2. Theoretical BAses
Classroom Assessment
Is a joint process that involves both
teachers and learners.
Is an integral part of teaching &
learning.
Recognizes the diversity of learners.
Facilitates the development of higher-
order thinking and 21st-century skills.
Appropriate assessment is committed
to ensure learners’ success in moving from
guided to independent display of
3. 21st Century Skills
Three types:
1.Learning skills
a. critical thinking
b. creative thinking
c. collaborating
d. communicating
5. 3. Life Skills
a. Flexibility
b. Initiative
c. Social Skills
d. Productivity
e. Leadership
6. Classroom assessment
It is a process that is used to:
1. Keep track of learner’s progress in
relation to learning standards & in the
development of 21st-century skills.
2. Promote self-reflection and personal
accountability among students about
their own learning
3. Provide bases for the profiling of
students’ performance on the learning
competencies and standards of the
curriculum.
7. Classroom assessment
Is an on-going process of
identifying, gathering,
organizing, and interpreting
quantitative and qualitative
information about what learners
know and can do.
Teachers should use classroom
assessment methods that are
consistent with curriculum
standards and provide feedback
8. Two types of classroom
assessment
Formative assessment
May be seen as assessment for learning (teachers can
make adjustments in their instruction) and assessment as
learning (students reflect on their own progress).
Summative assessment
May be seen as assessment of learning (measures
whether learners have met the content and performance
standards).
9. What is assessed?
Assessment in the
classroom is aimed at helping
students perform well in
relation to the learning
standards. Learning standards
comprise content standards,
performance standards, and
learning competencies that
are outlined in the curriculum.
10. Content Standards
Identify and set the essential knowledge and understanding
that should be learned. They cover a specified scope of sequential
topics within each learning strand, domain, theme or component.
Content standards answer the question, “What should the learners
know?
Example:
The learner demonstrates understanding that
living things breathe, eat, grow, move, reproduce
and react to light, touch and temperature.
11. Performance Standards
Describe the abilities and skills that
learners are expected to demonstrate
in relation to the content standards
and integration of 21st century
skills. The integration of knowledge,
understanding and skills is expressed
through creation, innovation, and
adding value to products/performance
during independent work or in
collaboration with others.
Example: The learner tells whether a thing is living or
non-living, given different samples.
12. Performance Standards
Performance standards answer the following questions:
1. What can learners do with what they know?
2. How well must learners do their work?
3. How well do learners use their learning or
understanding in different situations?
4. How do learners apply their learning or understanding
in real-life context?
5. What tools and measures should learners use to
demonstrate what they know?
13. Learning Competencies
Refer to knowledge, understanding,
skills and attitudes that students need
to demonstrate in every lesson and/or
learning activity.
Example
The learner compares characteristics of
a living and a non-living thing.
14. Adapted cognitive process dimensions
CPD Descriptors
Remembering The learner can recall information &
retrieve relevant knowledge from long-
term memory: identify, retrieve,
recognize, duplicate, list, memorize,
repeat, reproduce
Understanding The learner can construct meaning from
oral, written, and graphic messages:
interpret, exemplify, classify, summarize,
infer, compare, explain, paraphrase,
discuss.
Applying The learner can use information to
undertake a procedure in familiar
situations or in a new way: execute,
implement, demonstrate, dramatize,
interpret, solve, use, illustrate, convert,
15. Adapted cognitive process dimension
CPD Descriptors
Analyzing The learner can distinguish between parts
and determine how they relate to one
another, and to overall structure and
purpose: differentiate, distinguish,
compare, contrast, or organize, outline,
attribute, deconstruct.
Evaluating The learner can make judgments and justify
decisions: coordinate, measure, detect,
defend, judge, argue, debate, critique,
appraise, evaluate.
Creating The learner can put elements together to
form a functional whole, create a new
product or point of view: generate,
hypothesize, plan, design, develop, produce,
construct, formulate, assemble, design,
16. How are learners assessed?
Individual Formative Assessment
This enables the learner to demonstrate
independently what has been learned or
mastered through a range of activities such
as quizzes, performances, models and even
electronic presentations.
