Child in Conflict with the Law: The Demographic Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency in Lapu-Lapu City

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII – Central Visayas
Division of Lapu – Lapu City
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION CENTER
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Basak, Lapu-Lapu City
Child in Conflict with Law:
The Demographic Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency in Lapu-Lapu City
Researchers:
Reina Mariz P. Baguio
Myka Shyne B. Fuentes
Franzine Giann C. Gallardo
Ma. Glaiza A. Marifosque
Heidi E. Nanoy
April Janne I. Paunil
Rica Mae C. Pepito
Research Adviser:
Ritzel Montalban
October 2018

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Abstract
Juvenile delinquency is a major societal concern and the Philippines protects its offending youth
from serious penalties. Lapu-Lapu City is one of the fast developing cities in the Cebu province,
thus the researchers wanted to investigate on the city’s juvenile delinquency status. The study
uses a descriptive-correlational research design, which investigates the demographic factors
particular on the sex, age, educational attainment, and residence that affect the crime categories
of juvenile delinquency. The association between the demographic factors and the crime
categories were tested using the chi-square distribution. There were 597 recorded juvenile
delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City from 2011 to 2018. Results reveal that most juvenile delinquents
are male, are within the age bracket of 15-17 years old, and have the highest educational
attainment of elementary undergraduate education. Furthermore, most young offenders are
residents of areas outside Lapu-Lapu City jurisdiction. Test of association between the
demographic profile and crime category shows that age and the crime category have a significant
association. Further tests show that the crime category has no significant association with the
residence according to barangay and the highest educational attainment of the juvenile
delinquents.
Keywords: juvenile delinquency, crime categories, demographic factors, Lapu-Lapu City
juvenile delinquency crime rates

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Acknowledgment
The researchers want to express their deepest gratitude to the following who committed
and shared their time, support, and motivations for the accomplishment of this research study:
Primarily, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings
throughout our research work to complete the research successfully.
Ms. Ritzel Montalban, our research teacher, for her effective critiques, constant support,
and abiding patience all throughout the development of this research.
Ms. Lina Maiso, The principal of Science and Technology Education Center, for the
approval of conducting our study.
The researchers’ parents, family and friends for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices
for educating and preparing them for the future.
Atty. Jesus Rodrigo T. Tagaan, Lapu-Lapu City Attorney, for bestowing some
information needed for our data gathering specifically about the Philippine Laws.
Mr. Curt Deligero, for guiding us throughout the process of requesting permission to get
some data from Lapu-Lapu City Hall of Justice.
Hon. Paz C. Radaza, for granting our request and giving us permission to garner data and
files from the Lapu-Lapu City Social and Welfare Development Center.
Ms. Maria Gemma Dianco and Mrs. Analou Paunil, for helping us about the proper ways
on how to obtain the data needed for our study.
Mrs. Ermelita Degamo, for granting our request to conduct our study at Homecare Center
to get the specific, confidential and personal data regarding our respondents.
Mrs. Leticia Patalinghug, for welcoming us to the Homecare Center, answering the in-
depth interview and giving us the exact data that we needed for our research.
We offer all these sacrifices to you for being part of our venture towards knowledge.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________________________________ II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT _____________________________________________________________________ III
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE _________________________________________________ 1
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY __________________________________________________________________ 1
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE____________________________________________________________ 2
THE PROBLEM ___________________________________________________________________________ 19
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM_______________________________________________________________ 19
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES _______________________________________________________________ 20
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY _______________________________________________________________ 20
SCOPE AND LIMITATION____________________________________________________________________ 21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ______________________________________________________________ 22
RESEARCH DESIGN ________________________________________________________________________ 22
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT__________________________________________________________________ 22
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS __________________________________________________________________ 23
RESEARCH PROCEDURE ____________________________________________________________________ 24
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE DATA ______________________________________________________ 24
DEFINITION OF TERMS ___________________________________________________________________ 26
CHAPTER II PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ___________________________ 27
CHAPTER III SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS __________ 45
SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS_____________________________________________________________________ 45
CONCLUSIONS ____________________________________________________________________________ 47
RECOMMENDATIONS ______________________________________________________________________ 48
REFERENCES_____________________________________________________________________________ 49
APPENDICES _____________________________________________________________________________ 56
APPENDIX A TRANSMITTAL LETTER ________________________________________________________ 56
APPENDIX B INFORMED CONSENT __________________________________________________________ 62
APPENDIX C PARENTAL CONSENT __________________________________________________________ 68
APPENDIX D BUDGET ____________________________________________________________________ 75
APPENDIX E WORKPLAN _________________________________________________________________ 76
APPENDIX F SPSS RESULTS _______________________________________________________________ 78
APPENDIX G TRANSCRIPTION_____________________________________________________________ 113
APPENDIX H VERBATIM _________________________________________________________________ 121
APPENDIX I CODING TABLE ______________________________________________________________ 125
APPENDIX J DOCUMENTATION____________________________________________________________ 126
APPENDIX K CURRICULUM VITAE _________________________________________________________ 128

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Table 1. Sex of the Respondents _______________________________________________________________ 27
Table 2. Age of the Respondents_______________________________________________________________ 27
Table 3. Highest Educational Attainment of the Respondents ______________________________________ 28
Table 4. Residence of the Respondents _________________________________________________________ 30
Table 5. Crime Categories Committed by the Juvenile Delinquents _________________________________ 32
Table 6. The Association between Age and Categories of Crime Committed by the Juvenile Delinquents of
Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018 ______________________________________________________________ 35
Table 7. The Association between Highest Educational Attainment and Categories of Crime Committed by
the Juvenile Delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018 ______________________________________ 36
Table 8. The Association between Residence and Categories of Crime Committed by the Juvenile Delinquents
of Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018 ____________________________________________________________ 37
Table 9. Reasons of Crime Commission_________________________________________________________ 38
Table 10. Administed Programs for Juvenile Delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City _________________________ 41
Table 11. Action Plan for Juvenile Delinquency Prevention ________________________________________ 43

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale of the Study
Exposure of the statistics of juvenile delinquency in the Philippines shows that numbers
of children in conflict with the law (CICL) are dramatically increasing following the strict
implementation of the Oplan Tokhang by the Philippine National Police (PNP) since 30 June
2016. However, juvenile delinquency has long been an intriguing problem to the society as it
affects the perspective of the citizens. The Philippines protects its young offenders from serious
penalties and sentences through the implementation of Republic Act no. 9344 also known as the
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 20016.
Criminologists and sociologists often study this premise to find causality and factors of
juvenile delinquency. Researchers often focus on finding trends on the field more often in a
localized setting to resolve problems in their societies. One of the most common causes of
juvenile delinquency is poverty, considering theft is the most common juvenile delinquency
crime category.
Juvenile delinquency has been of interest to local government ever since the increase of
social challenges affecting the youth. Studies on juvenile delinquency in the Philippines show
that contributing factors of the issue include the age, influencing environment, and their
educational attainment.
Therefore, the researchers aim to produce descriptive statistical data on Lapu-Lapu City
juvenile delinquency in the year 2011-2018 and the correlation of the demographic factors to the
type of juvenile delinquency offenses.

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Review of Related Literature
Juvenile Delinquency in the Philippines. The Philippines implemented the Republic
Act no. 9344 also known as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, which was then
strengthened and amended by Republic Act no. 10630.
According to PDEA (2009), youths were mostly involved with marijuana and crystal
methamphetamine, a highly addictive drug also known as shabu, and were handed over to the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).
Of these, only 80 were under the age of 15 in 2014. The defining of delinquent acts of
children and treatment of such individuals for change in their behavioral forms constitute an
important work on part of the state, community and family. The rehabilitation measures of the
state seem vital in the treatment of juvenile delinquents the process involving different programs
specially designed for such children to turn them into normal beings and put them back in to
community to live a normal life. The nature of delinquent behavior committed by adolescents is
never arrested or committed to institutions that have been regarded by criminologists as an
important but unknown dimension of delinquent behavior.
Children in conflict with the law (CICL) are likewise vulnerable to abuse and violence
and other instances of human rights violations. Based on reports of the DSWD, there are
approximately 10,000 CICL who are provided services by the department annually. More than
1,200 CICL are being served in the 11 regional rehabilitation centers for youth (RRCY) and
about 9,000 are provided community-based interventions by local social welfare and
development offices. Most or 90.0 percent of CICL are males. The majority of these children are
in the 14-17 age group who come from poverty-stricken families, and have minimal education.

