3. Definition
– Superficial linear tear in the anoderm (distal to the dentate line )
– Very common and painful condition
– Site
posterior midline ( 90% )
Anterior midline (10%)
4. Aetiology
– Constipation
– Spasm of internal sphincter
– Secondary causes
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
• Previous anal surgery
• Anal cancer
Predisposing factors
Hard faeces
Ischemia
Haemorrhoidectomy
Sphincter hypertonia
Repeated child birth
Abuse of laxatives
5. Posterior midline is most
common site because….
– Posterior angulation of the anal canal
– Relative fixation of the anal canal
– Divergence of the fibres of external sphincter muscle posteriorly
– Elliptical shape of the anal canal
6. Pathology
– Strained evacuation of hard stool trauma ( most common )
– Repeated passage of stools – diarrhoea ( less common)
– Anterior anal fissure – most commonly in females occurs following vaginal
delivery .
Fissure starts proximally at the dentate line , lies in the sensitive skin of the anal
canal – produces pain
7. Two types
Acute
tear of skin of the lower half of the anal canal.
Hardly any inflammatory induration or oedema
Anal sphincter spasm is present
Chronic
Deep – shaped ulcer with thick oedematous margins .
Upper end – hypertrophied papilla
Lower end – skin tag called ‘sentinel pile’ is present
Characteristic inflammation and induration is present
Base – scar tissue and internal sphincter muscle .
They have specific cause
e.g. – crohn’s disease , ulcerative colitis , TB , syphilis
8. Clinical features
– More common in females
– Age – 30 – 50 years
– In Children sometimes cause acquired megacolon
• Symptoms
Pain starting with and following defection , characterised by sharp ,biting ,
burning
Bleeding – its variable , usually occurs as a streaks on the outside of the stool or
spots noted on toilet tissue.
Slight discharge may present
Pruritis ani
9. Physical examination
Patient in left lateral decubitus position with knees drawn up toward the chest
• Acute fissure – appear similar to laceration , erythematous and bleed easily
• Chronic fissure
Deep ulcer
Sentinel pile
Enlarged anal papillae at dentate line
Characteristic crater of the vertical fissure is felt
• A tightly closed puckered anus – pathognomonic .
11. Differential diagnosis
1. Carcinoma of the anus ( early stage)
2. Tuberculous ulcer
3. Proctalgia fugax – characterised by severe pain arising from the rectum and
occurs at irregular intervals .
13. Conservative management
Helpful in most of the cases
Main objective to treat constipation
High fibre diet
Laxatives to make the stool soft
Encourage water intake
Application of local anaesthetic – lignocaine jelly
Glyceryl trinitrate ointment
Local application
It’s a nitric oxide donor produces internal sphincter muscle relaxation
14. Antibiotics
Botulinum toxin injection
Site – internal sphincter
MOA : inhibits presynaptic release of Ach from cholinergic nerve endings – paresis of
striated muscle and release the spasm
Hot sitz bath
15. Surgical management
1. ANAL DILATATION - “LORD’S PROCEDURE”
Simplest method of anal dilatation
Under GA , patient in lithotomy position , the index and middle
fingers of each hand are inserted simultaneously into the anus
and pulled apart to give maximal dilatation .
Patient might have faecal incontinence for 10 days
In case of chronic fissure – anal dilatation could be a failure
because of excessive fibrosis and skin tag.
16. POSTERIOR SPHINCTEROTOMY AND FISSURECTOMY
Anaesthesia – general anaesthesia
Position – lithotomy
Sim’s speculum introduced internal sphincter ( transverse direction ) are divided and floor is
made smooth deep ulcer with fibrotic edges and sentinel pile is
post operatively – liquid diet for 3 days , passage of anal dilator daily till wound is healed .
Disadvantage - prolonged convalescent period for 7- 10 days.
17. LATERAL ANAL SPHINCTEROTOMY
Anaesthesia –regional or General
Position – lithotomy
Steps
i. Palpate the distal internal sphincter with the help of bivalve
speculum at the inter sphincteric groove
ii. A small longitudinal incision in right or left lateral position
iii. Mucosa is cut
iv. Palpating the submucosa and inter sphincteric planes
v. Internal sphincter is exposed
vi. Internal sphincter is cut up to he apex of the fissure
vii. Wound is left open or closed with absorbable sutures.
19. ANAL ADVANCEMENT FLAP
Useful in females and those with normal or low resting anal pressure
Edge of the fissure are excised and mobilized as full thickness anal skin flap .
