The document discusses various components of a computer system including the CPU, ALU, CU, and memory devices. It provides details about:
1. The CPU retrieves and executes instructions and consists of an ALU, CU, and registers. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations while the CU controls operation.
2. Primary memory includes RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. RAM is volatile memory used for temporary storage while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions.
3. Secondary storage includes hard disks, SSDs, DVDs, CDs, and USB drives which have greater capacity than primary memory but are slower.
Here is a slide on Random Access Memory, slide consists of detailed presentation on primary Memory,types and history of RAM. Hope you will Enjoy the slide.
This document discusses different types of RAM. It begins by introducing RAM as random access memory that can be accessed in any order and location. The two main types are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM is more expensive but has very low access times, while DRAM is lower cost but needs periodic refreshing. The document then describes different variants of DRAM over time that provide faster access, including FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and RDRAM.
This document provides an overview of RAM (random access memory). It describes RAM as volatile memory that does not retain data when power is turned off. The document then discusses RAM components like SRAM and DRAM. SRAM stores bits using a flip-flop circuit that retains data as long as power is applied, while DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor that must be regularly refreshed to maintain its charge and data. The document concludes with a comparison of SRAM and DRAM, noting key differences in their data volatility, refresh needs, cell structures, speeds and costs.
This document discusses the history and types of RAM. It begins by defining RAM as random access memory that is volatile and temporary. It then describes the two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM (DRAM). The document proceeds to discuss the evolution of different DRAM technologies over time, including FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDR RAM, DDR RAM, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. It notes that each new generation provides improved efficiency and speed over the previous. The document concludes by discussing some limitations of RAM and promising future technologies like RRAM and Z-RAM.
AMD is an American semiconductor company and the second largest supplier of microprocessors based on the x86 architecture after Intel. It develops computer processors and graphics cards. AMD was founded in 1969 and initially produced logic chips. In the 1980s, AMD began producing clones of Intel CPUs like the 286 and 386 under an agreement but this was later cancelled by Intel. AMD went on to produce its own CPUs like the K5, K6 and Athlon series to compete directly with Intel's offerings. It acquired ATI in 2006 to strengthen its graphics card business against Nvidia.
“Computer is an electronic machine that can store, recall and process data. It can perform
tasks or complex calculation according to a set of instructions or programs. The terms and
definitions used in computer system
Many modern and emerging applications must process huge amounts of data.
Unfortunately, prevalent computer architectures are based on the von Neumann design, where processing units and memory units are located apart, which make them highly inefficient for large-scale data intensive tasks.
The performance and energy costs when executing this type of applications are dominated by the movement of data between memory units and processing units. This is known as the von Neumann bottleneck.
Processing-in-Memory (PIM) is a computing paradigm that avoids most of this data movement by putting together, in the same place or near, computation and data.
This talk will give an overview of PIM and will discuss some of the key enabling technologies.
Next I will present some of our research results in that area, specifically in the application areas of genome sequence alignment and time series analysis.
Here is a slide on Random Access Memory, slide consists of detailed presentation on primary Memory,types and history of RAM. Hope you will Enjoy the slide.
This document discusses different types of RAM. It begins by introducing RAM as random access memory that can be accessed in any order and location. The two main types are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM is more expensive but has very low access times, while DRAM is lower cost but needs periodic refreshing. The document then describes different variants of DRAM over time that provide faster access, including FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and RDRAM.
This document provides an overview of RAM (random access memory). It describes RAM as volatile memory that does not retain data when power is turned off. The document then discusses RAM components like SRAM and DRAM. SRAM stores bits using a flip-flop circuit that retains data as long as power is applied, while DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor that must be regularly refreshed to maintain its charge and data. The document concludes with a comparison of SRAM and DRAM, noting key differences in their data volatility, refresh needs, cell structures, speeds and costs.
This document discusses the history and types of RAM. It begins by defining RAM as random access memory that is volatile and temporary. It then describes the two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM (DRAM). The document proceeds to discuss the evolution of different DRAM technologies over time, including FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDR RAM, DDR RAM, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. It notes that each new generation provides improved efficiency and speed over the previous. The document concludes by discussing some limitations of RAM and promising future technologies like RRAM and Z-RAM.
AMD is an American semiconductor company and the second largest supplier of microprocessors based on the x86 architecture after Intel. It develops computer processors and graphics cards. AMD was founded in 1969 and initially produced logic chips. In the 1980s, AMD began producing clones of Intel CPUs like the 286 and 386 under an agreement but this was later cancelled by Intel. AMD went on to produce its own CPUs like the K5, K6 and Athlon series to compete directly with Intel's offerings. It acquired ATI in 2006 to strengthen its graphics card business against Nvidia.
“Computer is an electronic machine that can store, recall and process data. It can perform
tasks or complex calculation according to a set of instructions or programs. The terms and
definitions used in computer system
Many modern and emerging applications must process huge amounts of data.
Unfortunately, prevalent computer architectures are based on the von Neumann design, where processing units and memory units are located apart, which make them highly inefficient for large-scale data intensive tasks.
The performance and energy costs when executing this type of applications are dominated by the movement of data between memory units and processing units. This is known as the von Neumann bottleneck.
Processing-in-Memory (PIM) is a computing paradigm that avoids most of this data movement by putting together, in the same place or near, computation and data.
This talk will give an overview of PIM and will discuss some of the key enabling technologies.
Next I will present some of our research results in that area, specifically in the application areas of genome sequence alignment and time series analysis.
