Behaviorism is a learning perspective established in the early 20th century that focuses on observable behaviors and environmental factors rather than internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Tolman, and Skinner. Behaviorism explains learning through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innate response, and operant conditioning, where consequences influence whether a behavior is repeated. Observational learning also influences behavior as people imitate observed actions. Behaviorism was influential in education by emphasizing pre-planned learning and modifying behaviors but is limited by not accounting for internal thoughts and feelings.

1. Behaviorism
Instructor; Rustam

2. Schools and Perspectives in Psychology
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Gestaltism
• Associationism
• Psychoadynamic
• Biological Perspective
• Cognitive Perspective
• Existential Perspective
• Humanistic Perspective
• Cultural Perspective
• Islamic Perspective

3. Behaviourism
• Established in the early 20th century due to the
opposition of structuralism and functionalism
• Behavior is the way in which one acts or conducts
oneself, especially towards others.
• Behaviourism is a Learning based Perspective
• Suggests that observable behavior can be explained by
environmental factors rather than internal factors
• Watson, Hull, Tolman, Throndike, skinner and Ivan
Pavlov are famous Behaviourist

4. What is Learning
• Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge
due to experience. Behaviourism
• Learning is the process of acquiring new
understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills,
values, attitudes, and preferences.

5. Types of Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning

6. Classical Conditioning

7. Classical Conditioning
• Discovered by Pavlov Russian Biologist
• G.B Watson also worked on it
• Two stimulus Linked together to produce a
new learned response in a person or animal
• A biologically strong stimulus is paired with a
previously neutral stimulus

9. J.B Watson (1921-1935)
• John Broadus Watson was an American psychologist
• J.B Watson is the Founder of Behaviourism
• Watson took Pavlov's research a step further by
showing that emotional reactions could be
classically conditioned in people.
• He claimed that Idea of consciousness is absurd
• He tried to make psychology as an experimental
science
• He focused on overt and observable behavior

10. Watson Words
• "Give me a dozen of healthy infants well-
formed and my own specified world to bring
them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one
and random and train him to become any type
of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer,
artist, merchant chief and even beggar man
and thief regardless of his talents penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his
ancestors."

12. Watson Experiment Criticism
• Watson and Rayner did not develop an objective
means to evaluate Albert's reactions, instead of
relying on their own subjective interpretations.
• The experiment also raises many ethical
concerns.
• Little Albert was harmed during this
experiment—he left the experiment with a
previously nonexistent fear.
• By today's standards, the Little Albert experiment
would not be allowed.

13. Operant Conditioning

14. Operant Conditioning
• Discovered by B.F Skinner
• Operant conditioning, or instrumental
conditioning, is a method of learning that focuses
on rewards and punishments for behavior.
• Through operant conditioning, an association is
made between a behavior and a consequence
(whether negative or positive) for that behavior.
• Two experiments done by Skinner on Rat &
Pigeon in skinner box

16. Reinforcement
• Any event that strengthen
or increases the behavior
Punishment
• It is designed to weaken or
eliminate a response rather
than increase it.
• It is an aversive event that
decreases the behavior that
is follows.

17. Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
• Student get good position
you gift him a bike but he
didn’t maintain his position
finally you did Snatch his
bike temporarily.
Negative Reinforcement
• When student came back to
his good grading position
you did Return his bike
happily.

18. Punishment
Positive Punishment
• Give child some extra home
work which he didn’t want
to gain
Negative Punishment
• Snatching his mobile phone
permanently which he
didn’t want to give

19. Classical and Operant Conditioning

20. Observational Learning

21. Observational Learning
• Observational learning is the process of learning
by watching the behaviors of others.
• The targeted behavior is watched, memorized,
and then mimicked.
• Also known as shaping and modeling,
observational learning is most common in
children as they imitate behaviors of adults.
• In society children are surrounded by many
influential such as parents, TV, Friends, peer
group and teachers

22. Albert Bandura-Social Learning Theory
• Social learning theory, proposed by Albert
Bandura, emphasizes the importance of
observing, modelling, and imitating the
behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions
of others.
• Social learning theory considers how both
environmental and cognitive factors interact
to influence human learning and behavior.

24. Process of observational learning

25. Children learn from the authority figures
and peers in their lives

26. Contribution in Education
• Conducted experiments on animals
• They present rules and principals of learning
• Focused on the study of child Psychology
• Mostly focused on learning methods
• Pre-planned learning developed as a teaching
method

27. Strengths
• Focuses on observable and measurable behaviors
• Useful for modifying behaviors in the real world
• Useful application in Therapy, education, parenting
and child care
• Specially for Autism Clients
• Scientific and replicable

28. Criticism and Ethical Issues
• Forget Individual Differences
• Forget Genetic & Biological Structure
• Overemphasized Environmental Factors
• The experimental design and process were not
carefully constructed for animals and Human
• Forget mood, thoughts & feelings
• Didn’t Explain Unconscious ( Freud)
• Rigid & Limited School ( Roger)

29. Factors influence Learning
• Adjustment
• Motivation
• Attitudes
• Interests
• Observation
• Problem solving
• Nature of Stimuli
• Physical Health
• Mental Health
• Reinforcement
• Feedback
• Language
• Nature of Goal
• Punishment

30. Changes By Learning
Physical Changes
Neural Changes
Mental Changes
Psychological Changes

31. Thanks