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The Philippine National Police (PNP), on the other hand reports that crimes committed by CICL
are mostly property-related and are therefore linked to conditions of deprivation and poverty
experienced by the children. More than 70.0 percent of the crimes committed by children are
non-serious crimes that could be best handled through non-judicial measures (Ericta, 2008).
Delinquent minors are offered special services intended to prevent them from entering the
juvenile justice system. Through productive activities, delinquents are trained to acquire socially
acceptable behavior. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) uses a
community-based rehabilitation for children in conflict with the law. With this approach, trained
community volunteers work with social workers in monitoring and extending support services to
youth offenders in areas where incidence of delinquency is high. To minimize delinquency in the
country, the DSWD instituted several social welfare programs and projects (Ericta, 2008).
Records of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) show that of the
thousands, 9,390 are male and only 704 are female. Most came from the Visayas, Southern
Tagalog and Ilocos regions.
In the National Capital Region, there are about 1,130 youth offenses documented. Of
these, 488 are crimes against property and 263 are crimes against person. Drug-related cases
number 234.
The increasing number of delinquent youth and youth offenders, admits DSWD, has been
a serious concern of the government since the late 1980s. Their population doubled, for example,
from 3,814 to 6,778 from 1987 to 1989. Since then, the number has been constantly and
aggressively increasing. (Soriano, 2010).

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Education Attainment of Juvenile Delinquents. Criminal involvement and low
educational attainment among young people are the two social problems in our society that has
common roots and overlapping features. Criminal involvement may causally influence
educational attainment and vice versa. There are studies showed that an early aggressive
behavior of a child might result in difficulties within the school. These difficulties may result to
child receiving unpleasant evaluations from teachers and peers. In turn, these difficulties also
might result in delinquency. Children nowadays do not have the same opportunities as other
children, and most of them are much more likely to experience different adverse outcomes
during their lifetime, including unemployment, criminal involvement and bad health. The
underlying determinants of these outcomes may already express themselves at a young age, in
particular, through low educational performance and juvenile delinquency.
According to Farrington (1986), Adolescence is the period in which criminal activity
peaks in which cases of dropouts in school was prominent. Across the European Union member
states showed that the average school dropout rate of juveniles is above 10 percent.
Simultaneously, around 30 percent of juveniles in EU countries report to have been involved in
some type of delinquent behavior over the past year. In addition, Early criminal involvement
may lead to repeated crime, which in turn is associated with a similar range of negative outcomes
where low educational attainment reduces later chances of employment and predicted earnings.
(Oreopoulos, 2007)
According to Ward and Williams (2014), the relationship between delinquency and
educational outcomes is driven by those who were criminally involved at age 14, frequent
offenders and those who commit property offences. They also mentioned that delinquency by
age 16 appears to reduce the likelihood of graduating from high school by up to 10 percentage

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points and graduating from college by up to 13 percentage points. Moreover, Juveniles who were
arrest are associated with an increase in high school dropouts as well as a decrease in college
enrollment. The reason is mainly that certain individual traits, such as patience and attitude to
risk, may influence both the decision to invest in education and participate in crime.
There are relatively few studies that have examined the effect of criminal involvement of
adolescents on educational outcomes, compared to the existing literature on the effect of
education on youth crime. This is partly because exogenous variation in criminal involvement is
extremely rare and this limits the available research strategies. Hence, studies that aim to provide
rigorous findings on the link from criminal involvement to education are challenged. They tend
to apply different econometric techniques in order to address the problem of endogeneity with
respect to the relationship between criminal behavior and educational outcomes.
Sex of Juvenile Delinquents. Many factors are known to be contributing to Juvenile
Delinquency given that young men and young ladies encounter life distinctively because of
fluctuating socialization strategies, it is likely that sex is a huge variable thus a full
comprehension of the distinctions in male and female adolescent wrongdoing stays tricky. This is
expected in vast part, to the way that guys generally make up the dominant part of delinquents.
In any case, in the most recent decade wrongdoing among female adolescents has developed at a
quicker pace than that of male guilty parties (Chesney-Lind and Okamoto 2001). Female
adolescent misconduct has been "overlooked, trivialized or denied" by numerous scientists
(Chesney-Lind and Okamoto 2001:3). It is consistent to expect that sexual orientation influences
individuals in an unexpected way.

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The absence of socialization drives kids to neglect to appropriately disguise the social
standards of their locale. Travis Hirschi (1969) accepts that appropriate socialization brings
about people being attached to society. Bonds are developed by four components including
connection, responsibility, inclusion and conviction. People who rank high in all components of
holding are exceptionally clung to society, more controlled and therefore less slanted toward
misconduct. Since family is so focal in youngsters' socialization, the estimations of those
encompassing the youngster will hold impact. One of two things may happen: youngsters could
turn out to be firmly attached to standards not acknowledged by the lion's share of society or they
could build up no bonds to any social gathering and hence disguise no standards and qualities.
The primary component of the bond, connection, happens through guardians, school and
companions. Connection factors with guardians, associates and school are test factors in
endeavoring to observe what corresponds are available in adolescent wrongdoing inside Texas.
Moreover, these connection elements will be broke down for any distinctions credited to sexual
orientation.
Holden and Ritchie (1991) found that youngsters, both male and female, who witness
wrongdoing in the home, for example, residential mishandle against a parent, frequently the
mother, had more conduct issues and indicated more animosity. Young people take in their
standards from viewing everyone around them. By having criminal movement present and
acknowledged by the family; adolescents instill unexpected standards in comparison to the
overall population.
At the turn of the most recent century being poor independent from anyone else
foreordained a tyke to be named "reprobate," nonetheless, scholars like Willem Bonger (1916)
started to take note of that examples of wrongdoing after some time could be clarified as far as

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the dissemination of destitution, disparity, and vacillation in the economy. Simply being poor did
not ensure wrongdoing, but rather ought to be included as a conceivable marker. Chilton and
Markle (1972) were contemplating the various factors adding to familial disturbance, for
example, age, sex, and urban living arrangement when it was found that family wage is a more
essential factor in comprehension the connection between wrongdoing referrals and family
circumstance than some other factor.
Expanding quantities of young ladies are joining groups as a way of dealing with stress
due to their financial inconvenience (Chesny-Lind and Shelden 2004). More than 95 percent of
female adolescent delinquents that report being either past or introduce group individuals are
from families getting joblessness or welfare benefits (Harper and Robinson 1999). The high rate
demonstrates that, at any rate for females, where there is pack enrollment there is monetary
hardship. The exercises of packs are both reprobate and subversive, as often as possible
including criminal movement.
Numerous distinctions in the encounters of male and female adolescent delinquents are
anticipated that would be available. Every sexual orientation is mingled distinctively due to
profoundly imbued standards about sexual orientation parts that shape individuals from the day
they are conceived. Since individuals from every sexual orientation have comparable encounters
it is coherent to accept that sex affects the way people translate, involvement and create inside
the world.
Age of Juvenile Delinquents. Juvenile delinquents are minors, typically characterized as
being between the ages of 10 and 18, who have conferred some demonstration that damages the
law. These demonstrations aren't called "wrongdoings" as they would be for grown-ups. Or

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maybe, violations conferred by minors are called "reprobate acts." Instead of a preliminary, the
adolescent has a "settling," after which she gets a "demeanor" and a sentence. Be that as it may,
adolescent procedures contrast from grown-up procedures in various ways. (Thompson, 2018).
Youth aged 10 to 24 are especially associated with criminal cases managed by the courts:
they speak to 21% of those beyond 10 36% years old 36% of assumed culprits of criminal
offenses. In 2014, these youngsters required with the equity framework spoke to 5.2% of their
age gathering. (Mainaud, 2016).
However, adolescents do have some additional insurances in the adolescent court
framework that they would likely not generally get in the grown-up criminal court. Their records
are fixed with the goal that they are not spooky by their adolescent offenses for as long as they
can remember. Once the adolescent turns 18, her records are normally canceled (deleted) if the
adolescent has met certain conditions. They likewise have rights to notice of their reprobate
demonstrations previously the arbitration hearing, the privilege to prerelease if their reprobate
demonstrations are not savage, and the privilege to a lawyer, including a free open protector on
the off chance that they can't bear the cost of one all alone.
Educational Attainment and Crime Involvement. Criminal involvement and low
educational attainment among juveniels are two social issues with regular roots and covering
highlights. Not much is known about how these two issues are interrelated. Criminal
involvement may causally impact educational attainement, and the other way around. In the
meantime, criminal involvement and instructive fulfillment results can both be driven by
numerous, possibly covering, watched and in secret factors, for example, social and financial
attributes. As a result, it is unclear whether policy measures that intend to decrease wrongdoing

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among juveniles influence their educational attainment as well, and whether intercessions that
emphatically influence education have an overflowing impact on youth crime.
There is mindfulness among researchers (e.g. Cunha, Heckman, Lochner and Masterov,
2006; Doyle, Harmon, Heckman and Tremblay, 2009) and arrangement creators (e.g. ‘The No
Child Left Behind Act’; ‘Investing in children: breaking the cycle of disadvantage that there is a
need to put resources into socio-economically impeded youth. Such children don't have the same
opportunities from other children, and they are significantly more prone to encounter diverse
unfriendly results amid their lifetime, including joblessness, criminal contribution and awful
wellbeing. The hidden determinants of these results may effectively convey what needs be at a
youthful age, specifically, through low instructive execution and youth crime. Adolescence is the
period in which criminal movement crests (Farrington, 1986; Piquero, Farrington and Blumstein,
2007; Bosick, 2009), and furthermore in which numerous juveniles drop out of obligatory
instruction (Stillwell and Sable, 2013; European Commission, 2014). Over the European Union
part expresses, the normal school dropout rate is over 10 percent (European Commission, 2014).
At the same time, around 30 percent of adolescents in EU nations answer to have been engaged
with some sort of reprobate conduct (e.g. shoplifting, vandalism, badgering, ambush) over the
previous year (Enzmann et al., 2010; Van der Laan and Blom, 2011).
Criminal involvement and education can strengthen each other at one point in time and
crosswise over time. Specifically, early criminal association in pre-adulthood can affect
educational outcomes, which thusly may influence criminal movement in later phases of life.
Adolescents in confinement disengage themselves from the customary educational process,
which at last makes gaps in their education. There is proof demonstrating that educational
accomplishment gaps are steady over ages and are hard to remediate later (Cunha et al., 2006).