This document discusses AMD processors and their history. It provides details about AMD's first in-house x86 processor (K5), the introduction of the Athlon processor in 1999, and AMD's development of 64-bit processors including the Opteron and Sempron. Pros of AMD processors include competitive gaming performance and integrated security features, while cons include limited memory compatibility and potential overheating issues in older models. The document recommends AMD for their competitive pricing and power efficiency.
Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM) is widely used due to its internal architecture and interface to the processor's memory bus. However, ADRAM has slow access times which degrade system performance. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) was developed to exchange data with the processor synchronized by an external clock, allowing full processor speed without wait states. Later, Double Data Rate SDRAM and Rambus DRAM were introduced to increase data transfer rates.
This document discusses different types of volatile memory or RAM used in computers. It describes dynamic RAM (DRAM) which uses capacitors and must be regularly refreshed, static RAM (SRAM) which does not require refreshing but uses more transistors, and other RAM types like T-RAM, Z-RAM, and TT-RAM. RAM is used as temporary memory in a computer system to store active programs and data, and provides faster access than non-volatile storage like hard disks.
In-memory computing stores information in RAM rather than on disk drives for faster access. It allows companies to analyze large amounts of data quickly and perform operations more efficiently. As memory prices drop, in-memory computing is becoming more widespread. Some companies like SAP and Oracle have adapted in-memory concepts, processing data 1000 times faster. In-memory databases provide advantages like faster transactions and high stability for applications requiring quick response times.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) are increasingly being used for general-purpose computing applications due to their highly parallel and programmable nature. GPU computing uses the GPU alongside the CPU in a heterogeneous model, with the sequential CPU portion handling control flow and passing data to the GPU for parallel intensive computations. GPUs have evolved from fixed-function processors into fully programmable parallel processors. Many applications that require large amounts of parallelism and throughput can benefit from offloading work to the GPU. GPU architectures provide a high degree of parallelism through multiple stream processors that can execute the same instructions on different data sets. Software environments like CUDA and OpenCL allow general-purpose programming of GPUs for applications beyond graphics. Future improvements may include
A fixed hard disk drive is used to store the operating system and installed applications, and has cooling fans built in. A portable hard disk drive stores large files without cooling fans due to size constraints, and draws power from USB. Hard disks have revolutionized the digital age by providing widespread storage of information and data, transforming modern computing.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the CPU. DMA controllers temporarily borrow the address, data, and control buses from the microprocessor to transfer data directly between an I/O port and memory locations. This allows fast transfer of data to and from devices while the CPU performs other tasks, improving overall system performance. DMA transfers can occur via block transfers where the DMA controller controls the bus for an extended period, or via cycle stealing where it uses the bus for one transfer then returns control to the CPU.
SoC (System on a Chip) is an integrated circuit that combines the core components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It typically includes a processor, memory, and other input/output peripherals. The document discusses the key components of a typical SoC, including the processor (which processes data from RAM), RAM, ROM, GPU (for graphics processing), and ISP (for image signal processing tasks like autofocus and noise reduction). Processors are defined by their ARM architecture, manufacturing technology size, number of cores, and clock speed. SoCs aim to consume less power and require less space than traditional motherboards.
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
short note for basic students | Types of Memory, ram, rom and storage.
- memory types.
- types of ROMs (Read Only Memory)
- Advantages of ROM
- Ram(random access memory)
- storage device
RAM is a form of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; it is volatile, meaning stored data is lost when power is removed. RAM was invented in 1968 by Robert Heath at IBM to function as temporary memory for processing data from permanent storage like hard disks. There are different types of RAM technologies including SRAM which retains data through static memory cells and DRAM which uses capacitors and must be regularly refreshed. RAM capacities have increased significantly over time from megabytes to gigabytes currently produced by various manufacturers. RAM provides faster program loading than hard disks but has the disadvantage of being volatile and space-limited.
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called "cores"), which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch), but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
This document discusses several factors that can affect the performance of a computer system:
- The number of processor cores - having more cores allows more instructions to be processed simultaneously, improving performance. However, tasks cannot always be perfectly divided.
- The width of the data bus - a wider bus allows more data to be transferred at once, improving performance.
- Cache memory - checking this fast memory first for data/instructions often results in faster "hits" than accessing slower main memory, improving performance. Multiple cache levels are used.
- Clock speed - a higher clock rate allows instructions to be completed faster, potentially improving performance, though different measures make direct comparisons difficult.
This presentation discusses Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and its types. It begins by explaining what RAM is and how it provides faster access for the CPU than the hard disk. It then covers that DRAM is the main memory in computers and must be refreshed periodically to prevent data loss. The main types of DRAM discussed are SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, and DRAM memory modules. Specific details are provided about the features and operation of each DRAM type. Major memory manufacturers are also listed.
Rajnikant Bal presented a technical seminar report on flash memory. Flash memory is a type of non-volatile solid state memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It provides benefits over traditional hard drives by being compact, lightweight, and energy efficient. Flash memory is widely used in devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and MP3 players due to these advantages. The seminar covered the basic workings of flash memory cells, how erase and write operations are performed, and various applications of flash memory technology.
Explain cache memory with a diagram, demonstrate hit ratio and miss penalty with an example. Discussed different types of cache mapping: direct mapping, fully-associative mapping and set-associative mapping. Discussed temporal and spatial locality of references in cache memory. Explained cache write policies: write through and write back. Shown the differences between unified cache and split cache.
The document discusses cache organization and mapping techniques. It describes:
1) Direct mapping where each block maps to one line. Set associative mapping divides cache into sets with multiple lines per set.
2) Replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU that determine which block to replace when the cache is full.
3) Write policies like write-through and write-back that handle writing cached data back to main memory.
