2. Outline
1. Adverb Clauses of Time
2. Adverb Clauses of Contrast
3. Adverb Clauses of Reasons and
Purpose
4. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time
5. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Reason
3. The Adverb Clause
u How?
u Where?
u When?
u Why?
•To what extent?
•Under what
condition?
4. Where can you find an
adverb?
u Adverbs modify:
VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS
5. …therefore you can find them:
u Nearly anywhere in the sentence…
u However, they are usually near the verb, adjective or adverb they
modify (but not always)
Examples:
u He can sing well.
(tells: how he can sing)
u She really likes soccer.
(tells: to what extent, she likes…)
6. More Examples:
uThey can swim really quickly.
(modifies the adverb quickly. It answers – How quickly?)
uHe is not enjoying this activity.
(Just remember the word not is always an adverb.)
uShe is always late for class.
(The words always, never, sometimes, rarely, etc.
are also adverbs)
8. Adverbs answer when…
He came home late.
She woke early.
They are performing now.
She will do her homework later.
9. Unlike an adverb or an adverb phrase, an
adverb clause has a subject and a verb
ADVERB:
They will leave soon.
ADVERB PHRASE:
They will leave (in a few minutes).
ADVERB CLAUSE:
They will leave when they are ready.
S
modifies the Verb
10. Definition…
u An adverb clause is a subordinate
(dependent clause) that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb.
u Like an adverb, an adverb clause tells where,
when, how, why, to what extent or under what
condition.
11. Adverb Clauses can also be found
nearly anywhere in the sentence…
…beginning, middle or end…
EXAMPLES:
u You may sit wherever you wish.
(modifies the verb sit and tells where)
u When spring sets in, many students go crazy.
(modifies the verb go and tells when)
u Sammy and Alexandra look as though they have some exciting
news for us.
(modifies the verb look, telling how S. and A. look)
13. Subordinating Conjunctions:
u An adverb clause is introduced by a
subordinating conjunction—a word that
shows the relationship between the adverb
clause and the word or words that the
clause modifies.
14. Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after as though since when
although because so that whenever
as before than where
as if how though wherever
as long as if unless whether
as soon as in order that until while
15. Types of Adverb Clauses
1. Adverb Clauses of Time
2. Adverb Clauses of Contrast
3. Adverb Clauses of Reasons and Purpose
4. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time
5. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Reason
16. Adverb Clauses of Time (p.336)
1. Whenever I hear that song, I get sad.
2. It started to snow just as we were leaving the
theater.
17. Rules
Adverb clauses of time begin with a time word or phrase (when, whenever, as, as long as,
as soon as). They tell when the action or event in the main clause happens.
u As I was leaving my dormitory, I rant into an old friend.
As means when or while something is or was happening.
Just as means that an action or event happened at exactly the same moment as
another action or event.
u As I was walking home, it started to thunder.
u My roommate called just as I was leaving.
As long as means from beginning to end.
u I’ll never forget that day as long as I live.
Whenever means any time or every time.
u Whenever she tells a story, I laugh a lot.
Time clauses can come before or after the main clause. The meaning is the same.
u We went on vacation as soon as we finished classes.
18. Exercises 4 & 5 pp. 336-337
Exercise 4
1. As you fly over Singapore
2. Whenever people think of skycrapers,
3. As you walked around it.
4. As as you reach the 20th floor,
5. Whenever you go there to exercise.
6. As long as you live!
Exercise 5
1. Whenever
2. As soon as
3. Just as
4. Whenever
5. Whenever
6. As
7. As long as
8. Just as
9. As soon as
10. Whenever
19. Adverb Clauses of Contrast (p.
337)
1. Although I’ve studied a lot, I’m still nervous about
the exam.
2. I’m still nervous about the exam even though I’ve
studied a lot.
20. Rules
1. Adverb clauses beginning with although, even though, and though introduce
a contrast. The information may be unexpected or surprising.
2. Even though shows more contrast than though.
u He bought a new car even though he has trouble paying his rent every
month.
3. Though is more common in informal English.
u Though I have the qualifications, they’re not going to give me the job.
u Although you have the right qualifications, I’m afraid we can’t offer you the
position.