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Thus, lower educational attainment, because of instructive accomplishment holes, is probably
going to diminish future genuine work openings and comes back from the real area, which can
rouse juveniles to fall back on criminal exercises. In this manner, the connection between
criminal involvement and educational attainment of youthful individuals can be viewed as a
profoundly powerful and correlative process.
Juvenile Crime Categories
Dangerous Drugs. Most adult drug users report adolescence as the time when drugs
were introduced to them. Due to the potential negative consequences that juvenile drug use
poses, considerable effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence,
and causes. Considerable life has been lost to drug abuse and dependence, particularly from the
use of alcohol and tobacco. Health-related consequences of teenage substance abuse include
accidental injuries, physical disabilities and diseases, and the effects of possible overdoses.
Use of solvents or inhalants such as typewriter thinners and whiteners were reported to be
high among the juveniles convicted of rape when compared to other crimes. Similarly, cannabis
intake was rampant among those held guilty for murder. Also, consumption of opioids and
heroin was higher in convicts of mugging and snatching-related crimes.
Theft. Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence
against or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another
without the latter’s consent. For many juveniles, theft is an isolated incident that will not be
repeated. Theft is sometimes a dominant part of a peer group value system that will be outgrown
by young adulthood. For a small percentage of delinquent youth, theft is a central part of a
developing criminal lifestyle. Juvenile theft is usually an early indicator of other problems. It

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represents a form of symbolic behavior through which juveniles often display their unhappiness
and insecurity. Most children know that theft is wrong, but they steal as a way of openly
expressing their confusion and discontent.
Illegal Possession of Firearm. On the off chance that an adolescent is indicted a
wrongdoing including the ownership of a weapon, the court will as a rule arrange a result went
for helping the adolescent, as opposed to rebuffing them for the offense. Adolescent courts can
force a wide exhibit of punishments. Sentences that can be implemented for weapons ownership
by a minor incorporate a notice, network administration, probation and conceivable detainment.
Redirection is another alternative that enables adolescents to enter a pre-indictment
preoccupation program that expects them to burn through a half year or more in a program
particularly intended to restore the adolescent. At the point when the youngster effectively
finishes the program, the charges will then be dropped.
Here and there an adolescent accused of weapons ownership will be charged as grown-
up, contingent upon the reality and nature of the offense. For instance, if a youngster conveys a
weapon to class planning to make hurt others they can be charged as a grown-up, which will
prompt grown-up criminal accusations.
Robbery. Utilizing information from the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting
System, this study investigates the probabilities of captures for adolescent and grown-up robbery
offenders. The discoveries demonstrate that adolescent robbery suspects are 23% more prone to
be captured than grown-ups, and 32% more probable in the wake of controlling for other episode
attributes. (Synder, 1999).

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Illegal Gambling. Gambling issue among youth is a developing general wellbeing
concern. While gambling exercises are overwhelmingly seen as a harmless grown-up leisure
activity, more underage youth, presented to the broad accessibility of controlled and unregulated
types of betting, are capitulating to the allurement and weights to participate in these exercises.
(Jacobs, 2000; National Research Council (NRC), 1999).
Carrying of deadly weapon. Adolescent access to deadly weapon like knife, adolescent
weapon conveying, factors related with adolescent weapon conveying, and the unlawful
utilization of weapons by adolescents. Despite the fact that weapon-related adolescent
viciousness has declined since the mid-1990s, inquire about shows that adolescents have simple
access to deadly weapons and that reprobate adolescents are more probable than nondelinquent
adolescents to possess and convey firearms and different weapons. (Thurnherr Et al, 2008)
Notwithstanding, there are no exact information that show that the greater part of adolescent
firearm proprietors or weapon transporters are delinquents.
Rape. Rape conferred amid puberty is an imperative indicator for foreseeing the
penchant of submitting assault in adulthood. Additionally, various investigations related
adolescent assault have been proposed in Western nations, the greater part of these examinations
have concentrated on the effect of individual factors, and have fail to look at the effect of rape
myths. (Huang, 2016). Moreover, assault casualty legends were the fantasy class identifying with
adolescent assault, instead of rape culprit fantasies.

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Alarms and Scandals. A juvenile can be arrested with alarms and scandals when he or
she is aggravating the general population as a rule by playing boisterously, for instance, amid
midnight in the area. Moreover, releasing any gun, rocket, firecracker, or explosives inside any
town or open place computed to cause caution or risk, impelling or taking dynamic part in any
charivari or other muddled gathering hostile to another or biased to open quietness, exasperating
the general population peace while meandering about during the evening or while occupied with
some other nighttime amusement and causing any unsettling influence or embarrassment in
broad daylight places while intoxicated or something else are acts that can be also punishable
with alarms and scandal. A juvenile can also be charge with alarms and scandal by discharging a
firearm when the guilty party releases a gun in an open place yet the gun isn't indicated a specific
individual when released.
Carnapping. According to Republic Act No.6359 also known as the Anti- Carnapping
Act of 1972, “Carnapping is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to
another without the latter's consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons,
or by using force upon things.”
Cybersex Pornography. Cybersex is the willful commitment, upkeep, control or task,
specifically or by implication, of any vulgar display of sexual organs or sexual movement, with
the guide of a computer framework, for support or thought. (R.A. 10175 or the Cybercrime
Prevention Act of 2012). Republic Act 10175 of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 does
characterize cybersex as well as forbids its commission. At the point when a person adamantly
participates in demonstrations of lewd display of his/her sexual organs utilizing webcams for
fiscal increase given by audience, then the demonstration turns into an infringement of the
special law.

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Fraud. Fraud is a wide term that alludes to a variety of offenses including deceptive
nature or "false acts". Generally, misrepresentation is the deliberate deception of a person or
substance by another made for money related or individual gain. Fraud offenses dependably
incorporate a type of false articulation, deception, or beguiling behavior. The primary reason for
fraud is to pick up something of significant worth (generally cash or property) by misdirecting or
beguiling somebody’s thinking which the fraud culprit knows to be false. While few out of every
odd case of dishonesty is fraud, knowing the notice signs may help prevent somebody from
unfair advantage over your own, money related, or business issues.
Frustrated Homicide. Frustrated homicide requires a plan to kill on the part to the guilty
party. Without evidence of such goal, the crime may just be serious physical injury. The purpose
to kill might be built up through the overt and outer acts and direct of the wrongdoer previously,
amid and after the assault, or by the nature, area and number of the injuries caused on the victim.
Frustrated Murder. A frustrated murder is an act that gets hindered or kept from
occurring by one means or another. Moreover, is an unplanned event that makes one individual
execute another with no intention.
Incest Rape. Incest is a sexual intercourse between family members or close relatives.
This normally incorporates sexual action between individuals in a consanguineous relationship
(blood relations), and some of the time those related by proclivity, stepfamily, those related by
appropriation or marriage, or individuals from a similar group or genealogy. Moreover, laws
regarding to incest fluctuate significantly among jurisdictions, and rely upon the kind of sexual
movement and the idea of the family relationship of the parties involved, and additionally the age
and sex of the parties.

