this presentation is about three of the most common word formation strategies. It covers an outlined discussion of the topic with examples and exercises for mastery. It includes affixation, compounding, phrasal verbs
2. AFFIXATION
- the process by which bound morphemes
(other than roots) are added to bases,
either word – intillay or word finally, to
form new words.
Derivational
morphemes
Inflectional
morphemes
- added to bases or
root words for the
sake of constructing
new terms.
Example:
antiseptic, childish,
polygamy
- added to bases or
root words for the
sake of showing
grammatical
relationships.
Example:
is dancing, has
passed,
3. Activity #1: DISSECTION TIME!Separate the bound morphemes (affixes) from the base word
(root word).
Identify whether the affixes found in the term are derivational
or inflectional morphemes.
Try to provide meaning to the term.
WORD BASE WORD BOUND MORPHEME CATEGORY OF THE
BOUND MORPHEME
transgender gender trans derivational
walks walk S Inflectional
morpheme
4. AFFIXES
Prefix
- attached at
the beginning
of the word
transgender
Infix
- inserted
within the
word
hoo – bloody - ray
Suffix
- added at
the end of
the word
dauntless
6. PREFIX VS. SUFFIX
class -
preserving
class –
changing
adjective
verb
A prefix will not normally change the class of word
whereas a suffix may alter the category of a word.
adverb
7. PREFIX VS. SUFFIX
There are many prefixes that can be added to at least two classes
whereas suffixes tend to be class – specific. No morpheme which
functions as a prefix can also function as a suffix.
Nouns:
distaste,disser
vice
Verbs:
dismantle,
disappear
Adjectives:
dissimilar,
disreputable
Adverbs:
dissimilarly
disreputably
Nouns:
Leadership,
hardship
Verbs:
falsify, simplify
Adjectives:
reckless,
painless
Adverbs
Purely,
attentively
9. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- A common observation on
morphemes’ usage is that some are far
more productive than others in the
creation of new words.
Most commonly
used verb
suffixes
Most commonly
used adverb
suffixes
Most commonly
used noun
suffixes
10. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- Some suffixes are themselves recently
coined.
11. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- There have been objections to the
suffixes –ess and –ette to denote
position in comparison with men.
*there is an arguable imbalance between the male form being a free morpheme and
the female form requiring a bound morpheme which is unable to stand alone and
therefore suggestive of weakness.
Some gender suffixes have to a great
extent been replaced completely
(stewardess – flight attendant).
12. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- In some cases, a handful of suffixes do
occur in words of more than one class.
- While almost all prefixes are class-
preserving, suffixes maybe class
preserving or class – changing.
13. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- Any one word may include more than
one prefix and more than one suffix
however, prefixes or suffixes cannot
be combined freely in a word.
14. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES- There can be both semantic and
morphological restriction on word
formation. The order of occurrence of
prefixes and suffixes is fixed, often due
to the word class of the base.
16. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
USE OF PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES
- ed/-ing
grammatical
inflections for
verbs
Sample Statements:
• The girl is walking to school.
• The girl has walked to school.
- Confusion in the use of grammatical
endings sometimes occurs.
17. Continuation of the previous
slide…..
-ing as an adjective and noun suffix or inflectional form of the verb
Examples:
• “The Walking Dead”
• She clearly enjoyed the dancing.
• The girl is walking to school.
-ed as an adjective suffix or an inflectional form of verb
Examples:
• well - mannered boy
• The girl walked to school.
• The girl has walked to school.
Deverbal
Deverbal
Deverbal
18. Continuation of the previous
slide……
- The term “deverbal” pertains to verb
forms that either function as an
adjective or a noun.
- They are also referred to as participles.
20. COMPOUNDING
- the process by which two other pre –
existing terms are combined to form a
new term
Examples:
(one element)
lipstick, basketball, mailbox
(separates)
world power, down’s syndrome
(hyphenated)
mother-in-law, child – friendly
21. COMPOUNDING
- the process by which two other pre –
existing terms are combined to form a
new term
Examples:
(one element)
lipstick, basketball, mailbox
(separates)
world power, down’s syndrome
(hyphenated)
mother-in-law, child – friendly
22. COMPOUNDING
- typically the result of joining nouns,
adjectives and verbs.
NOUNS
MOST PRODUCTIVE
COMBINATION
NOUN + NOUN BOOKCASE, CRASH LANDING,
SMOKESCREEN
OTHER POSSIBLE STRUCTURE VERB + NOUN
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
NOUN + AND + NOUN
NOUN + PREP. PHRASE
PICKPOCKET
MOBILE PHONE
GIN AND TONIC
MOTHER – IN – LAW
ADJECTIVES
MOST PRODUCTIVE
COMBINATION
NOUN + ADJECTIVE WAR – TORN, WORLD –
WEARY, THROWAWAY
OTHER POSSIBLE
COMBINATIONS
VERB + ADVERB/PREPOSITION
ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
PREP. PHRASE
ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE
READY – COOKED
LONG – LIFE
IN – HOUSE
READY – TO WEAR
23. COMPOUNDING
- Compound verbs are relatively rare and
are likely to be the results of conversion
back-formation. Others come in the form
of multi –word verbs.
COMPOUND VERBS
TYPE EXAMPLES FORMATION
BACK – FORMATION baby – sit from noun baby –
sister
CONVERSION mastermind was a noun
OTHER EXAMPLES Make do
Blackball
Verb + verb
Adjective + noun
24. COMPOUNDING
- A problem exists in trying to decide
which morphemes might be roots and
which are affixes.
- someone who is
afraid of technology.
-morphemes that make up in –
between words
25. Activity #1: COMPOUND WITH ME!
Give a lexis or term that is
possibly a part of a compound
word.
Your word has to be paired up
with another term to make a
compound word.
Call someone from the class to
do that.
26. MULTI - VERB
- A combination of two or three
elements.
verb + preposition
The doctor relied on her assistant.
verb + adverb
Sue gave away the secret.
verb + adverb + preposition
This is a matter I shall take up with my colleague.
27. o The meaning of multi – word verbs is
partly or wholly idiomatic.
Fred ran up some heavy debts.
KEY FEATURES OF MULTI –
WORD VERBS
NOT a physical
movement!
NOT a direction!
accumulate
o Multi – word verbs can be replaced by
a single word lexical verbs.
28. o The adverb or preposition can
sometimes be separated from the
verbs.
KEY FEATURES OF MULTI –
WORD VERBS
The doctor relied on her assistant.This is the assistant on whom the doctor relied.
This is the assistant on whom the doctor relied.
verb + preposition
29. continuation of the previous slide…
Sue gave away the secret.Sue gave the secret away.
Sue gave the secret away.
verb + preposition
verb + adverb + preposition
This is a matter I shall take up with my colleague.I shall take this matter up with my colleague.
I shall take this matter up with my colleague.