Collaborative Formative Assessment
Allows students to support each other’s
learning. Discussions, role plays, games and
other group activities may be used.
17. Formative Assessment in the
Different Parts of the Lesson
Before the lesson
Informs the teacher about students’
understanding of a lesson/topic
Helps teacher understand where the
students stand in terms of
conceptual understanding &
application.
Provides bases for making
instructional decisions
18. During the lesson proper
Informs the teacher of the progress of the students in relation to the
development of the learning competencies.
Helps the teacher determine whether instructional strategies are
effective.
Results can be compared to the results before the lesson to establish if
conceptual understanding and application have improved.
Teacher can decide whether to review, re-teach, remediate or enrich
lessons, and/or move on to the next lesson
19. After the lesson
Assesses whether learning
objectives were achieved.
Allows the teacher to evaluate
the effectiveness of instruction.
Students who require
remediation and/or enrichment
should be helped by the teacher
using appropriate teaching
strategies
20. Purposes of Formative Assessment
Parts of the
Lesson
For the Learner For the Teacher Examples of
Assessment
Methods
Before Lesson
1. Know what s/he
knows about the
topic/lesson.
2. Understand the
purpose of the lesson
and how to do well in
the lesson
3. Identify ideas or
concepts s/he
misunderstands
4. Identify barriers to
learning
1. Get info about
what the learner
already knows
and can do about
the new lesson.
2. Share learning
intentions and
success criteria
to the leaners
3. Determine
misconceptions
4. Identify what
hinders learning
1. Agree-disagree
activities
2. Games
3. Interviews
4. Inventories/che
cklists of skills
(relevant to the
topic in a
learning area)
5. KWL activities
(what I know,
what I want to
know, what I
learned
6. Open-ended
questions
7. Practice
exercises
21. Purposes of Formative Assessment
Parts of
the Lesson
For the Learner For the Teacher Examples of
Assessment
Methods
Lesson
proper
1. Identify one’s
strengths and
weaknesses.
2. Identify barriers
to learning
3. Identify factors
that help him/her
learn
4. Know what s/he
knows and does
not know
5. Monitor his/her
own progress
1. Provide immediate
feedback to learners
2. Identify what
hinders learning
3. Identify what
facilitates learning
4. Identify learning
gaps
5. Track learners’
progress in comparison
to formative assessment
results prior to the
lesson proper
6. Decide on whether to
proceed with the next
lesson, reteach, or
provide for corrective
measures or
reinforcements
1. Multimedia
presentations
2. Observations
3. Other formative
performance tasks
(simple activities
that can be drawn
from a specific topic
or lesson)
4. Quizzes
(recorded but not
graded)
5. Recitations
6. Simulation
activities
22. Purposes of formative ASSESSMENT
Parts of the
Lesson
For the Learner For the Teacher Examples of
Assessment
Methods
After Lesson
1. Tell and
recognize
whether s/he
met learning
objectives and
success criteria.
2. Seek support
through
remediation,
enrichment or
other strategies
1. Assess whether
learning
objectives have
been met for a
specified
duration.
2. Remediate
and/or enrich with
appropriate
strategies as
needed.
3. Evaluate
whether learning
intentions and
success criteria
have been met
1. Checklists
2. Discussion
3. Games
4. Performance
tasks that
emanate from
the lesson
objectives
5. Practice
exercises
6. Short
quizzes
7. Written
work
23. The information or feedback
gathered from formative
assessment will help teachers
ensure that all learners are
supported while they are
developing understanding and
competencies related to
curriculum standards. These also
prepare them for summative
assessments.
Teachers should keep a record
of formative assessment results
24. Summative Assessment
This measures the different ways learners use
and apply all relevant knowledge, understanding
and skills.
It is usually conducted after a unit of work
and/or at the end of an entire quarter to
determine how well learners can demonstrate
content knowledge and competencies
articulated in the learning standards.
Learners synthesize their knowledge,
understanding, and skills during summative
assessments.