4. Be careful! Do use but in sentences with although, even though, and though.
u Though it was raining, but I went for a walk. X
5. Remember: Use a comma after the adverb clause when it comes first in the
sentence.
21. Exercise 6 (p. 338)
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
22. Adverb Clauses of Reason and
Purpose (p. 339)
1. Since I don’t know how to get there, I’m going
to use my GPS.
2. Now that I have GPS, I never get lost.
3. We’re going to leave early so that we can
avoid traffic.
23. Rules
1. Because and since show reasons.
u Because I didn’t do well on the exam, I’m going to take it again.
u Since we’re late, let’s take a taxi.
2. Be careful! Since can also refer to time.
u Since I got here, I’ve done a little work.
3. Now that shows a reason. It means because…now.
u Now that I know English, I can get a good job.
u Now that Ed’s retired, he’s going to have more free time.
4. So that shows a purpose. It means in order to. Modal verbs (can, could,
would, etc.) are often used with so that.
u I’m putting on my glasses so that I can read the menu.
u We studied so hard so that we would do well on the exam .
u Max moved to the front of the classroom so that he could see better.
24. Exercises 7, 8, 9 (pp. 339-341
Exercise 7
1. Because
2. Since
3. Now that
4. So that
5. Because
6. Now that
7. Since
8. So that
Exercise 8
1. Because/since
2. So that
3. So that
4. Because/since
5. Now that
6. Because since
Exercise 9
1. So that
2. Because
3. Even though
4. Since
5. As
6. Although
7. Even though
8. Whenever
25. Exercise 10 (p. 341-342)
2. Curitiba has a diverse population since immigrants from Europe and Japan have made it their
home. /Since immigrants form Europe and Japan have made it their home, Curitiba has a diverse
population.
3. As the population began to grow rapidly, Curitiba’s mayor tried to reduce crowding. / Curitiba’s
mayor tried to reduce overcrowding as the population began to grow rapidly.
4. Because there no cars on “The Street of Flowers”, it’s a nice place to walk and show. / “The
Street of Flowers” is a nice place to walk and shop because there are no cars on it.
5. Although many people own cars in Curitiba, two million people take public transportation every
day. /Two million people take public transportation everyday although many people own cars in
Curitiba.
6. Curitiba developed a good recycling program so that it could keep the city clean./So that it
could keep the city clean, Curitiba developed a good recycling program.
7. Whenever children bring cans and bottles to recycling centers, they receive small gifts./Children
receive small gifts whenever they bring cans and bottles to recycling centers.
8. Though not all of the city’s garbage is recycled in Curitiba, seventy percent of it is. /Seventy
percent of the city’s garbage in Curitiba is recycled though not all of it is.
26. Exercises 11A & B (pp. 342-343)
11A
1. Although/even though/ though
2. Because/since
3. So that
4. Although / even though/ though
5. Whenever
6. So that
7. Because/ since
8. Because/since
9. Whenever
11B
Answers vary.
27. NOTE!
u The words after, as, before, since, and until are also
commonly used as prepositions.
Example:
PREPOSITION:
(After lunch) we’ll finish building the rocket.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
After you wash the dishes, you can make the bed.
31. Reduced Adverb Clauses (p.
346
Exercise 2
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
Exercise 3 A
1. While finishing his coffee
2. After unlocking the bike
with smart card
3. Having had a long tradition
of cycling
4. Hoping to solve the
problem quickly
Exercise 3 B
1. 1,2
2. 3,4
3. While, after
4. no
32. Reduced Adverb Clauses of
time
1. I saw the accident while I was walking
down the street.
2. I saw the accident while walking down the
street.
33. Rules
1. Ad adverb clause of time can be shortened or reduced when the subject of the
adverb clause and the main clause are the same. To reduce an adverb clause of
time, omit the subject and use the –ing form of the verb.
u I always have coffee before I leave home .
u I always have coffee before leaving home.
u Lois has been very busy since she started college.
u Loist has been very busy since starting college.
