2. Meaning of Teaching
• Teaching is a process intended for learning
by including a behavioural changes in the
taught. It is an activity of facilitating
learning.
• According to Smith “Teaching is an
organized system of specific activities aimed
to help the learners to learn something”.
3. Definition of Teaching
• “Teaching is intimate contact between a more mature
personality and a less mature one which designed to
further the education of the latter”. Morrison (1934).
• Edmund Amidon (1967) defined teaching as “an
interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk
which takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs
during certain definable activities”.
4. Meaning of Learning
• Learning is a process of assimilating information
with a resultant change in behaviour.
• Learning may be defined as the acquisition of
knowledge, attitudes, skills & ways of thinking.
5. Definitions of Learning
• Crow & Crow: ‘Learning is acquisition of knowledge,
habits and attitudes. It involves new ways of doing
things in order to overcome obstacles or to adjust to
new situations. It enables the person to satisfy
interests to attain goals.’
• Henry Smith: ‘Learning is the acquisition of new
behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old
behavior as a result of experience.’
• Wood worth defines learning as-
• “Any activity can be called learning as far as it
develops the individual (in any aspect, good or bad) &
makes his behavior & experiences different from what
would otherwise have been”.
7. TYPES OF LEARNING
There are two types of learning
• Formal Learning
• Informal Learning
Formal learning is intentional in nature whilst
informal learning is accidental or unintentional.
Formal learning occurs in structured environment
such as in classrooms whilst informal learning may
happen anywhere such as outside the class, in
corridor, at home, market, park etc.
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is a process which is continuous & it never stops
at any phase. It is a lifelong process hence learning starts
from birth & ends only with the death of an individual.
Hence we can say that learning proceeds from womb to
tomb. E.g. when a child takes birth he first learns to cry
for food, and at each phase of life at every step the child
learns to walk, run, talk, write alphabets etc.
• Learning is the process which leads to mental growth of
an individual. The growth takes place along with the
learning.
• Basically when learning takes place the individual learns
to adjust & adopt with the environment.
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is purposeful. Though learning takes place
at every place & at every moment all the learning
are not useful. Hence those learning which are
useful & meaningful are learnt.
• Learning is active process. Learning by doing is the
best part of learning e.g. it becomes easy for the
science students to learn the concepts in science
when they perform practical.
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning takes place individually& as well as socially
e.g. When a seminar or workshop is conducted,
then all the members of the group learn to share
their thoughts, each one learns something new
from the other individual.
• Learning brings about the change in the behavior in
individual e.g. a child is always taught values &
manners, & due to this teachings, a child learns to
respect their elders & teachers, learns to speak
politely etc, which bring about the change in his
behavior as the child grows.
11. Relationship between teaching
and learning
Teaching and learning are interconnected key players in
achieving significant change regarding individuals’
holistic improvement.
• Both are complex process.
• Both are formal as well as Informal Process.
• Both are goal directed process.
• Both involve specific tasks.
• Both are occur in social context.
• Both are interactive process.
12. Both are complex process
• Teaching is a complex phenomenon as its nature is
scientific as well as artistic. When we consider teaching
as an art, we consider it loaded with emotions, feelings,
values, beliefs and excitement and difficult to derive
rules, principles or generalizations. When we consider
teaching as science, then pedagogy is predictable to the
extent that it can be observed and measured with
some accuracy and research can be applied to the
practice of teaching.
• Learning is also a complex phenomenon.It is personal
to each child and is the process of making sense of and
using new information and experiences. Children do
this when they make connections between the
experiences and knowledge they already have and new
information they encounter.
13. Both are Formal as well as Informal
Process
• Teaching and learning both are formal and
informal process. Formal teaching is happened in
structured classroom for acquiring knowledge
and attaining some certificate or degree whilst
informal teaching may happened outside the
classroom such as home tuition or online
teaching without any certificate.
• Formal learning is occurred in structured
environment such as in classrooms whilst
informal learning may happen anywhere such as
outside the class, in corridor, at home, market,
park etc.
14. Both need social context
Teaching is a social process because it involves
student, teacher and societal environment. The
society and nature of human( student & teacher) is
dynamic not static.
Learning is individual and social as well. Learning is
individualized means learner construct the
knowledge through assimilation and
accommodation by restructuring his schemas whilst
learning as a social process and the origination of
human intelligence in society or culture
15. ….
First, through interaction with others, and then
integrated into the individual’s mental structure.
• Every function in the child’s cultural development
appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on
the individual level; first, between people
(interpsychological) and then inside the child
(intrapsychological). This applies equally to
voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the
formation of concepts. All the higher functions
originate as actual relationships between
individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
16. Both are Goal Oriented Process
Teaching-learning is a process through which
the teacher and learner, curriculum and other
variables are organized in a systematic
manner in order to attain some pre
determined goals.
Goal of Teaching: To bring desirable
modification in the behaviour of the students.
Goal of Learning: Harmonious Development
of personality and skills
17. Task involved in both
Teachers' Task during
teaching
Learners' Task during
learning
• Planning the lesson
• Present the lesson
• evaluate Students'
understanding
• Participation in
activities planned by
teacher
• Responding according
to stimuli.
18. Interactive process
Communication is a process to share ideas, view
between two or more than two persons. Teaching and
communication can not be separated. Teacher express
his views on some topic by two types of communication
• Verbal Communication
• Non Verbal Communication
• Teaching- learning process is highly dominated by
communication. In classroom communication teacher
and learner/ group of learners play the role of sender
and receiver vice versa.
