type of resistance units.
  • 39. Anterior inclined plane Exerts a backward pull on the maxillary appliance through the mandible
  • 40. SVED BITE PLANE : Prevent from being inclined labially.
  • 41. A rigid labial bow : To engage labial surface of the incisor at the junction of cervical & incisal third of each crown.
  • 42. Banding of 2nd molar for the retraction of permanent canine
  • 44. The extra oral structure most commonly used are : 1. Cervical region 2. The occiput 3. The forehead 4. The chin
  • 45.
  • 46. Extra oral forces to augment anchorage
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49. Advantage  The anchorage unit is far away from the actual site where the movement is taking place, so less chances of any change in the anchorage units
  • 50. Disadvantage  Lack of patient’s co- operation  Anchorage assembly is bulky & externally visible  Decrease in the number of hours for which the anchorage assembly is worn, so affects quality of result achieved
  • 52. Peri oral musculature is not so strong but also resilient.  The forces generated by the musculature sometimes used to bring about tooth movement.  eg.Lip bumper appliance (to distalize mandibular 1st molars)
  • 53. ANCHORAGE LOSS  It is the movement of the reaction unit or the anchor unit instead of the teeth to be moved.
  • 54. ANCHORAGE DEMAND  Depending on anchorage loss : - 1. Maximum anchorage case 2. Moderate anchorage case 3. Minimum anchorage case
  • 55. Maximum anchorage cases  Anchorage demand is very high  Not more than ¼ th of the extraction space should be lost by forward movement of the anchor teeth
  • 56. Moderate anchorage cases  Anchor teeth can be permitted to move forward into ¼ th to ½ of the extraction space.
  • 57. Minimum anchorage cases  Anchorage demand is very low
  • 58. ADVANCEMENT IN ANCHORAGE