INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and development needs. It is also a time to develop knowledge and skills, manage emotions and relationships and acquire attributes / abilities that will be important for enjoying the adolescent years and assuming adult roles. This stage requires special care from adults. An adolescent longs for personal identity, striving for autonomy and independence. In this unit we are going to discuss the external factors that influence the development of an adolescent. OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the students can be able to: Understand how community is important for the development of an adolescent Understand how family can play a role in the psychological development of an adolescent Elaborate the importance of media in adolescent development

1. ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP
FACTORS AFFECTING
PHYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
ADOLESCENTS
(ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY)
CC 8653
Presented by:
Ch. M. Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

2. ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY
2
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
UNIT-8
FACTORS AFFECTING
PHYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF ADOLESCENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and
development needs. It is also a time to develop knowledge and
skills, manage emotions and relationships and acquire attributes /
abilities that will be important for enjoying the adolescent years
and assuming adult roles.
This stage requires special care from adults. An adolescent
longs for personal identity, striving for autonomy and
independence. In this unit we are going to discuss the external
factors that influence the development of an adolescent.
3
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra

4. OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the students can be able to:
• Understand how community is important for the development
of an adolescent
• Understand how family can play a role in the psychological
development of an adolescent
• Elaborate the importance of media in adolescent development
4
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra

5. NATIONAL AND LOCAL COMMUNITY AS A FACTOR
INFLUENCING ADLESCENTS
− Community has been defined as a geographical locality or a group
of individuals who share common goals.
− Bronfenbrenner’s (1979, 1995) ecology theory, emphasizes the
importance of social context in the study of the influence of the
community on the adolescent.
− School, workplace, race, climate etc. represent important
influences. But we consider only three components in this regard.
(1) Peers (2) Neighborhoods (3) Media
The peer and other social interactions take place in the
neighborhood or community.
− Neighborhood influences are modest as compared with the
influence of parent income, parent education and other family
influences.
5
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra

6. NATIONAL AND LOCAL COMMUNITY AS A FACTOR
INFLUENCING ADLESCENTS
1. Ecological Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s (1986, 1995) ecology theory emphasizes
the importance of development of individuals within embedded,
interconnected contexts, person-process-context-time model to
show the importance of environment on process as a function of
individual characteristics.
− It offers a framework through which community psychologists
examine individual’s relationships within communities and the
wider society – also referred to as the ecological / systems
framework.
continue ……. 6
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra

7. NATIONAL AND LOCAL COMMUNITY AS A FACTOR
INFLUENCING ADLESCENTS
Four hierarchical contexts in which development and interaction
of persons processes occur
(1) Micro-System
(2) Meso-System
(3) Exo-System
(4) Macro-System
7
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Ch.
M.Ashraf
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8. FAMILY INFLUENCE ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
Socialization in families is the primary arena of social
influence and security. Families influence adolescents through
socialization process – or the social dynamics that make the young
capable of participation in interpersonal relationships and
through which a society replicates itself.
8
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Ch.
M.Ashraf
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9. FAMILY INFLUENCE ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
1. The Family Stress Model of Economic Hardship
9
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Economic Hardship
1. Low Income
2. High Debt, Low Assests
3. Negative Financial Events
Economic Pressure
1. Unmet material needs
2. Unpaid debts
3. Painful Outbacks
Parents Distress
1. Emotional Problems
2. Beharioural Problems
Disrupted Family Relations
1. Interparental Conflict / withdrawal
2. Harsh, inconsistent parenting
Child and Adolescent Adjustment
1. Emotional, Behavioral Problems
2. Impaired Competence

10. FAMILY INFLUENCE ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
2. Socialization in Families
➢ A pattern of dynamic interaction exists between developing
adolescents and their social environments which includes
influential factors – biological, physical, psychological and socio-
cultural levels.
➢ Socialization is a complex, multidirectional process involving
the family, the most important source of information involving
other social institutions – school, mass media, religious and
other govt. institutions as well as neighborhoods.
10
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra

11. INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON ADOLESCENTS
Media is the most influential factor on the lives of today’s
adolescents. Electronic and print media has gained a lot of time
of the youth in everyday life. But it should be used for
productive purpose.
1. Suggested Interventions
Brown et al (2006): Media should be used as a positive force
in the lives of young people – such as increasing knowledge or
changing specific attitudes, providing health messages or answers
to adolescents’ questions through C.D-ROMs and DVDs providing
information about sexually transmitted diseases etc. 11
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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12. INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL ENVIRNMENT ON
ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
➢ School is a primary context for the development of adolescents.
The schools should use a wide range of strategies to change
social and behavioral traits of their students.
➢ It is also to improve teachers’ instructional skills, behavioral
management skills, guidance and counseling techniques etc.
1. Diversity of Strata in Schools
2. Suggested Intervention 12
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Ch.
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13. 13
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FACTORS AFFECTING PHYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS

14. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
THEORIES REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
14
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