The document summarizes the different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary storage. RAM is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage is non-volatile and stores long-term data at a lower cost than primary memory.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system:
(1) The input unit which includes devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow data and instructions to enter the computer.
(2) Storage units including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory (hard disks, CDs, DVDs) that temporarily and permanently store data, instructions, and results.
(3) The central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data and control the computer's operations.
(4) The output unit includes monitors, printers, and speakers to display or present the processed results in human-readable form.
This document discusses AMD processors and their history. It provides details about AMD's first in-house x86 processor (K5), the introduction of the Athlon processor in 1999, and AMD's development of 64-bit processors including the Opteron and Sempron. Pros of AMD processors include competitive gaming performance and integrated security features, while cons include limited memory compatibility and potential overheating issues in older models. The document recommends AMD for their competitive pricing and power efficiency.
Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM) is widely used due to its internal architecture and interface to the processor's memory bus. However, ADRAM has slow access times which degrade system performance. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) was developed to exchange data with the processor synchronized by an external clock, allowing full processor speed without wait states. Later, Double Data Rate SDRAM and Rambus DRAM were introduced to increase data transfer rates.
This document discusses different types of volatile memory or RAM used in computers. It describes dynamic RAM (DRAM) which uses capacitors and must be regularly refreshed, static RAM (SRAM) which does not require refreshing but uses more transistors, and other RAM types like T-RAM, Z-RAM, and TT-RAM. RAM is used as temporary memory in a computer system to store active programs and data, and provides faster access than non-volatile storage like hard disks.
In-memory computing stores information in RAM rather than on disk drives for faster access. It allows companies to analyze large amounts of data quickly and perform operations more efficiently. As memory prices drop, in-memory computing is becoming more widespread. Some companies like SAP and Oracle have adapted in-memory concepts, processing data 1000 times faster. In-memory databases provide advantages like faster transactions and high stability for applications requiring quick response times.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) are increasingly being used for general-purpose computing applications due to their highly parallel and programmable nature. GPU computing uses the GPU alongside the CPU in a heterogeneous model, with the sequential CPU portion handling control flow and passing data to the GPU for parallel intensive computations. GPUs have evolved from fixed-function processors into fully programmable parallel processors. Many applications that require large amounts of parallelism and throughput can benefit from offloading work to the GPU. GPU architectures provide a high degree of parallelism through multiple stream processors that can execute the same instructions on different data sets. Software environments like CUDA and OpenCL allow general-purpose programming of GPUs for applications beyond graphics. Future improvements may include
A fixed hard disk drive is used to store the operating system and installed applications, and has cooling fans built in. A portable hard disk drive stores large files without cooling fans due to size constraints, and draws power from USB. Hard disks have revolutionized the digital age by providing widespread storage of information and data, transforming modern computing.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the CPU. DMA controllers temporarily borrow the address, data, and control buses from the microprocessor to transfer data directly between an I/O port and memory locations. This allows fast transfer of data to and from devices while the CPU performs other tasks, improving overall system performance. DMA transfers can occur via block transfers where the DMA controller controls the bus for an extended period, or via cycle stealing where it uses the bus for one transfer then returns control to the CPU.
SoC (System on a Chip) is an integrated circuit that combines the core components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It typically includes a processor, memory, and other input/output peripherals. The document discusses the key components of a typical SoC, including the processor (which processes data from RAM), RAM, ROM, GPU (for graphics processing), and ISP (for image signal processing tasks like autofocus and noise reduction). Processors are defined by their ARM architecture, manufacturing technology size, number of cores, and clock speed. SoCs aim to consume less power and require less space than traditional motherboards.
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
short note for basic students | Types of Memory, ram, rom and storage.
- memory types.
- types of ROMs (Read Only Memory)
- Advantages of ROM
- Ram(random access memory)
- storage device
RAM is a form of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; it is volatile, meaning stored data is lost when power is removed. RAM was invented in 1968 by Robert Heath at IBM to function as temporary memory for processing data from permanent storage like hard disks. There are different types of RAM technologies including SRAM which retains data through static memory cells and DRAM which uses capacitors and must be regularly refreshed. RAM capacities have increased significantly over time from megabytes to gigabytes currently produced by various manufacturers. RAM provides faster program loading than hard disks but has the disadvantage of being volatile and space-limited.
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called "cores"), which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch), but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs amenable to parallel computing. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
This document discusses several factors that can affect the performance of a computer system:
- The number of processor cores - having more cores allows more instructions to be processed simultaneously, improving performance. However, tasks cannot always be perfectly divided.
- The width of the data bus - a wider bus allows more data to be transferred at once, improving performance.
- Cache memory - checking this fast memory first for data/instructions often results in faster "hits" than accessing slower main memory, improving performance. Multiple cache levels are used.
- Clock speed - a higher clock rate allows instructions to be completed faster, potentially improving performance, though different measures make direct comparisons difficult.
This presentation discusses Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and its types. It begins by explaining what RAM is and how it provides faster access for the CPU than the hard disk. It then covers that DRAM is the main memory in computers and must be refreshed periodically to prevent data loss. The main types of DRAM discussed are SDRAM, DDR, RDRAM, and DRAM memory modules. Specific details are provided about the features and operation of each DRAM type. Major memory manufacturers are also listed.
Rajnikant Bal presented a technical seminar report on flash memory. Flash memory is a type of non-volatile solid state memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It provides benefits over traditional hard drives by being compact, lightweight, and energy efficient. Flash memory is widely used in devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and MP3 players due to these advantages. The seminar covered the basic workings of flash memory cells, how erase and write operations are performed, and various applications of flash memory technology.