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Malicious Mischief. Malicious Mischief is characterized as the willingful harming of
another's property for causing harm because of hate, revenge or other evil motive. To effectively
make a person liable for malicious mischief, the accompanying elements must be demonstrated:
1) that the wrongdoer purposely made harm the property of another; 2) that such demonstration
does not comprise illegal conflagration or different wrongdoings including demolition; 3) that
the demonstration of harming another's property be submitted only for harming it (Luis B.
Reyes, The Revised Penal Code, Book II (fifteenth Ed.), page 837).
Vandalism. Generally, vandalism is characterized as a purposeful demonstration that
mutilates, defaces, wrecks, adjusts, or generally harms another's property without that
individual's authorization. Moroever, vandalism includes spray painting another's property
(examples include vehicles, houses, prepare autos, and bridges), keying (or scratching) a
vehicle's paint, thumping over a mail box or sign, cutting initials or illustrations into a wood seat,
siding, or railing, and breaking windows.
Trespass to Dwelling. Trespass to dwelling connotes that an outsider i.e. one who isn't a
tenant, enters the home of another against the desire of the proprietor or legal inhabitant,
regardless of whether express or inferred.
Physical Injury. Serious physical injury implies physical damage that causes serious or
permanent distortion, serious impairmen of well-being or protracted impedance of the capacity
of any substantial organ or limb and that makes a sensible danger of death.
Illegal Gambling. PD 1602 also known as Illegal Gambling connotes that taking part in
any game or activity in which you risk money or a valuable object in order to win money. Illegal
gambling includes:

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a) Jueteng. - An illegal number game that includes the combination of thirty-seven (37)
numbers against thirty-seven (37) numbers from number one (1) to thirty seven (37) or
the mix of thirty-eight (38) numbers in a few territories, filling in as a type of local lottery
where wagers are put and acknowledged per combination, and its variations.
b) Masiao. - An illegal number where the combination game is gotten from the results of
the last round of Jai Alai or the Special Llave portion or any outcome thereof in view of
any fictitious Jai Alai amusement comprising of ten (10) players set against each other,
and its variations.
c) Last Two. - An unlawful numbers game where the winning combination is gotten from
the last two (2) quantities of the primary prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket which
turns out amid the week by week draw of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
(PCSO), and its variations.
Violation of Pornography. Pornography is the depiction of sexual topic for the
restrictive reason for sexual excitement. Pornography might be displayed in an assortment of
media, including books, magazines, postcards, photos, mold, drawing, painting, liveliness, sound
chronicle, telephone calls, composing, film, video, and computer games. Thus, the violation of
pornography also known as the RA 9775 Anti-Child Pornography recognizes the imperative role
of the youth in the country and shall promote and secure the physical, moral, spiritual,
intellectual, emotional, mental and social prosperity.
Unjust Vexation. An act when any person commits a course of conduct directed at a
specific person that causes substantial emotional distress in such a person and serves no
legitimate purpose.

17
Human Trafficking. Human Trafficking defines as the enlistment, transportation,
transfer, harboring or receipt of people, by methods for the risk or utilization of power or
different types of pressure, of snatching, of extortion, of duplicity, of the abuse of power or of a
place of vulnerability or of the giving or accepting of installments or advantages to accomplish
the assent of a man having authority over someone else, with the end goal of abuse. Moreover,
exploitation will incorporate, at any rate, the abuse of the prostitution of others or different types
of sexual exploitation, constrained work or administrations, subjugation or practices like slavery,
subjugation or the removal of organs.
Lasciviousness. The act of lasciviousness is the demonstration of making personal
contact with the body of someone else to obtain sexual satisfaction other than, or without
expectation of, sex.
a) The contact might be by the body of the charged, for example, by the lips, hands, foot;
or by methods for any object or instrument. In either case, there must be no type of
addition into the rear-end, mouth or sex organ adding up to assault through sexual abuse.
b) It is recognized from Attempted Rape in that there is no purpose to have sex with
victim. The plan might be surmised from the conditions of time, place, and event, or
derived from the idea of the demonstration itself.
c) It is recognized from Unjust Vexation in that there is no licentious plan in unjust
vexation.
d) On the off chance that the act of lasciviousness (including sexual intercourse) is
performed upon a child exploited in prostitution or other sexual abuse (i.e. misuse other
than the demonstrations of lustfulness, for example, when the child is the subject of a

18
revolting distribution or explicit entertainment or of foul shows) regardless of whether
male or female, the demonstrations would establish sexual maltreatment rebuffed under
R.A. 7610.

19
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the demographic factors affecting juvenile
delinquency in Lapu-Lapu City in the year 2011-2018. Specifically, the study seeks to answer
the following subsidiary problems:
1. What is the profile of the juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City in 2011-2018 in terms
of:
1.1 sex
1.2 age
1.3 highest educational attainment
1.4 residence
2. What are the categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents in 2011-2018?
3. Is there a significant association between:
3.1. age and categories of crimes committed by the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu
City in year 2011-2018;
3.2. highest educational attainment and the categories of crime committed by the
juvenile delinquency of Lapu-Lapu City in 2011-2018; and
3.3. residence and categories of crime committed by juvenile delinquents of Lapu-
Lapu City in the year 2011-2018?
4. What are the common reasons of crime commission stated by the juvenile delinquents?
5. What are the intervention or diversion programs administered to the juvenile delinquents?
6. What is the proposed action plan for juvenile delinquency prevention?

20
Statement of Hypotheses
H01; There is no significant association between the age and categories of crimes committed by
the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in year 2011-2018?
H02; There is no significant association between the highest educational attainment and
categories of crimes committed by the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in year 2011-2018?
H03; There is no significant association between the residence and categories of crimes
committed by the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in year 2011-2018?
Significance of the Study
The findings and conclusion from this study would be essential to the local society since
it reflects the lifestyle and morality of the society, specifically the youth. Data from the study
will create awareness of the juvenile delinquency status in Lapu-Lapu City in the years 2014-
2017. This study will specifically benefit the following:
Department of Social Welfare and Development. The DSWD would be aware on the
status of the youth in the society especially on how the children respond to societal changes.
They may help the children in conflict with the law and supervise them through proper
intervention and discipline.
Local Police Offices. Data from the study is statistically computed and treated so it is
ready to serve as a basis for studies and evaluation of the juvenile delinquency situation in Lapu-
Lapu City.
Parents. The parents would be aware of the status of youth crimes in the locality, thus
they will be knowledgeable on how to discipline and guide their children to a better path.

21
Department of Education and Teachers. Educators may use the findings of this study
to create interventions and program that will serve as an awareness and correction to students so
they would avoid juvenile delinquency and crimes in the future.
Local Government Unit. The LGU will be the one to create and propose projects and
programs in the society to fix the social problem. They will be also being aware on which
barangays is vulnerable to juvenile delinquency.
Citizens. The citizens will be knowledgeable about the statistics of juvenile delinquency
in Lapu-Lapu City and would be motivated to create action and programs that may help lessen
juvenile delinquency rates.
Youth. The youth would benefit in this study so that they would also have the knowledge
about juvenile delinquency. Furthermore, they would be aware of the possible things to happen
to them if they may commit a crime.
Future Researchers. The future researchers would want to explore the case of children
being delinquent in our society could acquire reliable data on juvenile delinquency in Lapu-Lapu
City from 2014 to 2017 that may help them conduct more complex treatment of the data.
Scope and Limitation
The study is a descriptive design employing the demographic factors affecting the
juvenile delinquents specifically age, sex, residence, and educational attainment to the type of
crimes committed by the juvenile delinquents. The study is concerned with the variables that
may affect the morality of the juveniles such as the environment. This study is limited to using
2011-2018 data of the CICL subjects obtained from the City Social Welfare and Development
Office through Leticia Patalinghug at the Lapu-Lapu City Homecare Center.

22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study will use a descriptive-correlational research methodology. The
demographic factors affecting the juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City, specifically sex, age,
educational attainment, and residence will be identified. The researchers will be particularly
focusing on data from 2011-2018. The crime category committed by the juvenile delinquents
will be gathered. This study will further identify the relationship between demographic factors to
the categories of offenses committed by the juvenile delinquents. Furthermore, the percentage of
the demographics and the correlation of the variables will be statistically computed and treated.
In-depth interview was also conducted to the Homecare Center Head and one of the social
worker to investigate on the common reasons of juvenile delinquency and administered programs
given to juvenile delinquents.
Research Environment
This study will present and evaluate the demographics of juvenile delinquency rate in
Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. The researchers gathered from the raw data recorded by the City Social
Welfare and Development Office through Leticia Patalinghug, the head social worker at Sitio
Tugas, Lapu-Lapu City, Lapu-Lapu City Homecare Center also known as the Simulation
Therapeutic Activity Center which handles cases and intervention programs for juvenile
delinquency in the entire Lapu-Lapu City jurisdiction.

