1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. Saroj Kumar Mohanty
Dr. Santanu Kumar Swain
Dr. Chakradhar Patra
SUBMITTED BY:-
Swapnita Panigrahi (1741901017)
Sonali Subhadarshini (1741901226)
Ritabrata Sarkar (1741901024)
Poulamee Adhikary (1741901013)
Dibyasha Jena (1741901057)
ELP-422
Seed Production & Technology

2. GREEN GRAM SEED PRODUCTION
 Common name- Mung bean or Moong
 Scientific name- Vigna radiata
 Family- Leguminosae
 Chromosome no.- 2n=22
 Origin- India and Central Asia
Area & Distribution-
 Green gram is cultivated in the countries of India,
Burma, Srilanka, Pakistan, China and Africa. The
important green gram growing states in the country
are Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,
Rajasthan, Bihar etc.
 Green gram contributes 14% in total pulse area and
7% in total pulse production of India.
Green Gram

3.  Nutrition-
• Green gram is an excellent source of high quality protein.
• It contains about 25% protein.
• It also contains P, Ca, Mg, Iron, Vitamin B6
 Economic Importance-
• Moong is consumed as whole grains as well as dal in a varieties of ways in
home.
• Being a leguminous crop, it has capacity to fix the atmospheric nitrogen (30-
40 kg N/ kg).
• It is used as green manure crop, helps in preventing soil erosion.
• Being a short duration crop, it fits well in many intensive crop rotation.
• It also uses as a feed for cattle.

4. 1. Roots-
• Deep rooted plant
• Lateral branches of roots contain nodules and it contain nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
2. Stem-
• Small herbaceous annual growing plant with a height of 30-90 cm with
a slight tendency to twining upper branches.
• The central stems are more or less erect, while side branches are semi-
erect.
• Branching at the base.
• Covered with short, fine, brownish hair.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

5. 3. Flowers-
• Greenish to bright yellow in colour
• Flowers are produced in a cluster of 10 to 20 in axillary racemes on
long pedicels.
4. Leaves-
• Alternate
• Trifoliate with long petioles
5. Fruit (Pod)
• Pods are 6-10 cm long, slender with short pubescence.
6. Seed-
• Small and slightly flattened
• Globular with green, yellow, black, brown or mottled testa.
7. Pollination-
• Self pollinated crop
• Some amount of cross pollination occurs (0.5%-3%).
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

6. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
• It requires a hot and warm climate and best suited to areas having
an annual rainfall of 60-75 cm.
• It is a drought tolerant crop but water logging and cloudy weather
are harmful.
• It is grown in all the three seasons in the country.

7. SOIL
• It can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loam to black
cotton having good drainage capacity as it is very sensitive to water
logging conditions.
• Saline and Alkaline soils are not suitable for green gram cultivation.

8. LAND PREPARATION
• Field is prepared by one or two ploughing followed by two or three
cross harrowing and planking to make the field levelled and to
minimize the loss of moisture by evaporation from the soil.
• The field should be well levelled and free from weeds and stubbles.
• For summer season crop, pre-sowing irrigation should be given
immediately after harvesting of the previous crop.

9. ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS
Since the pollen shedding takes place long before the petals open, self
pollination is the rule, therefore an isolation of 10 m for Foundation seed
and 5 m for Certified seed class is to be provided.

10. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS APPLICATION
• 25kg/ha well decomposed FYM should be incorporated into the soil at
the time of preparation of land.
• 20kg N/ha and 40kg/ha of Phosphatic fertilizer should be applied as
basal application.
• Application of Sulphur @20kg/ha is found beneficial if the soils are
deficient in Sulphur.
• The fertilizer should be applied by drilling either at the time of sowing
or just before sowing in such a way that they are placed about 5-7
centimeter below the seed.

11. SEED TREATMENT AND SOWING
Seed treatment: Seed should be treated with Rhizobium culture.
Otherwise it should be treated with Thiram or Captan @2-3 gm/kg of
seeds.
Time of sowing:
In Kharif season- On the onset of monsoon
In Rabi season- In October-November
In Summer season- In the middle of March
Method of sowing: Sowing should be done behind the local plough or
with the help of seed drill.

12. SEED RATE AND SPACING
SEED RATE
• Kharif and rabi crops-15-20 kg/ha
• Spring and summer crops-25-30 kg/ha
SPACING
• For kharif or rabi crops-(30-45) cm × (7-10) cm
• For spring and summer crops-(20-25) cm × (7-10) cm
• Seeds should be sown at a depth of 5-7 cm.