Explain cache memory with a diagram, demonstrate hit ratio and miss penalty with an example. Discussed different types of cache mapping: direct mapping, fully-associative mapping and set-associative mapping. Discussed temporal and spatial locality of references in cache memory. Explained cache write policies: write through and write back. Shown the differences between unified cache and split cache.
The document discusses cache organization and mapping techniques. It describes:
1) Direct mapping where each block maps to one line. Set associative mapping divides cache into sets with multiple lines per set.
2) Replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU that determine which block to replace when the cache is full.
3) Write policies like write-through and write-back that handle writing cached data back to main memory.
The document summarizes the different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary storage. RAM is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage is non-volatile and stores long-term data at a lower cost than primary memory.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system:
(1) The input unit which includes devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow data and instructions to enter the computer.
(2) Storage units including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory (hard disks, CDs, DVDs) that temporarily and permanently store data, instructions, and results.
(3) The central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data and control the computer's operations.
(4) The output unit includes monitors, printers, and speakers to display or present the processed results in human-readable form.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
This chapter discusses the basic components and operation of microprocessors. It describes how a microprocessor is composed of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. The chapter explains that microprocessors operate based on stored programs and are available in both single-chip and multi-chip architectures. It also provides details on different types of memory devices, such as ROM, RAM, EEPROM, and flash memory.
The document discusses how computers represent and store data. Computers use binary digits (bits) represented as electrical voltages to store all types of data. Bits are grouped into bytes of 8 bits to represent characters, numbers, images, sound etc. Memory is measured in bytes, kilobytes and megabytes. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions. Caches improve performance by storing frequently used data closer to the CPU.
Computer memory can be divided into primary/main memory and secondary memory. Primary memory is directly accessible by the CPU and can be volatile, losing data on power loss. It includes RAM (random access memory) such as SRAM and DRAM. Secondary memory includes non-volatile storage like hard disks, CDs, DVDs that are accessed via I/O. The document discusses different types of primary memory like cache, RAM, ROM and their characteristics. It also covers memory management techniques like paging, segmentation and virtual memory that allow accessing more memory than physically installed.
This document summarizes the key components of a typical personal computer. It describes that a personal computer has components that provide storage (hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROM), memory, a central processing unit, and input/output devices like a keyboard, mouse, display, printer and speakers. The main internal components are then described in more detail, including the monitor, motherboard, CPU, memory (including caches and RAM), ports, and peripheral devices.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and registers. Volatile memory like RAM loses data when powered off, while non-volatile memory like ROM retains data without power. Virtual memory uses the hard disk to supplement RAM. Registers are high-speed memory areas within the CPU used to store data and instructions during processing. The document describes memory types like SRAM, DRAM, ROM, and flash memory as well as register functions.
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
Memory holds instructions, data, and results and comes in different types. Volatile memory like RAM loses contents when powered off but allows for fast reading and writing. Nonvolatile memory like ROM retains contents when powered off but does not allow rewriting. Caches like L1, L2, and L3 improve processing speed by storing frequently used instructions and data closer to the processor. Memory can be upgraded by adding modules like SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMMs.
This document provides an introduction to computer science and the basic components of a computer system. It discusses the various applications of computers in areas like business, education, healthcare, and more. The core components described include the input, output, central processing unit, memory, and storage units. Specific memory types are explained in detail, such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and secondary storage. A variety of ports and connections are also outlined that allow external devices to interface with the computer system. The document concludes by welcoming any questions from the audience.
This document provides an introduction to computer science and the basic components of a computer system. It discusses the various applications of computers in areas like business, education, healthcare, and more. The core components described include the input, output, central processing unit, memory, and storage units. Specific memory types are explained in detail, such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and secondary storage. A variety of ports and connections are also outlined that allow external devices to interface with the computer system. The document concludes by welcoming any questions from the audience.
This document provides an introduction to computer science and the basic components of a computer system. It discusses the various applications of computers in areas like business, education, healthcare, and more. The core components described include the input, output, central processing unit, memory, and storage units. Specific memory types are explained in detail, such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and secondary storage. A variety of ports and connections are also outlined that allow external devices to interface with the computer through the motherboard. The document aims to give students an overview of the fundamental building blocks and workings of a computer.
Bca 2nd sem-u-1.7 digital logic circuits, digital component memory unitRai University
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It defines memory as a device that stores binary data for processing. There are two main types: random access memory (RAM), which allows data to be accessed randomly at the same speed; and sequential access memory, where access time varies. RAM is further divided into static, dynamic, read-only memories (ROM), read-write memories (RWM), and read-mostly memories (RMM). Examples of ROM include mask programmed ROM and PROM, while examples of RMM include EPROM and EEPROM. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that uses standard voltages.
The document discusses computer memory, including random access memory (RAM) and how it works. It provides three key points:
1) RAM is the computer's temporary storage area that allows the CPU to access data more quickly than from permanent storage like a hard drive. When applications, files, or programs are opened they are loaded into RAM.
2) The CPU continuously requests data from RAM, processes it, and writes new data back to RAM in a cycle that happens millions of times per second.
3) When an application closes, it and any files are purged from RAM to free up space, so they must be saved to permanent storage or the changes will be lost.
digital logic circuits, digital component memory unitRai University
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It defines memory as a device that stores binary data for processing. There are two main types: random access memory (RAM), which allows random read/write access, and sequential access memory, which requires sequential access. RAM is further divided into static RAM, dynamic RAM, read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM, erasable programmable ROM, and electrically erasable programmable ROM. ROM is used to permanently store programs, while RAM is used for temporary data storage. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that uses standard voltages and allows block writing for easier updating.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes cache memory as very high speed memory between the CPU and main memory used to store frequently accessed data and programs. Primary/main memory is volatile semiconductor memory that holds currently running programs and data. RAM and ROM are types of main memory. RAM is read/write memory that stores data temporarily while power is on, while ROM is read-only memory that permanently stores basic input/output instructions. The document outlines characteristics and types of each memory including static RAM, dynamic RAM, programmable ROM, erasable programmable ROM, and electrically erasable programmable ROM.