23
Figure 1. Lapu-Lapu City Homecare Center
Research Respondents
The study focused on 597 recorded juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in the year
2011-2018. This the total number of recorded juvenile delinquents from the primary source.
According to the Republic Act no. 9344 also known as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of
2006, a juvenile delinquent is qualified to be young offenders under 18 years old who are not
bound to face serious criminal sentences, but are rather immersed in intervention and/or
diversion programs.
The study also conducted an in-depth interview among social workers in Homecare to
gather data on the status and programs administered to the juvenile delinquents of the locality.
Research Instruments
Data on the demographics and types of juvenile delinquency offenses of 2011-2018 was
obtained from the Lapu-Lapu City Social Welfare and Development Office through the
Homecare Center of Lapu-Lapu City which handles juvenile delinquents of the city for
intervention and diversion.

24
Research Procedure
To obtain the data for the study, the researchers presented the letter of transmittal and
request to the City Mayor Paz C. Radaza to be granted access to the required data of this study.
The grant of access was approved and referred to Emerlita Degamo, the City Social Welfare and
Development Head for further instructions and approval on the data access. The CSWD then
referred the respondents to Leticia Patalinghug who handles all cases of juvenile delinquency at
the Lapu-Lapu City Homecare. The researchers gathered the raw data listed by the personnel of
the institution.
The data collected was collated, tabulated, presented, and interpreted with the use of
statistical treatment using SPSS v. 21.The demographic profiling and rates of different types of
offenses was presented accordingly using the tables. Findings, conclusion, and recommendation
was formulated out of the data that will emerge from the study.
Futhermore, the researchers conducted an in-depth interview among social workers in the
Homecare Center who handle juvenile delinquents firsthand to gather data regarding the
common reasons of crime commission and the administered programs for the juvenile
delinquents’ treatment. They are the chosen participants because they have conducted an in-
depth on each juvenile delinquents of the city.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The data gathered will be submitted to the following statistical treatments:
Percentage. Is applied to create a contingency table from the frequency distribution and
represent the collected data for better understanding.

25
Formula: Percentage =
Fequency
Type of Crimes
𝑥 100
Where:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency of the response
N = Number of Types of Crimes
Chi-Square Distribution is used to test the association or independence between the
independent variables of the current study, specifically age, sex, educational attainment and to
the categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents.

26
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are derived from the definition of terms as stated in Article 4 of
Republic Act no. 9344, known as Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006.
Child. This refers to a person who is under the age of eighteen (18) years.
Child at Risk. This refers to a child who is vulnerable to and is exposed to committing
criminal offenses due to personal, family, and social problems such as being abused, being
exploited sexually or economically, being abandoned or neglected, coming from a dysfunctional
or a broken family, being out of school, being a street child, being a member of a gang, and
living in a community with a high level of criminality or drug abuse.
Child in Conflict with the Law. This refers to a child who is accused of having
committed an offense under Philippine laws.
Crime rate. This is percentage of acts being committed that are against the law.
Demographic factors. This refers to the age, sex, and educational attainment that were
correlated with the crime category of the juvenile delinquents.
Juvenile delinquent. This is synonymous to "child in conflict with the law" in the case
Juvenile Delinquency who is above fifteen (15) years old but below eighteen (18) years old.
Juvenile delinquency. This is the case of a child at risk and who are in conflict with law.
The juvenile must be above fifteen (15) years old but below eighteen (18) years old; the case
states that the juvenile shall be exempt from criminal liability but will be subjected to an
intervention program unless he/she did the act with eager willingness.

CHAPTER II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Table 1. Sex of the Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 472 79.1
Female 125 20.9
Total 597 100.0
The Table 1 shows the sex profile of the juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City in 2011-
2018. 473 or 79.1% of the total number of juvenile delinquents are male, while 125 or 20.9% of
the total number of respondents are female. Thus, it can be inferred that most of the juvenile
delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City in 2011-2018 are males.
Male adolescents generally make up the dominant part of delinquents. In any case, in the
most recent decade wrongdoing among male adolescents has developed at a quicker pace than
that of female guilty parties (Chesney-Lind and Okamoto 2001).
Table 2. Age of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percent
8 and below 8 1.3
9-11 53 8.9
12-14 214 35.8
15-17 322 53.9
Total 597 100.0
Table 2 shows the age of the respondents of the juvenile delinquents. There are 8 or 1.3%
within the age bracket of 8 years old and below, 53 respondents or 8.9% are within the age
bracket of 9-11 years old, 214 or 35.8% are within the age bracket of 12-14 years old and 322
respondents or 53.9% are within the age bracket of 15-17 years old.

28
According to the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, juvenile delinquents referred
to as child in conflict with the law are only limited to anyone under 18 years old who comes in
contact with the justice system due to being suspected or accused of committing an offense.
Furthermore, it is important to note that children of ages 15 to 17 years old are more
impulsive, aggressive, emotionally volatile, likely to take risk, reactive to stress, vulnerable to
peer pressure. They are prone to focus on and overestimate short term pay-offs, and underplay
longer term consequences of what they do and likely to overlook alternative courses of action
which may be due to emotional and psychological changes they undergo as part of development
(Ritter, 2003).
Table 3. Highest Educational Attainment of the Respondents
Highest Educational Attainment Frequency Percent
Less than Elementary Undergraduate 63 10.6
Elementary Undergraduate 256 42.9
Elementary Graduate 27 4.5
High School Undergraduate 235 39.4
High School Graduate 10 1.7
College Undergraduate 6 1.0
Total 597 100.0
Table 3 shows the highest educational attainment of the juvenile delinquents in Lapu-
Lapu City in year 2011-2018. 256 or 42.9% of the total number of juvenile delinquents are
elementary undergraduate, 235 or 39.4% of the total number of juvenile delinquents are high
school undergraduates, 63 or 10.6% of the total number of juvenile delinquents have less than
elementary undergraduate education, 27 or 4.5% of the total number of juvenile delinquents are
elementary graduates, while only 10 or 1.7% of the total number of juvenile delinquents are high
school graduate, and only 6 or 1.0% of the total number of juvenile delinquents have reached
being college undergraduates.

29
The crime rate among elementary undergraduates is the highest at 42.9%, followed by the
high school undergraduates at 39.4% and those with less than elementary education at 10.6%.
College undergraduates have the lowest crime rate among the juvenile delinquents. It can be
inferred that most of the juvenile delinquents are undereducated. Educational attainment and
school quality are proven to affect the number of property crimes. Providing the youth with
better schools can substantially reduce juvenile crimes (Cullen et al, 2006).
As a result, it is unclear whether policy measures that intend to decrease
wrongdoing among juveniles influence their educational attainment as well, and whether
intercessions that emphatically influence education have an overflowing impact on youth crime
(Barak, 2010).

30
Table 4. Residence of the Respondents
Barangay Frequency Percent
Agus 27 4.5
Babag 25 4.2
Bankal 21 3.5
Basak 69 11.6
Buaya 13 2.2
Calawisan 5 .8
Canjulao 22 3.7
Caubian 1 .2
Gun-ob 56 9.4
Ibo 3 .5
Kinalumsan 2 .3
Looc 19 3.2
Mactan 61 10.2
Maribago 38 6.4
Marigondon 20 3.4
Pajac 21 3.5
Pajo 35 5.9
Poblacion 27 4.5
Punta Engano 12 2.0
Pusok 31 5.2
Sangi 6 1.0
Sta. Rosa 1 .2
Suba-basbas 4 .7
Talima 1 .2
Tunga 2 .3
Tungasan 3 .5
OUTSIDE LLC Jurisidiction 72 12.1
Total 597 100.0
Table 4 shows the residence of the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in year 2011-
2018. The place of crime commission is categorized by political jurisdiction or by barangay. The
data reveals that 72 or 12.1% juvenile delinquents resided outside Lapu-Lapu City jurisdiction,
69 or 11.6% in Basak, 61 or 10.2% in Mactan, 56 or 9.4% in Gun-ob, 38 or 6.4% in Maribago,
35 or 5.9% in Pajo, 31 or 5.2% in Pusok, 27 or 4.5% in Agus and Poblacion, 25 or 4.2% in
Babag, 22 or 3.7% in Canjulao, 21 or 3.5% in Bankal and Pajac, 20 or 3.3% in Marigondon, 19
or 3.2% in Looc, 13 or 2.2% in Buaya, 12 or 2.0% in Punta Engaño, 6 or 1.0% in Sangi, 5 or .8%

31
in Calawisan, 4 or .7% in Suba basbas, 3 or .5% in Ibo and Tungasan, 2 or .3% in Kinalumsan
and Tunga, and 1 or .2% in Caubian, Sta. Rosa, and Talima.
Most juvenile delinquents of year 2011-2018 are residing outside Lapu-Lapu City
jurisdiction, while the barangays of Caubian, Sta. Rosa, and Talima have the least number of
juvenile delinquent residents based on the data gathered.
One of the risk factors of juvenile delinquency is the community in which an individual
belongs to, which usually onsets late at ages 12-14 years old. Such risk factors may include
neighborhood crimes, drugs, and neighborhood disorganization which may lead to the increase in
juvenile crimes. There are usually less protective factors for such risk factor for the individual.
The environment in which a youth is reared and is exposed to can influence the likelihood of
delinquency (Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
Existing researches show powerful connection between criminal act participation and
residence in an adverse environment. The theory of deviance among sociologist hypothesizes
that the weak social control in neighborhoods may allow criminal activity to be unmonitored
(Herrenkohl et al, 2001). Researchers have also been debating on the correlation between
the environmental risk factors and the risk of criminal act participation, however most agree that
living in a neighborhood with high levels of poverty increases serious crime involvement among
the youth residing in such areas (McCord, Widom, and Crowell, 2001).
Juvenile delinquents not adjusting to the place and the presence of subcultures and the
simplicity with which these societies might be communicated, prompt the relationship of
urbanization with prime. Moreover, the way of living of the juvenile living in the place can
influence to the behavior that the juvenile do (Aksoy, 2017).

