2. PRESENT PERFECT OF THERE IS/ARE
WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TO SAY THAT AN ACTION HAPPENED AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME BEFORE NOW. THE EXACT TIME IS
NOT IMPORTANT. YOU CANNOT USE THE PRESENT PERFECT WITH SPECIFIC TIME EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS: YESTERDAY, ONE
YEAR AGO, LAST WEEK, WHEN I WAS A CHILD, WHEN I LIVED IN JAPAN, AT THAT MOMENT, THAT DAY, ONE DAY, ETC. WE CAN USE
THE PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS: EVER, NEVER, ONCE, MANY TIMES, SEVERAL TIMES, BEFORE,
SO FAR, ALREADY, YET, ETC.
AFFIRMATIVE
'THERE IS' AND 'THERE ARE' FORMED WITH THE PRESENT OF THE VERB "TO BE" IN ITS AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
'THERE'S' IS THE SHORT FORM THERE IS.
'THERE ARE "GENERALLY IS NOT CONTRACTED, ALTHOUGH SOMETIMES IT IS DONE IN INFORMAL LANGUAGE.
3. Negative
The negative form of 'there is and' there are 'formed with the negative form of the verb' to be '(there is not /
are not). You will often see the contracted form (there isn't / there aren't).
In negative sentences should be borne in mind that 'any' and not 'some' is used.
interrogative
The interrogative forms of the verb "to be" (is / are) followed by "there".
These questions are answered with the short form: "Yes, there is / are" or "No, there isn't / aren't".
4. EXAMPLE
There is a book Hay un libro
There are some books Hay unos libros
Afirmativo
Singular forma larga There is a shop Hay una tienda
Plural forma larga There are some shops Hay algunas tiendas
Singular forma corta There's a shop Hay una tienda
5. FUTERE TENSE OF “HAVE TO”
• EXPRESSING THE FUTURE TIME IN ENGLISH IS PARTICULARLY FRAUGHT WITH PROBLEMS NOT ONLY
BECAUSE THERE ARE SO MANY DIFFERENT FORMS TO CHOOSE FROM, BUT ALSO BECAUSE THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THEM IS NOT ALWAYS CLEAR.
• THERE ARE SEVERAL TIME EXPRESSIONS THAT ARE USED IN ALL OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE FUTURE
TENSE. THEY ARE GENERALLY USED AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE OR QUESTION. THE MOST COMMON ARE:
TOMORROW, NEXT WEEK (SUNDAY/MONTH/YEAR), IN TWO DAYS (WEEKS, MONTHS YEARS), THE DAY
AFTER TOMORROW.
6. EXAMPLE
• I WILL HAVE
• HE WILL HAVE
SHE WILL HAVE
IT WILL HAVE
•
THERE ARE TWELVE COMMON VERBS THAT ARE IRREGULAR IN THE FUTURE TENSE. THEIR ENDINGS ARE
REGULAR, BUT THEIR STEMS CHANGE. SINCE THE ENDINGS ARE THE SAMEAS ALL OTHER FUTURE TENSE VERBS,
WE SHOW ONLY THE "YO" FORM, AND HAVE UNDERLINED THE IRREGULAR STEM. WE HAVE ALSO GROUPED THEM
ACCORDING TO THEIR PATTERNS OF CHANGE.
7. INTRODUCTION TO THE PASSIVE VOICE
• DROP YOUR PEN ON THE FLOOR ONE MORE TIME. TELL YOUR STUDENTS THAT YOU’LL TELL THEM WHAT HAS
JUST HAPPENED, BUT THIS TIME YOUR SENTENCE WILL BEGIN WITH, “THE PEN…” GO TO THE BOARD AND
WRITE, “THE PEN WAS DROPPEDON THE FLOOR.” ASK YOUR STUDENTS TO IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT; THEY
SHOULD SAY IT IS THE “PEN”. ASK THEM TO IDENTIFY THE VERB; THEY SHOULD SAY IT IS “WAS DROPPED”.
Subject Verb Object
The movie Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. was seen by a lot of people.
8. EXAMPLE
• TEACHER PUTS SOME BOOKS UNDER A CHAIR.
S: BOOKS WERE PUT UNDER A CHAIR.
• TEACHER CLOSES A BOOK.
S: A BOOK WAS CLOSED.
TEACHER WRITES SOME WORDS ON THE BOARD.