B.sc cs-ii-u-1.7 digital logic circuits, digital component memory unitRai University
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It defines memory as a device that stores binary data for processing. There are two main types: random access memory (RAM), which allows data to be accessed randomly at the same speed; and sequential access memory, where access time varies. RAM is further divided into static, dynamic, read-only (ROM), and read-mostly memory. ROM types include mask programmed, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that uses standard voltages. Memory is essential for storing programs and data not currently needed by the CPU.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It defines primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, which temporarily and permanently store data respectively. RAM is volatile and includes DRAM, SRAM, and RDRAM. ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory. The document provides details on each type of memory, including their characteristics and uses.
Memory units are devices that store binary information in groups of bits called words. They contain a number of words and number of bits per word. Memory units store programs and data that the CPU needs, as well as backup information not currently required by the CPU. There are two main types of memory - random access memory (RAM), where data can be accessed randomly in the same time, and sequential access memory, where access time varies. RAM can perform both read and write operations and allow random access to any location in the same time. Common types of RAM include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM is read-only memory used to permanently store programs.
Similaire à CH - 4 central processing unit & memory devices.pptx (20)
Swayam is an online learning platform launched by the Indian government to achieve the goals of access, equity and quality in education, providing online courses from school to postgraduate level through nine national coordinators; it offers courses in various formats including video lectures, readings, tests and discussion forums; students can obtain credits for courses and certificates by registering for and passing proctored final exams.
Educational psychology is the study of human behavior and learning processes in educational settings. It draws from the fields of psychology and education to understand individual and group behavior in educational contexts as well as design effective teaching methods and learning environments. Specifically, educational psychology helps teachers understand students' cognitive and social development, apply principles of learning and motivation, address individual differences, and create positive classroom environments that foster optimal learning. Overall, the goal of educational psychology is to improve educational outcomes by equipping teachers with knowledge about human development, learning, and instructional best practices.
hey...
This PPT is about Computer Virus and its prevention Technique
1. What is computer virus
2. Types of computer virus
3. How to prevent computer from Virus
4. Antivirus
5. Types of antivirus
This ppt is useful for
B.Ed course / MCA/BCA/ BBA/BCOM/MCOM/M.Ed etc.
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basics of computer ( B.K. school of maangement ).pptPragatiKachhi1
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strategies for helping exceptional children to overcome their problem ppt.pptxPragatiKachhi1
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
CH - 4 central processing unit & memory devices.pptx
1. Topic :-
1. CPU
2. ALU
3. CU
4. MU
Memory Devices
Primary Memory Devices( RAM,
ROM,PROM,EPROM,EEPROM
Secondary Memory Devices ( Hard disk , Solid
sate disk , DVD, CD, Optical Disk , Pen Drive )
Presented by-Pragati kachhi
2. Central Processing Unit
The computer's central processing unit
(CPU) is the portion of a computer that
retrieves and executes instructions.
The CPU is essentially the brain of a
CAD system.
It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU), a control unit, and various
registers.
The CPU is often simply referred to as
the processor.
3. Responsibilities:-
The CPU, Central Processing Unit (or simply processor) is the main chip
in a computer responsible for carrying out all tasks.
It's responsible for telling all the other components in a computer what to
do, according to the instructions it is given by the programs (software)
running on that computer.
Gigahertz:-
The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per
second, measured in GHz (gigahertz).
A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator, but for
our purposes, they're a basic unit that helps understand a CPU's speed.
4. Main purpose:-
The central processing unit (CPU) guides the computer through
the various steps of solving a problem.
Data enters the computer through an input unit, is processed by the
central processing unit, and is then made available to the user
through an output unit.
3 major parts of CPU :-
1) Register Set
2) ALU
3) Control
5. Function :-
CPU is considered as the brain of
the computer.
CPU performs all types of data
processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate results,
and instructions (program).
It controls the operation of all parts
of the computer.
6. ALU ( Arithmetic Logical Unit ):-
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit is a combinational digital circuit that
performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit, which operates on floating point
numbers.
Instructions:-
The register operands used by an instruction are specified
by fields of that instruction.
ALU is used to calculate an arithmetic result, compute a
memory address, or perform a comparison for a branch.
The result of an arithmetic/logical instruction is written back
into the register file.
7. Function :-
The ALU performs simple addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and logic operations,
such as OR and AND.
The memory stores the program's instructions and
data.
8. Control Unit :-
The control unit of the central processing unit regulates and integrates the
operations of the computer.
It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper
sequence and interprets them so as to activate the other functional elements
of the system at the appropriate moment.
The control unit is the main component of a central processing
unit (CPU) in computers that can direct the operations during
the execution of a program by the processor/computer.
The main function of the control unit is to fetch and execute
instructions from the memory of a computer.
9. Functions:-
The functions of the control unit include the following.
•It directs the flow of data sequence between the processor and other devices.
•It can interpret the instructions and controls the flow of data in the processor.
•It generates the sequence of control signals from the received instructions or commands from the
instruction register.
•It has the responsibility to control the execution units such as ALU, data buffers, and registers in the
CPU of a computer.
•It has the ability to fetch, decode, handle the execution, and store results.
•It cannot process and store the data.
•To transfer the data, it communicates with the input and output devices and controls all the units of the
computer.