32
Table 5. Crime Categories Committed by the Juvenile Delinquents
Crime Category
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Total %
Theft 16 5 3 7 116 92 53 41 333 55.8
Violation of RA
9165 1 1 0 9 9 8 18 22
67 11.2
Robbery 3 1 0 1 10 16 8 9 48 8.0
Rape 3 1 1 12 2 1 1 21 3.5
Violation of RA
7610 1 2 4 1 1 0 2 10
21 3.5
Trespass to
Dwelling 0 0 0 2 8 2 2 4
18 3.0
Frustrated Murder 2 1 0 0 1 2 4 3 13 2.2
Physical Injury 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 3 12 2.0
Human Trafficking 0 1 0 3 4 1 2 12 2.0
Alarms & Scandal 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 6 10 1.7
Concealing Deadly
Weapons 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 3
9 1.5
Illegal Possession of
Firearms 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 0
9 1.5
Frustrated
Homicide 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 2
6 1.0
Malicious Mischief 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 6 1.0
Cybersex and
Pornography 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
3 .5
Illegal Gambling 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 .5
Vandalism 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 .5
Carnapping 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 .2
Fraud 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 .2
Unjust Vexation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2
Total 26 13 7 24 176 137 101 113 597
% 4.4 2.2 1.2 4.0 29.5 22.9 16.9 18.9 100.0
Table 5 shows the crime category of the juvenile delinquents in the year 2011-2018. In
the gathered data, 22 categories of crimes were committed by the respondents.
The most frequent crime is theft with 333 commissions at 55.8% of the juvenile
delinquency rate, followed by the drug-related crimes or violation of Republic Act no. 9165
known as the The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 with 67 commissions at 11.2%.
The third highest frequency is robbery with 48 commissions at 8.0%, followed by rape at fourth
with 21 commissions at 3.5% and violation of Republic Act no. 7610 or the Special Protection of

33
Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act. Fifth is the trespass to
dwelling with 18 commissions at 3.0%, followed by frustrated murder with 13 commissions at
2.2%. Seventh most frequent crime is shared by physical injury and human trafficking, both with
12 commissions at 2.0%.
Less frequent crimes include alarms and scandals with 10 commissions at 1.7%,
concealing of deadly weapons and illegal possession of firearms both with 9 commissions at
1.5%, frustrated homicide and malicious mischief both with 6 commissions at 1.0%, cybersex
and pornography, illegal gambling, and vandalism with 3 commissions at 0.5%, and the least
frequent being carnapping, fraudulence, and unjust vexation with only 1 commission at 0.2% of
the total juvenile delinquency rate.
Theft, drug-related crimes, and robbery are among top crimes among juvenile
delinquents. This may be due to desperate financial deprivation of the juvenile delinquents as
stated by the head social worker for juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City, Leticia Patalinghug.
Other factors stated include peer pressure or gang participation, parent negligence, educational
status, and the environment of the youth.
2015 holds the highest juvenile delinquency rate of 176 at 29.5%, followed by 2016 at
second with the rate of 137 at 22.9%. The third highest rate is year 2018 from data gathered from
January to September only with the rate of 113 at 18.9%, followed by 2017 with the rate of 101
at 16.9%.
Years 2011 to 2014 have less crime rates. 2011 has a rate of 26 at 4.4%, followed by
2014 with the rate of 24 at 4.0% and 2012 with the rate of 13 at 2.2%. 2013 has the least juvenile
delinquency rate of only 7 crimes at 1.2%.

34
It is important to note that the year with the highest crime rate among juvenile
delinquents is 2015, which fell by 6.6% in the following year. An interview with Senior Supt.
Rommel Cabagnot, the Lapu-Lapu City Police Office (LLCPO) Director revealed the decrease in
crime rate is reportedly due to Philippine National Police’s intensive Oplan Tokhang campaign
against illegal drugs as most perpetrators were high on illegal drugs when they committed the
crime.
Due to the potential negative consequences that juvenile drug use poses, considerable
effort has been made toward understanding the consequences, prevalence, and causes. Many
juvenile delinquents used drugs because they are influenced by their peers and povery. The use
of dangerous drugs can also more likely to commit another crime. Use of solvents or inhalants
such as typewriter thinners and whiteners were reported to be high among the juveniles
convicted of rape when compared to other crimes. Similarly, cannabis intake was rampant
among those held guilty for murder. Also, consumption of opioids and heroin was higher in
convicts of mugging and snatching-related crimes (Baeir, 2009).
Juvenile theft establishes a typical type of reprobate conduct, and most juveniles will take
part in this unlawful movement in any event once. For numerous adolescents, theft is a confined
occurrence that won't be repeated. Theft is once in a while an overwhelming piece of a
companion value system that will be outgrown by youthful adulthood. For a small percentage of
delinquent youth, robbery is a focal piece of a creating criminal way of life. Juvenile theft is
normally an early marker of different issues. It speaks to a type of emblematic conduct through
which adolescents frequently show their despondency and weakness. Most kids realize that theft
isn't right, however they take as a method for transparently communicating their disarray and
discontent (Brown, 2000).

35
Table 6. The Association between Age and Categories of Crime Committed by the Juvenile
Delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018
Variables
Computed x2
-
value p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Age and categories of
crime committed by
the Juvenile
Delinquents
100.433 0.002 Reject null Ho
There is a significant
association.
Table 6 reveals the association between age and categories of crime committed by the
juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City during the year 2011 to 2018. Since the data is not
normalized, non-parametric, chi-square test is utilized as a statistical tool for test of association.
The computed χ2
-value is 100.433, which has a p-value of 0.002. At 0.05 significance
level our p-value is less than 0.05, which means that we have sufficient evidence to reject our
null hypothesis. Since we are able to reject our null hypothesis, hence there is a significant
association between the age and categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents. This
implies that the age and categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents are have a
significant association. The older the youth, the more likely he or she is to commit a crime.
Age is one of the strongest associated with criminal involvement. In fact, some have
claimed that the age-crime relationship is invariant, or universal across groups, societies, and
times (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1983). Youth aged 10 to 17 are especially associated with criminal
cases managed by the courts: they speak to 21% of those beyond 10 36% years old 36% of
assumed culprits of criminal offenses. In 2014, these youngsters required with the equity
framework spoke to 5.2% of their age gathering. (Mainaud, 2016).

36
In the theory of development, ages 15 to 17 years old are more impulsive, aggressive,
emotionally volatile, likely to take risk, reactive to stress, vulnerable to peer pressure (Hirschi &
Gottfredson,1983).
Table 7. The Association between Highest Educational Attainment and Categories of
Crime Committed by the Juvenile Delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018
Variables Computed x2
-
value
p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Highest educational
attainment and
categories of crime
committed by the
Juvenile Delinquents
122.471 0.117 Failed to reject Ho
There is no significant
association.
Table 7 reveals the association between highest educational attainment and categories of
crimes committed by the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City during the year 2011 to 2018.
Since the data is not normalized, non-parametric, chi-square test is utilized as a statistical tool for
test of association.
The computed x2
-value is 122.471, which has a p-value of 0.117. At 0.05 significance
level our p value is more than 0.05, which means that we do not have sufficient evidence to
reject our null hypothesis. Since we fail to reject our null hypothesis, hence there is no significant
association between the highest educational attainment and categories of crime committed by the
juvenile delinquents. This implies that the highest educational attainment and categories of crime
committed by the juvenile delinquents have no significant association.
Criminal involvement and low educational attainment among juveniles are two social
issues with regular roots and covering highlights. Criminal involvement may causally impact
educational attainment, and the other way around. In the meantime, criminal involvement and

