this slide is about the industrial products whish are formed widly through out the globe. Here I have explained how peniceline is widly used and how we can make this more widly. Thank you

1. INDUSTRIAL MICROORGANISMS
AND PRODUCT FORMATION

2. Overview
• General introduction.
• Metabolites.
• Requisites of an industrially important
microorganism.
• Antibiotic producing Microorganisms.
• Penicillin
-Discovery
-Mode of action
-Production

3. •Industrial microbiology uses microorganisms,
typically grown on a large scale, to produce
valuable commercial products or to carry out
important chemical transformations.
•The actual reactions carried out by microorganisms
in industrial microbiology are called biocatalysis.

5. Metabolites
• Primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and secondary
metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase .
• Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavorings', and recreational drugs.
• Many economically valuable microbial products are secondary metabolites.

6. An industrial important microorganism must:
• Produce the product of interest in high yield
• Grow rapidly on inexpensive culture media available in bulk
quantities.
• Be amenable to genetic manipulation, and, if possible, be non-
pathogenic.
There are many industrial products and substances made by cells:
• Commodity chemicals are inexpensive chemicals produced in bulk,
including ethanol, citric acid, and many others.

7. Some Antibiotics produced by Microorganisms
Antibiotic Producing microorganism
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acrimonium
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus
Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvin
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens
Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea

8. A tale by A. Fleming
• In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, observed that
Penicillium notatum, a common mold, had destroyed
staphylococcus bacteria in culture.

9. A tale by A. Fleming
• He took a sample of the
mold from the
contaminated plate. He
found that it was from
the Penicillium family,
later specified as
Penicillium notatum.
Fleming presented his
findings in 1929, but
they raised little interest.
He published a report
on penicillin and its
potential uses in the
British Journal of

10. Thanks to work by Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), Howard
Florey ( 1898-1968) and Ernst Chain (1906-1979), penicillin
was first produced on a large scale for human use in
1943. At this time, the development of a pill that could
reliably kill bacteria was a remarkable development and
many lives were saved during World War II because this
medication was available.

11. PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN
During world war II-
importance realized, as
penicillin had been used to
treat many wounded soldiers.

12. The mechanism of action of Penicillin :
• All penicillin like antibiotics inhibit synthesis of
peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall.
• They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular
components.
• These antibiotics do not affect human cells because human
cells do not have cell walls.

13. Spectrum of Activity
• Penicillins are active against Gram positive bacteria.
• Some members (e.g. amoxicillin) are also effective against Gram
negative bacteria but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa

14. PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN
• Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an
aerobic, submerged fermentation
• First antibiotic to have been manufacture in bulk.
• Used as input material for some semi synthetic antibiotics.
• It is fermented in a batch culture

15. • When penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war
using the fungus Penicillium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm-3.
• Today, using a different species (P. chrysogenum) and a better
extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3.
• There is a constant search to improve the yield.

16. The yield of penicillin can be increased by:
• Improvement in composition of the medium
• Isolation of better penicillin producing mold sp. Penicillium
chrysogenum which grow better in huge deep fermentation
tank
• Development of submerged culture technique for cultivation
of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which
sterile air is forced.

17. • The industrial production of antibiotics begins with screening for antibiotic producers.
• Once new producers are identified, purification and chemical analyses of the antimicrobial agent are performed.
• If the new antibiotic is biologically active in vivo, the industrial microbiologist may genetically modify the producing
strain to increase yields to levels acceptable for commercial development.