These flaps are slid over the fissure and sutured in place
Minimal chance of incontinence
21. Definition
– Dilated veins within the anal canal in the subepithelial region formed by radicles
of the superior middle and inferior rectal veins.
– Classified according to their anatomic growth within the anal canal
Internal haemorrhoid
External haemorrhoid
22. Act of straining during defecation
Impedes rapid emptying of cushions
Congestion
Oedema
Swelling and stretching of tissues
Hypertrophy
23. Aetiology
Hereditary
Anatomical
Absence of valves in superior haemorrhoidal veins
Veins pass through the rectal musculature 10 cm above the anus will cause
occlusion of veins and congestion during defecation
Radicles of superior rectal lie unsupported in loose submucous connective
tissue of rectum
24. Physiological cause
Hyperplasia of corpus cavernosum rectum result from failure of mechanism
controlling the arteriovenous shunt producing superior haemorrhoidal veins
varicosity and haemorrhoids.
Diet
Secondary haemorrhoids
Carcinoma of rectum
Pregnancy
Chronic constipation
Difficulty in micturition
Portal hypertension
25. Internal haemorrhoid
• Haemorrhoid is within the anal canal and
internal to the anal orifice
• Covered with mucous membrane
• Bright red or purple in colour
• Usually commences at the anorectal ring and
end at the dentate line
26. External haemorrhoid
• Haemorrhoid situated outside the anal orifice and is covered by skin
• Internal and external haemorrhoid coexist – “interno-external haemorrhoid”
• Two peculiar condition associated with external haemorrhoid
Dilatation of veins at the anal verge seen in persons of sedentary life particularly
during straining
Perianal haematoma or thrombosed external haemorrhoids
27. Thrombosed external haemorrhoid
• Small clot in the perianal subcutaneous tissue seen
superficial to the corrugator cutis ani muscle.
• It is due to back pressure on the anal venule consequent
upon straining at stool , coughing or lifting heavy
weight .
• Appears suddenly and its painful
28. • Present lateral to the anal margin
• Tense and tender swelling
• If untreated – suppurate or may fibroses giving rise to cutaneous tag or may
burst giving rise to bleeding .
TREATMENT
Incise the haemorrhoid under LA
Opening in the skin is packed with gauze in light antiseptic solution to
allow the wound to heal by granulation tissue
29. Clinical features
Bleeding - bright red , painless and occurs along with defection .
Vascular haemorrhoid – veins become larger and heavier , partial prolapse
occur with each bowel movement gradually stretching the mucosal
suspensory ligament at the dentate line until the 3rd degree haemorrhoid
results .
Mucosal haemorrhoid – thickened mucous membrane slides downwards .
30. Prolapse
First degree – haemorrhoid does not come out of the anus
Second degree – haemorrhoid come out only during defaecation , reduced spontaneously after defaecation
Third degree – haemorrhoid come out only during defaecation and do not return by themselves . Need to be
replaced manually and then they stay reduced
Fourth degree – haemorrhoids that are permanently prolapse . Patient will have great discomfort with a
feeling of heaviness .
31. Pain
Mucous discharge
particular symptom of haemorrhoid
It softens and excoriates the skin of the anus
mucous discharge is due to engorged mucous membrane
Pruritis ani will be caused
Anaemia – due to long standing haemorrhoids due to persistent
and profuse bleeding
32. On inspection
Internal haemorrhoid with out prolapse does not show any
abnormal feature
Second degree and third degree internal haemorrhoid – seen only
when patient strains , prolapse disappears after the straining is
over .
Fourth degree – prolapse piles seen in 3 , 7 , and 11’0 clock
position
33. On examination
DIGITAL EXAMINATION
• Cannot feel an uncomplicated internal piles unless it is thrombosed
PROCTOSCOPY
• Proctoscope introduced as far as it does .
• Obturator is then removed and with an illuminator the inside of the canal is
visualized .
• Proctoscope is now withdrawn slowly
• Internal haemorrhoid seen bulging into the proctoscope
38. Medical management
1. Bowel regulation
High residue diet
Mild laxatives
2. Topical ointments
Reduces oedema and pruritis
Treatment of haemorrhoid depends in its degree .
Manual dilatation of the anus frequently successful in relieving
symptoms by preventing congestion of haemorrhoidal veins .