37
instructive fulfilment results can both be driven by numerous, possibly covering, watched and in
covert factors, for example, social and financial attributes (Barak, 2010).
In the gathered and treated data, the risk of crime involvement is not dependent or
associated with the educational status of the individual. There may be other risk factors that may
affect the interest of the individual to commit a crime such as socio-economic status and family
background (McCord, Widom, and Crowell, 2001).
Table 8. The Association between Residence and Categories of Crime Committed by the
Juvenile Delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City, 2011-2018
Variables Computed x2
-
value
p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
residence and
categories of crime
committed by the
Juvenile Delinquents
449.094 0.999 Failed to reject Ho
There is no significant
association.
Table 8 reveals the association between residence and categories of crime committed by
the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City during the year 2011 to 2018. Since the data is not
normalized, non-parametric, chi-square test is utilized as a statistical tool for test of association.
The computed x2
-value is 449.094, which has a p value of 0.999. At 0.05 significance
level our p value is more than 0.05, which means that we do not have sufficient evidence to
reject our null hypothesis. Since we fail to reject our null hypothesis, hence there is no significant
association between the residence and categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents.
This implies that the residence and categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents
have no significant association.
It is not unusual for minors accused of crimes to have one or more of the following issues
in their background. Many of these issues are the leading contributors to deciding to commit a
crime. In many sociology studies, it is found that the more contributing factors in a background,

38
the more dangerous or violent the actions of the child may be when committing a crime
(Herrenkohl et al, 2001). Furthermore, the residence of the youth may not necessarily be the lone
identifier of crime risks among youth especially when the youth are in their exploratory period
when many social factors affects upon the youth.
Table 9. Reasons of Crime Commission
Theme Sub-Theme
Poverty To help the family financially
Family
Broken foundation of Family
Lack of guidance
Lack of Education
Easy to find job than to go to school
No education
Community
Peer Pressure
Finding their belongingness
Rampant crimes in the community
Based on the conducted in-depth interview, the most commonly perceived reason for
crime commission is poverty or financial deprivation. The highest rate of crime is under theft at
55.8% of the total cases of juvenile delinquency. Leticia Patalinghug, the head social worker
handling juvenile delniquents at Homecare Center. She stated that an unstable home often
prompts juveniles to stay outside the house.
“Poverty. Because of financial deprivation, they were unable to have education.
The parents are not able to work. The family would be in chaos, thus juveniles
would be staying out where they would commit crime. They would want to help
their families, which are already unstable so they could provide financially due
to extreme poverty. One of the crimes they commit is drug-related.

39
“Poverty tungod sa ilahang ka pobre, wala sila ka eskwela. Wala katarong ug
trabaho (ang ginikanan). Ang pamilya nila, gubot kayo, so mas mo stay sila sa
gawas diin maka commit silag crime. Because of poverty, gusto sila nga
makatabang sa ilang pamilya nga gubot na daan so para maka-hatag sila
kwarta. Usa sa ilang crime nga ma commit is ang shabu, (drugs mas daghan
mig drug crime delinquents diri).’
Another contributing reason for crime commission is the family of the juvenile
delinquents. Patalighug specified that a broken home is an unstable foundation for the child’s
development which may result to crime commission by the juveniles. This is supported by the
statement of Maribel Bazar, another social worker at the Homecare Center for girls.
“There are also children here who are not given proper care by their parents. No
one is there to look over them and guide them, which prompts them to commit
such crimes... These children may not have a clear and guided concept of right
and wrong.”
“Unya naa pud toy akong nakuan na mga bata dinhi nga mura bitaw og
pabayaan sila sa ilang mga ginikana. Walay nagbantay nila, walay nag guide
nila ba, nya mao to makahimo sila... Walay makatudlo og unsay sakto
buhatunon.”
Most juvenile delinquents are often out-of-school youths and they are usually
undereducated. The juveniles would prefer not to go to school because they feel they have the
responsibility to support their families financially as stressed by Patalinghug.
“Most of them lack education, because they think it is easier to earn being out-
of-school than staying in school where they cannot earn.”
“Kadaghanan nila kay nag-lack of education kay ang ilang pagtuo nga mas
sayon ug pangita ug kwarta no kaysa mag sige sila ug iskwela oh no.”

40
The aforementioned reasons of crime commission often lead to satisfy the need of
belongingness in a social group. Juveniles are involved in groups and barkadas, who may have
similar attributes such as lack of education. They are readily exposed to the community as well
as the dangers of it. Peer pressure may be very evident among peers to maintain the friendship
and bond. The sense of belongingness among the youth is given much priority and need thus
they go beyond limits to maintain it. This is the major observation of Bazar in her entire career
handling juvenile delinquents of the city.
“The community where they lived in are rampant of the gambling, there is
drugs, there is alcohol whom they favorably want to enter and commit such
wrongdoings. Because they would join, they would bet, they would drink
alcohol, they will try drugs since they don't have any income they don't have
education so most probably they would commit crimes.’
“Ang community nga diin sila nag puyo, rampant ang naa sa ilahang
community naa ang sugal, naa ang drugs, naa ang alcohol so maka commit sila
ug crimes kay mo intra man sila, mo intra silag sugal mo intra silag inom, mo
intra silag drugs oh wala gud silay income wala silay education wala sila mga
kuan mao na siya nga maka commit sila ug crime.”
The community being an influencing factor of crime commission is supported by
Patalinghug, stating that the community has a significant impact on the affected youth.
“The community is one of the factors. The community where they lived in is
rampant of the gambling. There are drugs. There are alcoholics whom they
favorably want to hang out with and commit wrongdoings with. Because they
would join, they will bet, they will drink alcohol, they will try drugs since they
are out-of-school and have much time. They don't have education so most
probably they will commit crimes.”

41
‘Ang community nga diin sila nag puyo rampant ang naa sa ilahang community
naa ang sugal, naa ang drugs, naa ang alcohol so maka commit sila ug crimes
kay mo intra man sila, mo intra silag sugal mo intra silag inom, mo intra silag
drugs oh wala gud silay income wala silay education wala sila mga kuan mao
na siya nga maka commit sila ug crime.”
Juvenile delinquents are shaped by their socio-economic status, lifestyle, influencing
environment and education. These factors are very broad, as it would have many aspects into it.
The living conditions of the juvenile delinquents are looked upon by the social workers to further
comprehend the underlying reasons of crime commission. Such reasons must be addressed by
those in authority to effectively lessen juvenile delinquency in Lapu-Lapu City.
Table 10. Administed Programs for Juvenile Delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City
Theme Sub-Theme
Intervention
Programs
Therapeutic Counseling
Music Ministry
Sports League (Basketball for Boys; Volleyball for Girls)
Educational Assistance
Temporary Shelter
Moral Values
Diversion Programs
PAG-ASA Youth Association (PYA)
Spiritual Enhancement
One of the intervention programs that were administered for juvenile delinquents by the
social workers is Temporary Shelter for those CICL’s that were neglected by their parents.
Moral Values, which include different activities such as open forum, and values education.
Social Workers also give the juvenile delinquent some activities for enjoyment one of these
program is Sports League – basketball for boys and volleyball for girls; and also the indoor
games or brain enhancement games such as scrabble and chess. Therapeutic counseling were
also administered to juvenile delinquents. The programs were prescribed by the Department of

42
Social Welfare and Development. Such was explained by Bazar regarding the intervention
programs, although she emphasized that social workers vary in system.
“Primarily, we have the temporary shelter. Then, we focus on the
moral values. This applies to us because social worers vary in
procedures. Then third, we have the spiritual enhancement.
“Pirmero among temporary shelter, nya ikaduha kay moral values,
sa amoa nani kay lain lain man gud ang mga social worker nya
igka tulo kay spiritual enhancement.”
Further treatment for the juvenile delinquents is the diversion program for juvenile
delinquents aged 15-17 years old. Under this program include spiritual enhancement such as
Bible sharing, 3’o clock prayer, and Saturday mass. Spiritual enhancement is strengthened
among the juveniles to bring back their moral values and to provide guidance in their lives.
“That is for their guidance every Sunday. Their meeting in their
PYA organization is due to a catechiest every Saturday at 2:00 o’
clock. That is our utmost intervention plan for the juveniles. Now,
we have the 3 o’ clock prayer. Once a month, they have a mass.”
“para sa unsa ilahang followhon nya kada sunday ang ilaha nang
meeting karon sa PYA tungod kay naa na s catechist kada saturday
at 2 o’ clock every Saturday para sa spiritual enhancement. Ah

