NEED THEORY

1. Explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes.
Abraham Maslow and Clayton Alderfer believed that persons start
by trying top satisfy needs at the lowest level, then the progress up
the hierarchy as lowest-level needs are satisfied.

2. David McClelland said that needs
can be learn.

3. THREE FACTORS
EXPECTANCY
INSTRUMENTALITY
VALENCE
Expectancy
Effort  Performance
Instrumentality
Performance  Outcome
Valence
Value of out come
-does the trainee have
the ability to learn?
-does the trainee believe
he or she can learn
-does the trainee believe
training outcomes promised
will be delivered
-are outcomes
related to training
valued

4. Most educational theories, as well as formal education institutions,
have been developed exclusively to educate children and youths.
Educational psychologist, recognizing the limitations of formal
educations theories, developed andragogy, the theory of adult learning.
Malcolm Knowles is most frequently associated with adult learning
theory. Knowle’s model is based on several assumptions.
1. Adults have the need to know why they are learning something.
2. Adults have a need to be self-directed.
3. Adults bring more work-related experiences into the learning situation.
4. Adults enter a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to
learning.
5. Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators.

5. Give more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when
training content is learned and retained.
Stimulus
Or
Message
Environment
Feedback
Reinforcement
Receptors
(eyes,
ears,
nose,
skin)
Sensory
Register
Short- term
memory
Long- Term
Memory
Response
GeneratorEffectors

6. Closed skills- refer to training objectives that are linked to learning
specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on
their job.
Open skills- are linked to more general learning principles.