39. Injection therapy
Sclerotherapy
• Principle – it scars submucosa and fixation of haemeorrhhoidal
complex in normal location
• Sclerosant
Albright solution – 5 % phenol in almond or archis oil with 140
mg of menthol to make 30 ml solution .
Sodium morrhuate
Sodium tetradryl sulphate
40. ADVANTAGE
Method is quick
Relatively painless
Comparatively free from complications
First degree haemorrhoidal results
DISADVANTAGE
• Asscoiated thrombosis or sepsis
• Active inflammatory bowel disease
• Acute leukaemia
COMPLICATION
• Chemical prostatitis and impotence rare
• Anovaginal fistula
41. Rubber band ligation
Done for 2nd degree haemorrhoids .
“BARRON’S “ bander is commonly available
Causes ischemic necrosis and piles fall off , which slough off with
in 10 days Asscoiated with bleeding
Bands should be placed for pile mass to take care of breakage
Three haemorrhoidal mass can be taken care in one session
Repeat banding can be done only after 3 weeks
42. Equipment is inexpensive , simple to perfom
Can be done without anesthesia
Contraindicated – fissure / fistula
Complications :
If applied low into skin – severe pain
Discomfort
Secondary haemorrhage
Ulceration
43. Cryosurgery
Extreme cold temperature used to coagulate and cause necrosis of piles which
gets separated and falls of subsequently
Used agent – nitrous oxide (-98 degree) or liquid nitrogen ( -196 degree)
Procedure
Pt in lithotomy position
Cryoprobe applied in longitudinal axis of internal pile above the dentate line
Pressure maintained above 700 lb continuously
44. Traction and slight rotation in both directions to draw entire
pile mass
Entire tissur is frozen for 20 -30 secs .
Probe detached from mass
Procedure repeated on other pile mass
Advantage
Painless
Simple
Safe
Less bleeding
Disadvantage
Profuse watery discharge
Itching .
Incontinence occasionally
45. Infrared coagulation
Includes by tungsten halogen lamp which is focused on the tissue from a gold plated
reflector through a polymer tubing
Discrete area of necrosis which heals to form a scar , reduces or eliminate blood flow
through haemorrhoid
3 or 4 sittings are needed at 1 month intervals .
46. Laser therapy
– For 3 degree piles
– Agent used – Nd – YAG laser , diode and carbon
dioxide laser
– Advantage
Less operative time
Less intraoperative and post op bleed
Rapid healing
Quick recovery
•Disadvantage
Need skill , sphincter to be
taken care of
Secondary haemorrhage
47. Doppler guided haemorrhoidal
artery ligation ( DGHL)
– Advanced instrument that works under doppler
guided ultrasound .
– Cures all degree of haemorrhoid
– Causes choking and blocking of blood supply of
piles
– Painless
– 20 –minute procedure that cures all degree of
haemorrhoids .
48. Haemorrhoidectomy
INDICATIONS
2nd degree haemorrhoids not cured by non-surgical management
Fibrosed haemorrhoids
Interno – external haemorrhoids
TECHNIQUE
– Open technique – Milligan-Morgan operation
– Closed technique
49. 1. Ligation and excision of piles ( Milligan –Morgan )
Procedure
Under anaesthesia , in lithotomy position
Sphincter dilated
Skin held with forceps
Internal sphincter separated and pushed up
Pedicle is transfixed with vicryl or catgut and distal
part is excised
Post operatively
Sitz bath
Antibiotics
Laxatives ‘analgesics
Local applications
50. 2. Submucous haemorrhoidectomy of ‘Parks’ (
submucous haemorrhoidectomy )
3 . Hill – Ferguson closed method
Procedure
Patient in prone position
Under GA/ caudal anaesthesia
Retraction is done using Hill – Ferguson
retractor
Incision made around pile mass , pedicle is
dissected to its proximal base
Ligated with trans-fixation using 2-0 vicryl or
silk
Mucosa and skin sutured
51. Management of strangulated or thrombosed or gangrenous pile
• Initially conservative management
• Warm water saline sitz bath
• Antibiotics
• Elevation
• Bed rest
• Saline compression dressing and analgesics
• Haemorrhoidectomy after 4 -5 days , once oedema reduces
52. Endo –Stapling haemorrhoidectomy
• Recently introduced
• Stapling gun is used
Procedure
• Stapling gun introduced through anus
• Strip of mucosa and submucosa just above the
dentate line is excised circumferentially
• Gun is activated which repairs the cut mucosa and
submucosa by stapling the edges together