Extension education is about changing the behavior of the people

1. Extension; Meaning, Nature, Scope,
Importance and Extension Leadership
Rajinder Kaur Kalra
Professor and Head (Retired)
PAU Ludhiana 9814067709

2. Education
• It is the process of developing capabilities of the
individuals so that adequately respond to their
situations
 Informal Education: Lifelong process
Formal Education: highly institutionalized
Non-formal Education: Agricultural Extension

3. Concept of Extension Education
• The word of ‘extension’ is derived from Latin
roots
‘ex’ meaning out
‘tensio’ meaning stretching
• Extension is that type of education which is
stretching out to the people in rural areas

4. Definition
Ray (2011) Extension defined as the science of
developing capability of the people for
sustainable improvement in their quality of
life. The main aim of extension is human
resource development.

5. • Bhatnagar & Desai (1987) Extension is to
bring desirable changes in the behaviour -
knowledge, skill, attitude, understanding,
goals & confidence of the people through
mutual learning.

6. • Leagans, J.P. (1961) Extension Education is an applied
science consisting of contents derived from researches,
accumulated field experiences and relevant principles
drawn from the behavioral sciences, synthesized with
useful technology in a body of philosophy, principles,
contents and methods focused on the problems of out of
school system of education for adults and youth.
• Kelsey & Hearne (1954) Extension is an out of school
system of education in which adult and young people
learn by doing.
• Ensminger (1957) Extension is an education and its
purpose is to change attitude and practices of the people
with whom the work is done.

7. Concept of Rural Development
 Rural development is define as the process of
developing and utilizing natural and human
resources technologies, instructional facilities,
institutions and organisations and government policies
and programmes to encourage and speed up economic
growth in rural areas, to provide jobs and to
improve the quality of life towards self sustenance.
(Kartar Singh)
 Thus Rural development is the Development of
economic, social and human component of rural
people by bringing changes in their knowledge skill
and attitude so as to improve their general
standard of living.
Concept of Rural Development

8. Importance of Extension Education
 Extension respects the individuality of the person to make
their own decisions and in this way people gain self
respect.
 Scientific innovations are of no use unless they are put
into actual practice. It is through the process of Extension
Education that these new findings reach the people more
speedily.
 Rural problems to be tackled are so many and are
concerned with such a large number of people who had
spread over large area, they can only be dealt with an
efficient Extension agency meant for that purpose. The
trained Extension worker will understand the technology
to be transferred among the farmers by studying their
problems.
Importance of Extension Education

9.  Provide feed back- to the agricultural scientists for
the possible solution.
 Communicates the agricultural innovations to the
farmers through the different methods and media
with in the shortest possible time.

10.  Educates the farmers to help themselves.
 Minimizing time gap: Shorten the time gap
between the generation of agricultural
innovations and their ultimate use by the
farmers.

11. Disciplines of Extension Education
• Agricultural Extension
• Animal Husbandry Extension
• Fishery Extension
• Forestry Extension
• Farm Mechanization/ Agricultural Engineering
Extension
• Home Science Extension
• Medical Extension etc.

12. Agricultural Extension
• Helps to extending the scientific Knowledge of
agriculture
• Enhancing Agricultural production
• Processing
• Marketing including value addition
• Application of latest technologies
• For higher income of the farming community

13. Philosophy of Extension
• Pursuit of wisdom, a body of general
principles
• According to Kelsey and Hearne (1967)
philosophy of extension education is to teach
people how to think, not what to think.
• Furnishing the inspiration, supplying specific
advice, technical help and counseling

14. Cont…
According to Ensminger (1957)
• Educational process. Extension is changing the
attitudes, knowledge and skills of the people
• Extension is working with men and women, young
people, boys and girls to answer their needs and
wants
• Helping people to help themselves
• Learning by doing and seeing is believing
• Development of individuals, their leaders, their
society and their world as a whole

15. Mildred Horton (1952)
• The individual is supreme in the democracy
• The home is the fundamental unit in a
civilization
• The family is the first training group of the
human race
• The foundation of any permanent civilization
must rest on the partnership of man and land
Mildred Horton (1952)

16. Objectives
Objectives are expression of the ends towards which our
efforts are directed
• Dissemination of useful and practical information
relating to agriculture, improved seeds, fertilizers,
implements, pesticides, dairying, poultry, nutrition,
etc.
• Practical application of useful knowledge to farm and
home
• Improve all aspects of the life of the rural people
within the framework of national, economic and
social involving the population as a whole

17. Function of Extension
• Change in Knowledge
• Change in Skill
• Change in attitude
• Change in understanding
• Change in goal
• Change in action
• Change in confidence

18. Principles of Extension
• Principle of Cultural difference
• Grass roots principle
• Principle of indigenous knowledge
• Interest and needs
• Learning by doing
• Participation