10. Memory Unit :-
A memory unit is the amount of data that the memory can
hold.
Besides, we measure this storage capacity in terms of bytes.
Moreover, there are different units of memory as per the
requirement.
Primary storage, or memory, means the space on your hard drive that is
briefly used for working space.
This usually occurs in a chip.
Memory consists of four types of memory chips RAM, ROM, CMOS and
flash drive .
11. Memory Devices ( Storage Devices )
Primary storage, or memory, means the space on your hard drive that is
briefly used for working space.
This usually occurs in a chip.
Memory consists of four types of memory chips RAM, ROM, CMOS and
flash memory .
Memory is primarilyof two types:-
•InternalMemory −cachememoryand primary/main memory
•External Memory−magnetic disk / optical disk etc.
12.
13. CharacteristicsofMemoryHierarchyarefollowing whenwe go fromtop to bottom.
Capacityin termsofstorageincreases.
Costperbitofstoragedecreases.
Frequencyof accessofthememory bytheCPU decreases.
Access time bytheCPU increases.
14. RAM:-
A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory. It is called
randomaccessmemory(RAM).
Since access time in RAM is independent of the address to the word that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach
asotherlocation&takesthesameamountof time.
Wecanreachinto thememoryatrandom&extremelyfastbutcanalsobequiteexpensive.
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence, a backup
uninterruptiblepowersystem(UPS)is oftenusedwithcomputers.
RAMis small, bothin termsofitsphysicalsizeandin theamountofdataitcan hold.
RAMis oftwotypes:-
StaticRAM(SRAM)
DynamicRAM(DRAM)
15. Static RAM (SRAM):-
The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power remains applied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due
to volatile nature.
SRAMchips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors.
Transistors do not requirepower to prevent leakage, so SRAMneed not have to be refreshed on a regular basis.
Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing
costs higher.
Static RAMis used as cachememory needs to be very fast and small.
Characteristic of Static RAM:-
Long life.
No need to refresh.
Faster.
Used as cache memory.
Large size.
Expensive.
High power consumption.
16. Dynamic RAM (DRAM):-
DRAM, unlikeSRAM,must be continuallyrefreshed in order for it to maintain thedata.
This is done byplacing thememory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundredtimes per second.
DRAMis used for most system memory becauseit is cheap and small.
All DRAMs are made up of memorycells. Thesecells arecomposed of one capacitor and one transistor.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM:-
Short data lifetime
Needs to be refreshed continuously
Slower as comparedtoSRAM
Used as RAM
Smaller in size
Less expensive
Less power consumption
17. Functions of RAM :-
1.) Reading Files. This is also the work of RAM memory.
2.) Temporary Storage. That program or files of the computer which have
been used, then RAM saves the data in a temporary way, which is the main
function of the computer RAM.
3.) Loading Applications. Loading a software application is also the main
function of RAM.
18. ROM:-
ROMstands for Read Only Memory.
Thememory from which wecan only read but cannot
write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
Theinformation is stored permanently in such
memories during manufacture.
A ROMstores such instructions that arerequired to
start a computer.
This operation is referred to as bootstrap.
ROMchips are not only used in the computer but also
in other electronic items like washing machine and
microwave oven.
Features of ROM (Read-
Only Memory):-
ROM is a non-volatile
memory.
Information stored in ROM
is permanent.
Information and programs
stored on it, we can only
read.
Information and programs
are stored on ROM in
binary format.
It is used in the start-up
process of the computer.
19. Characteristics:-
ROM information can be easily updated.
ROM provides very large amounts of inexpensive Data storage.
Data in ROM is Nonvolatile, that is , it remains there even without electrical
power.
ROM chips are easily Swapped between different brands of computers.
What is the purpose of ROM:-
The main purpose of ROM is to store the commands needed to start the
computer. So that the computer system can be started.
Read-Only Memory As the name suggests the data in this memory can
be read-only.
Another main purpose of ROM is to update the firmware software of the
computer.
20.
21. MROM:-
MROM stand for Mask Read Only Memory. It is also a type of ROM,
which was the first ROM hard wired device.
MROM contains a software mask that is burned onto the chip during the
semiconductor design manufacturing process.
MROMs are also known as masked ROMs, which are cheap.
MROM is used by computer systems that keep running for a long time.
22. 2. PROM:-
The full form of PROM is Programmable Read Only Memory.
This means that a user can program data into the PROM only once.
The feature of PROM is that the user can program any data according to him.
The person who writes the program in the PROM is called the PROM programmer or PROM burner
PROM never deletes the program itself. It means your programs are permanently saved in PROM.
Once the data is programmed in the PROM, you cannot make any changes to it.
Applications of PROM
Some examples of devices that use PROM, which names are given below.
TV Remote
Mobile Phones
Early Computer Bios
Video game consoles
Radio-Frequency Identification
23. 3. EPROM:-
The full form of EPROM is Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
This means that the EPROM memory chip has these features that you can erase the data of this
memory chip and program the new data again and you can erase the new data again if you want.
Erasing EPROM data is not easy, it is difficult.
The device whose EPROM data is to be erased, then the EPROM has to be ejected from that
device only then can the data in the EPROM be erased.
Ultraviolet light has to be used to erase the data of EPROM and it takes about 40 minutes to
erase the data of EPROM.
EPROM data can be erased and programmed by a professional who is also called a PROM
programmer or PROM burner.
Applications of EPROM
Some examples of devices that use EPROM, which names are given below.
Modem
Video Card
Compact Flash
Smart Memory
Memory Stick
Computer BIOS Chip
24. 4. EEPROM:-
The full form of EEPROM is Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory.