13. IRRIGATION
 For rainfed crop, irrigation is not needed but drainage is very important
because this crop is very much sensitive to water logging.
 For summer season crop, five to six irrigations may be given at 20-25
DAS and subsequent irrigations should be at an interval of 12-15 days.
 Irrigation should not be given at full bloom stage of the crop.
• Critical stages of irrigation- Late flowering and early pod filling stages

14. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
A) Weeding
• 1-2 weeding should be done to keep the crop weed free.
• 1st weeding: 20-25 DAS
• 2nd weeding: 45 DAS
• Fluchloralin or Pendimethalin @ 0.5 kg/ha or Oxadiazon @ 0.25 kg/ha
as pre-emergence should be applied when hand weeding is not possible.
B) Earthing up
• Done within 2-3 weeks
• It is helpful for proper aeration of soil and it controls weed.
C) Roguing
• The off-types and severly diseased plants should be rogued out from
time to time as required.

15. MAJOR WEEDS IN GREEN GRAM
Amaranthus viridis Euphorbia hirta Celosia argentena
Chloris barbata Trianthema
portulacastrum
Cyperus rotundus

16. MAJOR DISEASES
1. Cercospora leaf spot:
C.O- Cercospora canesens
Symptoms:
 Spots produced are small, numerous in number
with pale brown center and reddish brown margin
appear on branches and pods.
 Sometimes severe leaf spotting and defoliation
occurs at the time of flowering and pod formation.
Management:
 Spray carbendazim @500gm/ha at initiation of the
disease and 10 days later.

17. 2. Rust:
C.O- Uromyces phaseoli
Symptoms:
 Numerous, small, brown color spots appear
on branches as well as pods.
 In severe condition defoliation occurs.
 High humidity favours the disease
development.
Management:
 Application of Mancozeb @1000gm/ha at
the initiation of disease and 10 days later.

18. 3. Powdery mildew:
C.O- Erysiphe polygoni
Symptoms:
 White powdery patches appear on leaves and
other green parts which later become dull coloured.
The patches gradually increases in size and become
circular.
 When the infection is severe, both the surfaces of
the leaves are completely covered by whitish
powdery growth.
 Severely affected parts get shriveled and
distorted.
 In severe infection, foliage become yellow causing
premature defoliation.

19. Management:
 Spray Neem seed cake kernel @5% or Neem oil @3% twice at 10
days interval from initial disease appearance.
 Spray Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% at initiation of the disease and
10 days later.
 Spray Carbendazim @500gm or Wettable Sulphur @1500gm/ha at
initiation of the disease and 10 days later.

20. 4. Yellow mosaic Disease:
C.O- Mung bean yellow mosaic virus
Symptoms:
 The disease is more prevalent on this crop.
 Initially mild scattered yellow spots appear on
young leaves.
 Spots gradually increases in size and
ultimately some leaves turn completely yellow.
 Infected leaves also show necrotic symptoms.
 Diseased plants are stunted, mature late and
produce very few flowers and pods.
 Pods of infected plants are reduced in size
and turn yellow in colour.

21. Management:
 Growing of resistant varieties such as VBN4, VBN6 and VBN7.
 Avoid sowing of seeds obtained from diseased plants since
the virus is seed borne.
 Installation of yellow sticky traps @12nos/ha.
 Rouge out the infected plants up to 45 days.
 Spray methyl demeton 25EC 500 ml/ha or dimethoate 30EC
500 ml/ha, and repeat after 15 days if necessary.

22. 1. Hairy Caterpillar
C.O- Spilosoma obliqua
Symptoms:
 This catterpillar may cause severe damage to
moong crop, by eating away all green matter of
leaves.
 The red hairy caterpillar may damage the crop
at seedling stage.
Management:
 Collect and destroy the eggs and young larvae.
 The young caterpillar can be killed by dusting
2% methyl parathion dust @ 25-30 kg per
hectare.
 For full grown caterpillar spray 1.5 litres
Endosulfan in 1000 litres of water per hectare.
MAJOR INSECT PESTS

23. 2. Leaf Hopper
C.O- Empoasca kerri
Symptoms:
 The adults and nymphs of this hopper suck
the juice from the lower surface of the leaves.
So the leaves turn brown and curl from the
edgs.
Management:
 Give basal application of Phorate 10%
granules @ 10kg per hectare.
 Spray the crop with Monocrotophos 36 EC
@1ml/litres of water.

24. 3. Galerucid Beetle
C.O- Phyllotreta vittula
Symptoms:
 This beetle avoids sunlight and causes more
damage during night.
The adult beetle stipples the leaves with
small more or less circular holes.
Management:
 Give basal application of Phorate 10%
granules @ 10kg per hectare.

25. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
 When pods are turned into black color, two to three pickings are done.
 Pickings should be carried out only during morning hours.
 Threshing should be done in threshing yard with the help of the hand
to avoid injury to seeds and seeds are separated and cleaned.
 The plants are threshed by beating with sticks, and are winnowed with
baskets.
 After threshing the seeds should be dried to about 9% moisture before
storage.

26. YIELD
Average yield of green gram is 8-10q/ha.

27. INDIAN MINIMUM SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS
FOR GREEN GRAM
The General Seed Certification Standards are basic and, together with
the following specific standards constitute the standards for certification
of green gram seed.
I. Land Requirements:
Land to be used for seed production of green gram shall be free of
volunteer plants.
II. Field Inspection:
A minimum of two inspections shall be made, the first before flowering
and the second at flowering and fruit stage.

28. III. Field Standards
A. General requirements
Contaminants Minimum distance (meters)
Foundation Certified
Field of other varieties 10 5
Fields of same variety not
conforming to varietal purity
requirements for certification
10 5
B. Specific requirements
Factor Maximum permitted (%) [At
the final inspection]
Foundation Certified
Off-types 0.10 0.20
Plants affected by seed borne
diseases (Halo blight-
Pseudomonas phasiolicola)
0.10 0.20

29. IV. Seed Standards
Factor Standards for each class
Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0%
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0%
Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
Other distinguishable varieties
(maximum)
10/kg 10/kg
Germination including hard
seeds (minimum)
75% 75%
Moisture (maximum) 9.0% 9.0%
For vapour-proof containers
(maximum)
8.0% 8.0%

30. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
1. Crop taken: Green gram
2. Variety: NVL-1
3. Spacing: 30cm × 10cm
4. Seed rate: 12kg/ha
5. Plot area: 589 sq.m, length-62m., breadth-9.5m.

31. VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS
(NVL-1)
 Plants are erect and semi-spreading
 Very long podded plant.
 13 – 15 number of grains per pod.
 Grains are shiny green, glossy and bold.
 Excellent dal quality.
 Recommended for timely sowing in kharif.
 Highly tolerant to powdery mildew and
downy mildew.
 Duration is 60 – 65 days.

32. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
Date Activities
04/03/2021 • Land preparation was done.
• FYM and Jeevamrut mixture was applied.
• Sowing was done at 30cm × 10cm distance.
08/03/2021 Irrigation was given.
09/03/2021 Irrigation was given.
11/03/2021 Irrigation was given.
15/03/2021 Irrigation was given.
16/03/2021 Irrigation was given.
18/03/2021 • Hand weeding was done.
• Irrigation was given.
21/03/2021 Application of Amrutpani.
22/03/2021 Hand weeding was done.
23/03/2021 •Thinning was done.
•Irrigation was done.
25/03/2021 • Weeding was done.
• Irrigation was given.
30/03/2021 Application of Panchagavya.
06/04/2021 Application of milk (1 litre) along with water (9 litre).

33. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
LAND PREPARATION
 DATE: 04.03.2021
 MATERIALS REQUIRED: Phawda, Garden rake, Trench hoe, Leveller.
 PROCEDURE:
• Weeds were removed and bunds were trimmed.
• The land was ploughed to a fine tilth.
• FYM was added and incorporated in the soil.
• Land was levelled.
• Then lines were made 30 cm apart from each other with the
help of trench hoe.

34. FERTILISER APPLICATION
 DATE: 04.03.2021
 2 litre Jeevamrut and FYM mixture was applied.
 PROCEDURE:
 FYM (10 kg) and Jeevamrut (2 litre) was mixed properly along with EM
solution (2 litre) in 50% moisture concentration and applied
throughout the lines and mixed properly with the soil.
FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES

35. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
FERTILISER APPLICATION
 DATE: 21.03.2021
 Amrutpani was applied.
 PROCEDURE:
• 500 ml of Amrutpani was mixed with 5 litre of water before
application.
• It was applied to the plot with the help of rose can.
DATE: 30.03.2021
Panchagavya was applied.

36. COMPOSITION OF JEEVAMRUT
• Cow dung: 10-15 kg
• Cow urine: 5-10 litre
• Jaggery: 2 kg
• Pulse flour: 2 kg
• Chlorine free water: 200 litre
• Handful of sand from bund.
COMPOSITION OF AMRUTPANI
 Cow dung: 10 kg
 Honey: 500 gm
 Ghee: 250 gm
 Water: 10 litre.