2. When an adverb clause of time is in the progressive, omit the subject and be
and use the –ing form of the verb.
u I got tired while I was riding my bike.
u I got tired while riding my bike.
34. Rules cont.
3. Adverb clauses of time that begin with after, before, since,
and while can be reduced.
u After seeing me do the trick, Mike did it, too.
4. Be careful! It is not possible to reduce an adverb clause if the
subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause
are different.
u After the dog barked, I opened the door.
u After barking, I opened the door.
5. Remember: Use a comma when the reduced adverb clause
comes first in the sentence.
u Before leaving for work, I watered the plants.
35. Exercise 4 (p.347)
1. Since starting a bike-share program
2. After closing the downtown area to cars,
3. Before getting their driver’s licenses.
4. After getting a bike diploma,
5. While taking a road test,
6. Before exiting the car
7. While turning to open their doors,
8. After improving its road safety
36. Reduced Adverb Clauses of
Reason
u Because he felt tired, he went to bed
early.
u Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
37. Rules
1. In many cases an adverb clause of reason can be
reduced. Omit the subject and because or since.
Then change the verb to the –ing form. Put not
before the –ing form of the verb to make a
negative.
u Because she is an only child, she is often lonely.
u Being an only child, she is often lonely.
u Since I don’t know Chinese, I can’ understand him.
u Not knowing Chinese, I can’t understand him.
38. Rules cont.
2. To reduce an adverb clause of reason in the present perfect
or past perfect, change have or had to having.
u Since she has spent all her money, she needs more.
u Having spent all her money, she needs more.
3. Remember: In order to reduce an adverb clause, the subject
of the adverb clause and the main clause must be the same.
u Because Jake won the race, his sister was happy for him.
u Having won the race, his sister was happy for him.
39. Exercise 5 (pp. 348-349)
1. Having 316 miles of track
2. Running every two minutes during rush hour
3. Providing digital maps and schedules
4. Having heard complaints about high subway fares
5. Having heated seats
6. Having opened a lot of new stations
40. Practice (p. 349)
A
Statements that can be
reduced:
1
2
4
5
8
9
10
B
1. After arriving in London, Pam and Emily
took a bus to their hotel.
2. After having spent a year in Mexico, Matt
spoke Spanish fluently.
4. After seeing the pyramids outside Cairo, Ed
wanted to learn more about them.
5. Before moving to Istanbul, Jackie learned
some Turkish.
8. Being an art history major, Tanya really
enjoyed her trip to Florence.
9. After leaving Lisbon, Scott went to Madrid.
10. Having never been to Iceland, Anita was
excited to spend a day there on her way to
Moscow.
41. Practice 7 (p. 350)
1. Having driven everywhere for years, Ella wanted to move to a
more walkable neighborhood.
2. Before making a decision, Ella looked for a website about
walkability.
3. While doing some research online, Ella found a “walkability”
website.
4. After considering factors such as walking distance to stores and
public transportation, the website gives a walkability scores.
5. Having gotten bad walkability scores, some communities made
changes to improve their scores.
6. Having everything nearby, Ella’s family is happy in their new
home.
42. Video Conference Homework
Due: Week 8, Sunday, 11:59 pm.
1. This task gives you the opportunity to try out video conferencing in small groups. You are going to
work in small groups of 4 participants for this task. Each group has a group leader. To carry out this
task, it's best to use ZOOM platform. https://zoom.us/
2. You should discuss about the following:
I. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time
II. Reduced Adverb Clauses of Reason
III. Do exercises 4, 5, 6 7
3. Running your video conferencing session
Once in the video conferencing room, the group leader starts as moderator. Please record the
session, but do not start the recording until you are all in and organised ready to start your VC
session. Your VC session should be at least 30 minutes long.
4. Try out some of the following tools in your video conferencing platform (if they are available):
- screenshare a few PowerPoint slides
- draw on the whiteboard
- use screen sharing (Advanced)
5. After your video conferencing session
The leader or any member must post the video or link of the video on Blackboard Week 8 (Sunday,
11:59 p.m.).
1. The submission should have the screenshot of the answers to Exercises 4,5, 6, 7.