This means that the EEPROM memory chip has this feature that you can easily erase the data of the
EEPROM memory chip and can also program new data easily.
Erasing EEPROM data is easy compared to EPROM. Because there is no need to take it out of the device
to erase the data of the EEPROM memory chip.
Whereas to delete the data of EPROM, the EPROM chip has to be removed from the device.
To erase the data of EEPROM, electric power has to be used so that you can erase the data of EEPROM
according to you.
For example, if you want, you can erase the data of the entire EEPROM memory chip at once or if you
want, you can also erase and program the data of the EEPROM memory chip part by part.
You can erase and program the data of the EEPROM memory chip 10000 thousand times.
Applications of EEPROM:-
Some examples of devices that use EEPROM, which names are given below.
Computer Bios Chip
Microcontrollers for Smart Cards
25. RAM ROM
RAM is a temporary storage. ROM is permanent memory.
RAM stores data in MBs. ROM stores data in GBs.
RAM is a Volatile memory. ROM is a Non-Volatile memory.
RAM used in normal operations.
ROM used for startup process of
computer.
Writing data is faster in RAM
memory.
Writing data is slower in ROM
memory.
Difference between RAM & ROM
26.
27. Secondary Storage Devices
Characteristics of Secondary
Memory
These are magnetic and optical
memories.
It is known as backup memory.
It is non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if
power is switched off.
It is used for storage of the data in the
computer.
Computer may run without secondary
memory.
Slower than primary memories
This type of memory is also known
as external memory or non-volatile.
It is slower than main memory.
These are used for storing
Data/Information permanently.
CPU directly does not access
these memories; instead they are
accessed via input-output routines.
Contents of secondary memories
are first transferred to main
memory and then CPU can access
it. For example, disk, CD-ROM,
DVD, etc.
29. Hard Disk
All primary computer hard drives are found inside a computer case and
are attached to the computer motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA
cable. Hard drives are powered by a connection to the PSU (power supply
unit).
What is hard disk:-
A hard drive is a a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data. The
term hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy disk. Hard disk holds more
data and is faster than floppy disks. In general, hard disks are less portable than
floppies, although it is possible to buy removable hard disks.
32. A hard disk typically works on the principle of simple
magnetism to store the data and information.
A hard drive typically consists of a large plate that is usually
made up of a magnetic material and is known as a platter.
The platter is usually constructed in a circular shape.
How does a hard disk store data?
Data is stored on a hard drive in binary code, using 1s and 0s.
The information is spread out on the magnetic layer of the disk(s)
and are read or written by the read heads that 'float' above the
surface thanks to the layer of air produced by the ultra fast rotation
of the disk.
33. Characteristics of Hard Disk:-
•The hard disk provides a large storage capacity. ...
•It is much faster than the floppy disk.
•It is the primary media for storing data and programs.
•It is more reliable than a floppy disk.
•Data stored on the hard disk is safer than the floppy disk.
Advantages of HDD:
•It has a large capacity for storing data
•It is much faster than optical disks like DVD’S
•It has Persistent storage
•HDD easily replaced and upgraded.
Disadvantages of HDD:
•It depends upon on moving parts
•The disk surface can be damaged easily.
•It consumes heavy power.
•It makes more noise.
•Its read/write speed is slower than RAM.
34. What Is an SSD?
1. SSDs got their name—solid state—because they use solid-state
devices under the hood.
2. In an SSD, all data is stored in integrated circuits. This
difference from HDDs has a lot of implications, especially in size
and performance.
3. Without the need for a spinning disk, SSDs can reduce to the
shape and size of a stick of gum (what’s known as the M.2 form
factor) or even as small as a postage stamp.
4. Their capacity—or how much data they can hold—varies,
making them flexible for smaller devices, such as slim laptops,
convertibles, or 2 in 1s. And SSDs dramatically reduce access time
since users don’t have to wait for platter rotation to start up.
5. SSDs are more expensive than HDDs per amount of storage (in
gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB)), but the gap is closing as SSD
prices decline at a faster pace that HDD prices year over year.
35. SSD Technology
A solid-state drive (SSD) :-
1. is a data storage device that
uses solid-state memory to
store persistent data.
1. SSDS do not have any moving
mechanical components,
which distinguishes them from
traditional magnetic disks such
as HDDs or floppy disks.
1. SSDs use NAND-based flash
memory or DRAM to store
data.
The problems with today's Hard
Disks?
1. Hard Disk Drives Processors
have increased in speed by
orders of magnitude over the
years.
2. But spinning hard disk drives
(HDD) have not.
3. Performance gap between how
fast processors demand data
and how quickly HDD responds.
4. HDD speed lags behind
processors because it is
constrained by physical
components.
36.
37. DISSADVANTAGES OF SSD:-
1. They are more expensive than
traditional hard drives.
1. Recommend Said State Drives
They currently offer less
storage space than traditional
hard drives.
1. Solid State Other Slower Write
Speed on low-end Models
(MLC based types).
SSD APPLICATIONS:-
• Servers
• Hybrid SDD
• Desktop computers
• Laptops
• Ultrabook's
• HD Camcorders
• Smart Tv
• CCTV Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
38. Characteristics of SSD :-
•Fast Speed. SSDs have 100 times greater throughput and instantaneous
access times for quicker boot ups, faster file transfers, and overall snappier
performance than hard disk drives.
•Ultra-Light Weight.
•Great Durability.
•Sound of Silence.
•Low Power Consumption.
•Cool Running.
•Excellent Cost-Efficiency.
39. Basis SSD HDD
Stands for Solid State Drive Hard Disk Drive
Heat, Electricity and Noise
Less rotation required.