S: SOME WORDS WERE WRITTEN ON THE BOARD.
• GIVE ENOUGH EXAMPLES TO MAKE STUDENTS COMFORTABLE WITH THE USE OF THE PAST SIMPLE IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.
• WHAT IS THE SUBJECT?
IS AMERICAN FILMS THE AGENT? THE DOER OF THE VERB, MAKE?
IS THE AGENT MENTIONED?
9. PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
• ALWAYS WILL TAKE 2 VERBS THE VERB TO BE AND THE VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
AND THIS SERVES TO GIVE EMPHASIS TO THE ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE AND DOES NOT CARE WHO I
PERFORM THE ACTION
EX THIEVES STEAL STORE
THE STORE IS STOLEN BY THIEVES
THE THIEVES STOLE THE STRORE
THE STRO IS STOLEN BY THE THIEVES
10. EXAMPLE
Affirmative Form
Object + am / is / are +
verb3 (past participle)
QuestionForm
Am / Is / Are + Object +
verb3 (past participle) ?
Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...
Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.
Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.
Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.
Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.
Active : Who sells umbrellas?
Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?
Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.
Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.
11. PAST PERFECT TENSE + YET/ALREADY
• THE TIME EXPRESSIONS ALREADY, FOR, SINCE, AND YET MAY BE USED INTHE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, AS THEY
ARE IN THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE. REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING RULESFOR USING OTHER TIME
EXPRESSIONS:
• USE AFTER, AS SOON AS, THE MOMENT THAT, UNTIL BEFORE USING THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.
EX: AFTER SHE HAD MOVED OUT, I FOUND HER NOTES./ I DIDN’T SAY ANYTHING UNTIL SHE HAD FINISHED
TALKING.
• USE BEFORE, WHEN, BY THE TIME BEFORE THE PAST SIMPLE:
EX. BEFORE I KNEW IT, SHE HAD RUN OUT THE DOOR. / BY THE TIME HE PHONED HER, SHE HAD FOUND SOMEONE
NEW.
12. EXAMPLE
• YET
‘YET’ IS USED TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING WHICH IS EXPECTED TO HAPPEN. IT MEANS ‘AT ANY TIME UP TO
NOW’. IT IS USED IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES.
• HAVE YOU FINISHED YOUR HOMEWORK YET? THE SPEAKER EXPECTS THAT THE HOMEWORK WILL BE FINISHED.
• I HAVEN’T FINISHED IT YET. I’LL DO IT AFTER DINNER.
• ‘YET’ USUALLY COMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
• - SEE MORE AT: HTTP://LEARNENGLISH.BRITISHCOUNCIL.ORG/EN/GRAMMAR-REFERENCE/JUST-YET-STILL-
ALREADY#STHASH.B1EYSNDP.DPUF
13. • ALREADY
‘ALREADY’ IS USED TO SAY THAT SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED EARLY – OR EARLIER THAN IT MIGHT HAVE
HAPPENED.
• I’VE ALREADY SPENT MY SALARY AND IT’S TWO WEEKS BEFORE PAY DAY.
• THE TRAIN’S ALREADY LEFT! WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO?
• ‘ALREADY’ USUALLY COMES IN MID-POSITION.
• - SEE MORE AT: HTTP://LEARNENGLISH.BRITISHCOUNCIL.ORG/EN/GRAMMAR-REFERENCE/JUST-YET-STILL-
ALREADY#STHASH.B1EYSNDP.DPUF
14. QUANTIFIERS
• LOS CUANTIFICADORES INDICAN LA CANTITAD DE UN NOMBRE. SON REPUESTAS A LA PREGUNTA
"¿CUÁNTOS?". AL IGUAL QUE LOS ARTÍCULOS, LOS CUANTIFICADORES DEFINEN A UN NOMBRE Y SIEMPRE
ESTÁN SITUADOS DELANTE DEL NOMBRE. ALGUNOS SE PUEDEN USAR SÓLO CON NOMBRES CONTABLES,
OTROS, SÓLO CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES Y OTROS, CON AMBOS.
15. HOW MUCH
SI SE TRATA DE SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES, SE USA HOW MUCH.
HOW MUCH SE UTILIZA TAMBIÉN PARA PREGUNTAR PRECIOS.
HOW MUCH IS THIS CAR?
¿CUÁNTO CUESTA ESTE AUTO?
HOW MUCH ARE THE POTATOES?