37. COMPOSITION OF PANCHAGAVYA
 Cow dung: 7 kg
 Cow ghee: 1 kg
 Cow urine: 10 litre
 Cow milk: 3 litre
 Cow curd: 2 litre
 Jaggery: 3 kg
 Water: 10 litre
 Well ripened banana: 12 nos.
Method of Preparation:
• Cow dung and Cow ghee are thoroughly mixed both in morning and
evening hours and keep it for 3 days.
• After that, Cow urine and water are mixed and kept it for 15 days with
regular mixing both in morning and evening hours.

38. • After 15 days the rest of the ingredients are mixed and it will be
ready after 30 days.
• Cow dung in a separate bucket with sufficient water is mixed. No
clods should be there.
• Similarly jiggery and pulse flour are mixed each in separate
buckets.
• Cow dung, jaggery solution, pulse flour liquid and cow urine are
poured in the drum.
• A handful of soil is added and the drum is filled completely with
water.
• Then stirring of it is done thoroughly.
• This solution is kept for 3-6 days depending on temperature.
• It should be prepared in shade.

39. SOWING
 DATE: 04.03.2021
 SEED RATE: 12 kg seeds / ha
 SOWING TYPE: Line sowing in east-west direction
 DEPTH OF SOWING: 5cm
 SPACING: 30 cm × 10 cm
 IMPLEMENTS USED: Rope , Trench hoe , Scale
 Pre treated seeds were sown in lines at a distance of 10 cm and
covered by soil.
FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES

40. SEED REQUIREMENT CALCULATION
 12kg of seed is required for 1ha i.e. 10,000 sq.m.
 So for 589 sq.m. , the seeds required-
(12/10,000) × 589
= 0.7 kg
= 700 gm
 So, 700 gm of seeds are required for our plot.

41. IRRIGATION
• For rainfed crop, irrigation is not needed but drainage is very
important because this crop is very much sensitive to water logging.
• Better drainage should be ensured for a healthy crop stand.
DATE: (08,09,11,15,16,18,23,25) . 03. 2021
 As we sow green gram in zaid season, the water requirement was
high. So frequent irrigation was given.
 At the initial stage, irrigation was done with the help rose cane and
pipe using sprinkler method.
FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES

42. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
INTERCULTURAL OPERATION
DATE: 23.03.2021
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Trench hoe.
 Thinning was done to get ideal plant population and avoiding of
inter plant competition.
 Hoeing was done between the rows for proper aeration of soil and
to control weed.
 Hoeing was done in a proper way, so that the green gram plant
was not affected.

43. PLANT PROTECTION
 Milk was applied for protection against Yellow Mosaic Virus.
 Date of application: 06.04.2021
 1 litre milk was mixed with 9 litre of water and the mixture was
applied through rose cane.
WEED MANAGEMENT
Critical stage of crop weed competition is 30 days after sowing.
Hand weeding was done (15 DAS,20 DAS appox).
FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES

44. 01/
FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
Date: 04/03/2021
Land Preparation Fertilizer
Application
Sowing

45. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
Date: 08, 09 /03/2021
Irrigation

46. FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES
Date: 21/03/2021
Spraying operation

47. 2
3
4
PROCESS FOR SEED CERTIFICATION
APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATION
SCRUTINY OF THE APPLICATION
INSPECTION OF SEED FIELD
APPROVE OR RECOMMEND THE FIELD FOR REJECTION
1

48. 6
7
8
PROCESS FOR SEED CERTIFICATION
INSPECTION OF SEED PROCESSING
SEED SAMPLING BY REPEATED HALVING AND MIXING
TAGGING AND SEALING
CONTROL PLOT TESTING
5

49. 10
11
12
PROCESS FOR SEED CERTIFICATION
CONDITION FOR INTERCROPPING
EXTENSION OF VALIDITY PERIOD OF TAG
REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE
APPEAL AGAINST CERTIFICATION AGENCY
9

50. CONCLUSION
• Total cost of cultivation of greengram for 589 sq m of
area= Rs. 1739.29
• Average yield/ha= 10 quintal or 58.9kg/589 sq m
• Total income= 71.96 x 58.9= 4238.44
• Profit= 4238.44-1739.29= Rs 2499.15
• BC Ratio=2499.15/1739.29= 1.436
• Since the BC ratio is 1.4, it is a profitable enterprise

51. REFERENCE
1. Agarwal, V. K. and Nene, Y. L. 1987. Seed Borne Diseases of Field
Crops and their Control. Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
New Delhi.
2. Trivedi, R. K. and Gunasekaran, M. 2013. Indian Minimum Seed
Certification Standards. The Central Seed Certification Board,
New Delhi.
3. Agarwal, P. K. 1994. Principles of Seed Technology. Indian Council
of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.