The results of these assessments are used as
bases for computing grades.
25. Individual or collaborative summative assessment
Learners may be assessed individually
through unit tests and quarterly
assessments. Collaboratively, learners may
participate in group activities in which they
cooperate to produce evidence of their
learning. The process of creating a learning
project is given more weight of importance
than the product itself.
26. Components of Summative Assessment
Written Work component (WW)
Performance Tasks (PT)
Quarterly Assessment (QA)
27. Written Work Component
Ensures that students are able to express skills and
concepts in written form.
May include quizzes, unit or long tests, essays,
written reports and other written outputs
Helps strengthen test-taking skills among the
learners.
Items in long quizzes should be distributed across
the Cognitive Process Dimensions so that all are
adequately covered.
Through these, learners are able to practice and
prepare for quarterly assessments and other
standardized assessments.
28. Performance tasks
Allows the learners to show what they know and are
able to do in diverse ways.
Learners may create or innovate products or do
performance-based tasks.
Performance-based tasks may include skills,
demonstrations, group presentations, oral work,
multimedia presentations, and research projects
Written outputs may also be considered as performance
tasks.
29. Quarterly Assessment
Measures student learning
at the end of the quarter.
These may be in the form of
objective tests,
performance-based
assessment or a combination
thereof.
30. Components of Summative Assessment
Components Purpose When given
Written Work
(WW)
1. Assess learner’s understanding of
concepts & applications of skills
in written form.
2. Prepare learners for quarterly
assessment.
At end of the
topic or unit
Performance
Task (PT)
1. Involve students in the learning
process individually or in
collaboration with teammates
over a period of time
2. Give students opportunities to
demonstrate & integrate their
knowledge, understanding, &
skills about topics or lessons
learned in specific real-life
situation by performing &/or
producing evidence of their
learning
At end of a
lesson, focusing
on a topic/skill
Several times
during the
quarter
31. Components of Summative Assessment
Components Purpose When Given
3. Give students the
freedom to express
their learning in
appropriate & diverse
ways.
4. Encourage student
inquiry, integration of
knowledge,
understanding, & skills
in various contexts
beyond the assessment
period
Quarterly
Assessment
(QA)
Synthesize all the learning
skills, concepts, and
values learned in an entire
quarter.
Once, at end of
quarter
32. Remember!
There must be sufficient & appropriate instructional
interventions to ensure that learners are ready before
summative assessments are given. The evidence produced
through summative assessment enables teachers to
describe how well the students have learned the
standards/competencies for a given quarter. These are
then reflected in the class record. The grades of learners
are presented in a report card to show the progress of
learners to parents & other stakeholders.
33. What is the Grading System?
The K to 12 BEC uses a standards- and
competency-based grading system (see curriculum
guides)
Grades will be based on the weighted raw score of
the learner’s summative assessments.
The minimum grade needed to pass a learning
area is 60, which is transmuted to 75 in the report
card.
The lowest grade that can appear on the report
card is 60 for Quarterly Grades and final Grades.
Learners from Grades 1 to 12 are graded on
Written Work, Performance Tasks, and Quarterly
Assessment every quarter. These three are given
specific percentage weights that vary according to
34. How is learner progress recorded & computed?
For Kindergarten (Guidelines will be issued in a different
Memorandum)
Checklists and anecdotal records are used instead of numerical
grades
Through checklists, the teacher are able to indicate whether or
not the child can demonstrate knowledge &/or perform the tasks
expected of K learners.
Through anecdotal records or narrative reports, teachers are
able describe learners’ behaviour, attitude, & effort in school work.
Teachers keep a portfolio for each learner which contains
learners’ output such as writing samples, activity sheets & artwork.
35. How is learner progress recorded
and computed?
For Grades 1 to 12
In a grading period, there is one
Quarterly Assessment but there should be
instances for students to produce Written
Work and to demonstrate what they know &
can do through Performance Tasks. There is
no required number of Written Work &
Performance Tasks, but these must be
spread out over the quarter & used to
assess learners’ skills after each unit has
been taught.