¿CUÁNTO CUESTAN LAS PAPAS?
• PARA HACER REFERENCIA A LOS SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES, SE PUEDEN UTILIZAR LOS ENVASES O LAS MEDIDAS DE LOS ENVASES
QUE LOS CONTIENEN, LOS CUALES SÍ SON CONTABLES...
• HOW MUCH MILK IS THERE?
¿CUÁNTA LECHE HAY?
16. HOW MANY
• SI SE TRATA DE SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES, SE APLICA HOW MANY.
• ESTAS EXPRESIONES SIEMPRE VAN SEGUIDAS DE UN SUSTANTIVO; LUEGO, EL VERBO Y EL RESTO DE LA
ORACIÓN.
• HOW MANY CARS DO YOU HAVE?
¿CUÁNTOS AUTOS TIENES?
• TAMBIÉN SE USAN EN FORMA GENÉRICA PARA PREGUNTAR "CUÁNTO HAY". EN ESTE CASO, VAN SEGUIDAS DEL
SUSTANTIVO Y LUEGO, IS / ARE THERE.
• HOW MANY CARS ARE THERE?
¿CUÁNTOS AUTOS HAY?
17. TO MUCH
• TOO MUCH: USED TO UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS. FOR EXAMPLE;WATER, MONEY (NO TICKETS OR COINS, BUT
THE AMOUNT OF MONEY), THE AIR, CERTAIN FOODS LIKE MILK, ETC.
EXAMPLE: HE HAS TOO MUCH MONEY. [HI HAS TUMACH PEANUTS] HE HAS TOO MUCH MONEY. INCORRECT
TO SAY: TOO MANY BECAUSE "MONEY" IS UNCOUNTABLE.
18. SOME
• SE UTILIZA CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES EN ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS.
• SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES
• SOME SE TRADUCE POR "UNOS,-AS" CON LOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES, PERO TAMBIÉN SE PUEDE TRADUCIR
COMO "ALGUNOS,-AS" EN ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS.
• LOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES Y EL VERBO IRÁN EN PLURAL.
• THERE ARE SOME ROSES IN MY GARDEN.
• HAY ALGUNAS/UNAS ROSAS EN MI JARDÍN.
• THERE ARE SOME BIRDS THERE.
• HAY ALGUNOS/UNOS PÁJAROS ALLÍ.
19. ANY
• "ANY" IS USED WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS IN NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
IT TRANSLATES AS "NONE / A" OR "NO" ON NEGATIVE AND "SOME" PRAYERS, "SOME" OR "SOME / A" IN
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
• THERE AREN´T ANY POTATOES IN THE KITCHEN.
• NO HAY NINGUNA PATATA EN LA COCINA.
• HAVE YOU GOT ANY APPLES FOR THE CAKE?
• ¿TIENES ALGUNA MANZANA PARA EL PASTEL?
• AUNQUE EN LAS ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS Y NEGATIVAS CON "ANY" LOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES Y EL
VERBO EN INGLÉS VAN EN PLURAL SE TRADUCEN EN SINGULAR EN ESPAÑOL.
20. MUST
• "MUST" IS MOST COMMONLY USED TO EXPRESS CERTAINTY. IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO EXPRESS
NECESSITY OR STRONG RECOMMENDATION, ALTHOUGH NATIVE SPEAKERS PREFER THE MORE FLEXIBLE
FORM "HAVE TO." "MUST NOT" CAN BE USED TO PROHIBIT ACTIONS, BUTTHIS SOUNDS VERY SEVERE;
SPEAKERS PREFER TO USE SOFTER MODAL VERBS SUCH AS "SHOULD NOT" OR "OUGHT NOT" TO
DISSUADE RATHER THAN PROHIBIT.
21. EXAMPLE
• THIS MUST BE THE RIGHT ADDRESS! CERTAINTY
• STUDENTS MUST PASS AN ENTRANCE EXAMINATION TO STUDY AT THIS SCHOOL. NECESSITY
• YOU MUST TAKE SOME MEDICINE FOR THAT COUGH. STRONG RECOMMENDATION
• JENNY, YOU MUST NOT PLAY IN THE STREET! PROHIBITION
22. MIGHT
• "MIGHT" IS MOST COMMONLY USED TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY. IT IS ALSOOFTEN USED IN CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES. ENGLISH SPEAKERS CAN ALSO USE "MIGHT" TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS OR REQUESTS,
ALTHOUGH THIS IS LESS COMMON IN AMERICAN ENGLISH.