19. Cont…
• Family Principle
• Principle of Leadership
• Adaptability
• Satisfaction
• Evaluation

20. Qualities of Extension Personnel
• Must be honest, sincere, hard-working, have
patience and high general intelligence
• Thorough knowledge of the subjects
• Adjustability in village circumstances
• Experience of working with village people
• Acquainted with the nature of problem and the
cultural background

21. Cont…
• Prompt and able to influence the villagers in a
positive way
• Determination to achieve his goal
• Listen to others, respect their opinion, think
over the problems and suggestions carefully
• Simple living and high thinking
• Search of new ideas, up to date ideas and
techniques

22. Extension Education Process
Extension
Education
Process
Situation
(What it is now)
Objectives
(What should be)
Teaching
(What to teach & how to
teach)
Evaluation
(What has been the
result)
Reconsideration
(What next to do)

23. Steps in Extension Teaching
Attention
Interest
Desire
Conviction
Action
Satisfaction

24. Activity, Involvement and Learning
•Reading
•Listening
•Looking at charts
•Watching a film or
video
•Demonstrations
•Discussion
•Making a
presentation
•Role play
•Practising the real
thing
•Doing the real thing
10% of what we
read
20% of what we
hear
30% of What we
see
50% of What we
hear & see
70% of What we
say
90% of What we
say and do
We tend to remember Our level of involvement
Verbal Receiving
Visual Receiving
Receiving and
Participating
Doing
Dales Cone of Experience

25. Activity of influencing people to cooperate
towards some goal.
Extension Leadership
Extension Leadership

26. Types Of Leaders
• Traditional Leaders
• Caste Leaders
• Religious Leaders
• Political Leaders
• Functional Leaders
• Opinion Leaders
Types of Leaders

27. Thank You

28. Cont…
• Helps to train the farm leaders or ‘contact
farmers’ so that technology diffused among
other farmers
• Innovative Extension Approaches:
 Decentralized and demand driven
Market Led Extension
Use of ICT
PPP Model

29. Decentralized and demand driven
• Decentralization
a. University level
b. Village level
• Demand Driven
a. Providing farmers with access to linkage mechanisms
through which they can articulate their problems
b. Organize farmers into functional groups
c. Commodity based and area based system

30. Approaching Farmers
• Farmers Field Schools (FFS)
• Punjab Kisan Club
• PAU fruit and vegetables grower association
• Punjab Bee Keeper Association
• Tree grower association
• PAU Kheti Doot
• PAU Seed Producer and Nursery Grower
Association (SAPNA)
• Skill Development Centre
• Trainings in PAMETI

31. Market Led Extension
• Market-led :- Identification of customer needs
and wants before offering a service.
Some of the developments are
 Farmers Interest Groups
 Collective marketing
 Apni mandi
• E- NAM

32. SOME SUCCESSFUL ENTERPRENURS
USING MARKET-LED EXTENSION
Name of the Self Help
Group
Name of the Farm
Women
Products
Global Self Help Group Gurdev Kaur,
Ayali Khurd
Honey, Pickle, Saag
Ready to Cook, Ready
To Serve
Asal Self Help Group Nasib Kaur,
Bathinda
Honey, Pickle, Saag
Ready to Cook, Ready
To Serve
Mai Bhago Self Help
Group
Parmjit Kaur,
Lohara
Cleaning agent,
Soya Product
Mata Sindri Self Help
Group
Karmjit Kaur,
Bains
Honey, Saag Ready to
Cook, Ready to serve

33. Public-Private Partnership
• PPP is a mode of implementing government
programmes/schemes in partnership with the
private sector. It provides an opportunity for
private sector participation in financing,
designing, construction, operation and
maintenance of public sector programme and
projects

34. PPP in India
• M/s. Jain Irrigation systems Limited, Jalgaon :- To
collaborate in the field of agricultural education, research
and extension.
• ITC Limited, Calcutta:- To release new technologies in
different field of agriculture for its commercialization and
wider scale adaption through ITC transfer of improved crop
production technology etc.
• Syngenta India Limited: To collaborate and support
projects that shall be initiated to develop, demonstrate and
come up with solution to educate the farmers/growers in
different fields to enhance productivity, quality and shelf
life of the farm produce and other related research and
development activities.

35. • Onkar seeds corporation:- quality seed
production of vegetables
• Sampuran Agriventures:- Production and
selling consortium biofertilizer developed by
PAU within India
• Farming Solutions Private Limited:-
Manufacturing and selling of the poly net
house

36. Use of ICT
• The information and communication
technologies (ICTs) are giving farmers and
rural people greater access to information
• E Agriculture is an emerging field focusing on
the enhancement of agricultural and rural
development through improved information
and communication processes

37. Tools

38. By Institutes

40. By Extension Personnel

42. Thank You