Uses less power.
Less heat or noise.
More heat generation.
More noise.
More electricity to rotate the platters.
Speed
SSD has lower latency
SSD has faster read/writes
SSD has supported more input-
output operations per second.
HDD supports fewer input-output
operations per second.
HDD has higher latency
HDD has longer read/write times
Components
SSD architecture has NO moving
parts.
HDD architecture has moving parts.
Defragmentation
Performance doesn’t care about
fragmentation.
Defragmentation is not compulsory
as in HDD.
The performance is not better and
the main reason is disk
fragmentation. We need frequent
defragmentation.
Weight Less in weight. Heavy in weight.
40. Optical Disk
An optical disk drive (ODD) uses a laser light to read
data from or write data to an optical disc. These
include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. This allows
you to play music or watch movies using pre-
recorded discs.
CD = Compact Disk
DVD = Digital video disk
41. C D = Compact Disk
compact disc (CD), a molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by a laser beam
for the reproduction of recorded sound and other information.
Since its commercial introduction in 1982, the audio CD has almost completely replaced the phonograph
disc (or record) for high-fidelity recorded music
CD-ROM (Compact Disk)The compact disc-CD was inverted in 1982 by two well known companies, Philips and
Sony. Initially it was an audio CD. It is a small optical disk on which data such as music, text, or graphic images
is intelliy encoded. CD contains data in the same way as the hard disk.A CD is a fairly simple piece of plastic about of an
inch (1.2mm) thick. The data is recorded by creating pits by a laser beam.
Types of Compact Disk:
1. CD-DA: Audio CD, Digital audio
2. Photo-CD: developed to hold digitized photograph and sound
3. Video-CD: Can hold around 70 min of video.
4. CD-R: (write once and read many)
5. CD-RW: Rewritable CD.
42. •CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − The data on these CDs are
recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released
on CD-ROMs.
•CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be written by the user once on
the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later.
•CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be written and deleted on
these optical disksagain and again
43. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) :-
DVD drives are replacing CD-ROM drives in
personal computer and as a medium for storing
computer programmers.
DVD-ROM is an optical disc storage media
format that can be used for data storage, which
include movies with high video and sound quality.
DVD-ROM is a non-volatile optical storage
medium similar to CD-ROM , which contain
computer data that cannot be erased or rewritten.
DVD-RW stands for digital versatile disk
Rewritable.
Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7
GB to 17 GB).
44. Pen Drive:-
Pen drive is a portable memory device that
uses solid state memory rather than magnetic
fields or lasers to recorddata.
It uses a technology similar to RAM, except
that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB drive,
key driveor flash memory.
To meet different needs, there are different
types of USB flash drives based on the ports,
respectively
USB 2.0 flash drive
USB 3.0 flash drive
USB 3.1 flash drive
and 3.2 drive.
The biggest difference between them is the
price and speed.
45. S. D. cards
A secure digital card (SD card) is a small flash memory device designed to provide high-
capacity memory in a portable size.
A standard SD card measures 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm and weighs approximately 2 grams,
whereas mini SD and microSD cards are physically much smaller but contain a similar capacity of
memory.
3 cards are as follows:
•(Full Size) SD – 32mm x 24mm
•Mini SD – 21.5mm x 20mm
•Micro SD – 15mm x 11mm
Each type of card has a memory capacity range, and these are:
•SD standard – Up to 2GB SD memory card using FAT 12 and 16 file
systems
•SDHC standard – over 2GB-32GB SDHC memory card using FAT32
file system
•SDXC standard – over 32GB-2TB SDXC memory card using exFAT
file system.
46. Blue Ray Disk Drive :-
Blu-ray is an optical disc format designed to
display high definition video and store large
amounts of data. Blu-ray is the successor to
DVD.
The standard was developed collaboratively by
Hitachi, LG, Matsushita (Panasonic), Pioneer,
Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson.
Blu-ray aimed to answer DVD's shortcomings.
It allows you to see more depth, a wider range of color shades, and
more image detail. DVD uses red laser technology.
The Blu-ray Disc format uses blue laser technology and
sophisticated video compression to achieve high-definition video
playback on a standard DVD-sized disc.
Comparing to a standard
DVD, it offers almost 5
times greater storage
capacity.
However blue-violet rays
suffers from shorter
wavelength compared to
a red laser used by a
DVD player.
47. Floppy Disk
Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy disk, a floppy diskette is a storage
medium capable of holding electronic data, like a computer file.
The floppy diskette was created in 1967 by IBM as an alternative to buying hard drives,
which were extremely expensive at the time.
The picture is an example of a 3.5" floppy diskette, one of the most commonly used floppy
diskettes, capable of storing 1.44 MB of data.
function of a floppy disk?
Floppy disks were used to store data and
back up important information.
Recording data onto a disk and storing the
disk was, at the time, the best way of
retaining information.
Advantages of a floppy disk :
•Small.
•Easy to carry.
•Cheap.
•Easy to transport and handle.
•Data on a floppy disk device can be write-protected from
being changed accidentally.
•Floppy disk can be used to transfer data from one
computer to another computer.
•Portable and inexpensive.
48.
49. Cloud Storage
In this fast-moving world it become necessary to store data on the cloud
storage.
The biggest advantage of cloud storage is that we can store any type of data in
digital form on the cloud.
Another advantage of cloud storage is that we can access data from anywhere,
anytime on any device.
There are many cloud storage providers such as, Google Drive, Dropbox,
OneDrive, iCloud, etc.
They provide free service for limited storage but if you want to store beyond the
limit, you have to pay.
In this section, we will discuss what is cloud storage, uses of cloud
storage, and its architecture in detail.