• EXAMPLES:
• YOUR PURSE MIGHT BE IN THE LIVING ROOM. POSSIBILITY
• IF I DIDN'T HAVE TO WORK, I MIGHT GO WITH YOU. CONDITIONAL
• YOU MIGHT VISIT THE BOTANICAL GARDENS DURING YOUR VISIT. SUGGESTION
• MIGHT I BORROW YOUR PEN? REQUEST
23. PAST SIMPLE OF “CAN”
• 1. SIMPLE PAST DEL VERBO CAN - I COULDN'T SLEEP
• LA FORMA DEL VERBO CAN EN SIMPLEPAST ES COULD Y ES LA MISMA PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS. COMO
ES UN VERBO MODAL, LA FORMA NEGATIVA NO PRECISA EL VERBO TO DO SINO QUE SE FORMA
SIMPLEMENTE AÑADIENDONOT, QUE CONTRAÍDO ES N'T.
• CAN IS ONE OF MODAL VERBS WITH MAY, MUST, ETC. THIS MEANS THAT USUALLY THESE VERBS NEED TO
COMPLETE THEIR MEANING WITH ANOTHER VERB:
24. EXAMPLE
Conjugación Significado
I can yo puedo
you can tú puedes
he can él puede
we can nosotros podemos
you can vosotros podéis
they can ellos pueden
25. REPORTED SPEECH
• WHEN WE COMMUNICATE OR REPORT WHAT SOMEONE ELSE HAS SAID, THEREARE TWO WAYS: USING
THE DIRECT SPEECH OR SPEECH.
INDIRECT SPEECH, UNLIKE THE DIRECT STYLE, DO NOT USE THE QUOTESAND NEED NOT BE VERBATIM. IN
GENERAL, WHEN INDIRECT SPEECH IS USED, THE TENSE CHANGES. HERE YOU HAVE AN EXPLANATION OF
THE CHANGES THEY UNDERGO TENSES.
SOMETIMES "THAT" IS USED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE TO INTRODUCE WHAT THE OTHER
PERSON HAS SAID PHRASES. ON THE OTHER HAND, INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES CAN BE USED "IF" OR
"WHETHER".
26. EXAMPLE
•"I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?," él preguntó.)
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?“
(Chris preguntó, "¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
27. VERB CAN
• "CAN" IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH. IT CAN BE USED TO EXPRESS ABILITY
OR OPPORTUNITY, TO REQUEST OR OFFER PERMISSION, AND TO SHOW POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY.
• EXAMPLES:
• I CAN RIDE A HORSE. ABILITY
• WE CAN STAY WITH MY BROTHER WHEN WE ARE IN PARIS. OPPORTUNITY
• SHE CANNOT STAY OUT AFTER 10 PM. PERMISSION
• CAN YOU HAND ME THE STAPLER? REQUEST
• ANY CHILD CAN GROW UP TO BE PRESIDENT. POSSIBILITY
28. MUSTN’T
• WE USE MUST NOT TO SAY THAT SOMETHING IS NOT PERMITTED OR ALLOWED, FOR EXAMPLE:
• PASSENGERS MUST NOT TALK TO THE DRIVER.
subject + must not + main verb
Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed
by a main verb.
The basic structure for must not is:
The main verb is the base verb.
30. HAVE TO
• "HAVE TO" IS USED TO EXPRESS CERTAINTY, NECESSITY, AND OBLIGATION.
• EXAMPLES:
• THIS ANSWER HAS TO BE CORRECT. CERTAINTY
• THE SOUP HAS TO BE STIRRED CONTINUOUSLY TO PREVENT BURNING. NECESSITY
• THEY HAVE TO LEAVE EARLY. OBLIGATION
31. • REMEMBER: "DO NOT HAVE TO" VS. "MUST NOT"
"DO NOT HAVE TO" SUGGESTS THAT SOMEONE IS NOT REQUIRED TO DO SOMETHING. "MUST NOT"
SUGGESTS THAT YOU ARE PROHIBITED FROM DOING SOMETHING.
• EXAMPLES:
• YOU MUST NOT EAT THAT. IT IS FORBIDDEN, IT IS NOT ALLOWED.
• YOU DON'T HAVE TO EAT THAT. YOU CAN IF YOU WANT TO, BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARY.