43
that is the utmost intervention plan namo sa mga bata ang
spiritual. karon na nag prayer na sila sa 3oclock prayer. Once a
month naa tay mass every saturday ang mass schedule.”
These programs aim to rehabilitate and guide juvenile delinquents in their development
as a youth. After these programs, the social worker will administer further programs that will
make the delinquents ready to be immersed back into the society or community as developed
individuals. Furthermore, once the program is completed by the juvenile delinquents, no records
of crime will be reflected in their profile as attained by the handling social workers.
Table 11. Action Plan for Juvenile Delinquency Prevention
GOAL
To address the main causes of juvenile delinquency to lessen effectively the juvenile delinquency rate in Lapu-
Lapu City through community- and school-based programs for the prevention of crime increase.
EVALUATION PLAN
The programs will be evaluated through conducting further researches, which may reveal whether or not the
programs are successful. The decrease in juvenile delinquency crime rate may signify that the program is
effective.
ACTION
DEPARTMENT
RESPONSIBLE
DESCRIPTION
RESOURCES
REQUIRED
POTENTIAL
RISKS/
HAZARDS
DESIRED
OUTCOME
Home-visiting
programs
Department of
Social Welfare
The DSWD must
actively visit children
at risk periodically to
monitor on their
situation and assist
their development
needs.
Survey
questionnaires
Neighborhoo
d
interruption;
possible
unsafe
environment
Emotionally
developed
youth guided
through
counseling
Youth Sports
Engagement
Sangguniang
Kabataan
The local SK must
have an active
engagement with the
youth to guide them to
sports engagement as
opposed to being
exposed in criminal
acts.
Sports
equipment;
professional
sports
personnel
Injury,
conflict
caused by
unsportsmanli
ke attitude
Divert the
out-of-
school
youth’s
attention to
sports than
crime.
ADDITIONAL NOTES
The action plan may be proposed and implemented as soon as possible with other supporting researches for better
youth engagement. Prior to approval, there must a study showing possible risks on the development of the youth for
damage and problem prevention.

44
Table 11 shows the action plan framework for the precvention of further juvenile
delinquency acts in Lapu-Lapu City. It must be considered that although there are current
programs and intervention programs that exist, these are not fully and actively implemented by
the responsible departments. The personnel of the government who are responsible must be
immersed more into the community so they are aware of the real situation of problem.
Furthermore, the government must be able to see the importance of these programs
because it defines the state of the society especially towards the youth. Thus, an increase in
budget shall be considered because the lack of financial budgeting is one of the main concerns of
the departments, which may result in haphazard implementation of programs.
The home-visiting program may increasing help many children at risk in overcoming
problems in the society and the local community. Most importantly, the children’s lack of
emotional assistance would be addressed through periodical counseling and guidance to avoid
juvenile delinquency acts. This has been deemed to be effective in foreign countries because of
the active assistance and implementation of the program (Greenwood, 2008).
The youth sports engagement may deem equally important to the out-of-school youth
because sports can develop their social and physical health that would effectively increase their
social engagement with youth of the local community. The youths may not have enough
important matters to focus their attention on, thus sports may be their form of entertainment that
would eventually divert their attention from crime (Farrington and Welsh, 2007).
Moreover, the researchers would like to emphasize that further supporting research must
be conducted to ensure the efficacy and to lessen the possible risks and hazards to both the
implentors and the youth involved in the programs.

CHAPTER III
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Significant Findings
The juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in the year 2011-2018 are mostly male with
the percentage of 79.1%. The respondents range from 17 years old and below. Most of the
juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City is within the 15-17 age bracket.
Despite the most common age bracket, the data gathered show that most juvenile
delinquents have the highest educational attainment of elementary undergraduate. The profile of
residence shows that most of the juvenile delinquents reside outside Lapu-Lapu City jurisdiction.
Within Lapu-Lapu City, Brgy. Basak has the highest number of juvenile delinquent residents.
Theft is the most common crime committed by juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City,
followed by drug-related crimes prohibited by R.A. no. 9165, robbery, rape, and sexual abuse
prohibited by R.A. no. 7610.
Age is associated with the categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents.
Thus, crime rate among juvenile delinquents is dependent or associated with age.
There is no significant association between the highest educational attainment and the
categories of crime committed by the juvenile delinquents. Thus, the crime category committed
is not dependent on the highest educational attainment of the juvenile delinquents.
There is no significant association between the residence and the categories of crime
committed by the juvenile delinquents. The categories of crime committed is not dependent on
the residence or surroundings of the juvenile delinquents.

46
Based on the data gathered from the in-depth interviewed social workers, the most
common reasons of crime commission by the juvenile delinquents include poverty, the condition
of the family, lack of education, and the surrounding community of the juvenile delinquents.
Furthermore, the social workers also administer intervention and diversion programs for
the treatment of the juvenile delinquents of the city. These programs aim to bring the juvenile
delinquents into the community as safe and developed individuals.

47
Conclusions
Based on the data gathered in the study, the test of significant association between crime
categories and the risk factors particularly the age, highest educational attainment, and residence
of the juvenile delinquents revealed the following conclusions.
 The age and crime committed by the juvenile delinquent are associated or
dependent because there is a significant association on both variables.
 The highest educational attainment and categories of crime committed by the
juvenile delinquents have no significant association.
 The residence according to barangay and categories of crime committed by
juvenile delinquents has no significant association.
 Poverty, family conditions, lack of education, and the influencing community are
the common reasons of crime commission in the city.
 Social workers administer intervention or diversion programs for the juvenile
delinquents to make them acceptable individuals in the society.
Crime category is significantly associated or dependent on the age, while its association
or dependence on the educational attainment and residence is not significant on the basis of the
data on juvenile delinquency rates of year 2011-2018.

48
Recommendations
The researchers of the study primarily recommend the proposed action plan to the
responsible departments and organizations of the government. The main goal of the action plan
is to address the root cause of the issue on juvenile delinquency, mainly in the Lapu-Lapu City
setting.
Based on the data gathered, the juvenile delinquents of Lapu-Lapu City in the year 2011-2018
are mostly male ranging from 17 years old and below. When doing a study of similar nature, it is
recommended that future researchers should:
 Expand the study on juvenile delinquents including their reasons of crime commission,
challenges and their aspirations.
 Include the socio-economic status of every juvenile delinquent.
 Focus on providing intervention programs that will meet the needs of the juvenile
delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City.
 Focus on government scholarship grants and educational support that would increase the
educational attainment of the juvenile delinquents in Lapu-Lapu City.
 Focus on policy that prevents of violating every children’s rights and policy that prevents
community discrimination.

49
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56
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Transmittal Letter

62
APPENDIX B
Informed Consent

68
APPENDIX C
Parental Consent
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER (STEC)
PARENT/GUARDIAN/CAREER CONSENT FORM
Instruction: Please complete the following, sign and return to:
Ms. Ritzel R. Montalban, STEC Research Teacher
Name of student: Reina Mariz P. Baguio Age:18
Name of Parent/Guardian: Rosalinda P. Baguio
Address: B3, L3, St. Bernadette Subd., Masulog Rd., Brgy. Basak, Lapu-Lapu City
Mobile: 09426532084 / 09958362163
Family Doctor DR. LOURDES MENDERO Doctor’s Tel No: …………………………........
Does your child suffer from any medical conditions/allergies that the teacher/ coach should be
aware of (including any current medication)?
NONE
Please provide details of medication that must be administered:
NONE
Emergency contact details: (If different from above)
Name: ROSALINDA P. BAGUIO Telephone no: 2365331
Relationship to child: MOTHER
CONSENT (please read carefully)
a) I agree to my son/ daughter taking part in the Field Work/Immersion in partial
fulfilment of the Research Course Work to develop the independent and critical skills of
the students.
b) I confirm to the best of my knowledge that my son/ daughter does not suffer from any
medical condition other than those listed above.
c) I fully support the research undertaking of my son/daughter through minimal financial
cost and through my attendance/presence if so desired.
d) I consent to my son/ daughter travelling by any form of public transport, minibus or
motor vehicle by land or water in the course of gathering research data.
e) I understand that the teacher/school accept no responsibility for any untoward incident,
damage or injury caused by or during attendance based on the attached schedules of the
field work/gathering data.
Signed: ROSALINDA P. BAGUIO
Date: JULY 15, 2018

69
Instruction: Please complete the following, sign and return to:.
Name of student: Myka Shyne B. Fuentes Age:18
Name of Parent/Guardian: Marionito A. Fuentes
Address: Ibabao, Marigondon, Lapu-Lapu City
Mobile: 09451772862/ 09323170410
Family Doctor NONE Doctor’s Tel No: NONE
Dust Allergy
NONE
Name: MARIONITO A. FUENTES Telephone no: 09323170410
Relationship to child: FATHER
the students.
Signed: MARIONITO A. FUENTES
Date: ……………………………

70
Instruction: Please complete the following, sign and return to:.
Name of student: Franzine Giann C. Gallardo Age:17
Name of Parent/Guardian: Fretz B. Gallardo
Address: Zakky, Brgy. Agus, Lapu-Lapu City
Mobile: 09950672276 / 09178975816
Family Doctor NONE Doctor’s Tel No: NONE
NONE
NONE
Name: GERLYN C. GALLARDO Telephone no: 09356067935
Relationship to child: FATHER
the students.
Signed: FRETZ B. GALLARDO
Date: ……………………………

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