2. SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. SHIVAJI RAVASAHEB SURYAVANSHI
M.Sc. (AGRONOMY),
RCSM COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, KOLHAPUR
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI.
Spray of Anti-transpirant
and their effects on crops
3. Anti-transpirants:
Antitranspirants are the materials/chemicals which applied
to the transpiring plant surfaces with aim to reducing water loss
from the plant.
Approximately 99% of the water taken up by plant roots is
transpired to the atmosphere through stomatal pores in the
leaves.
4.
5. Types of anti-transpirants:
1) Stomatal Closing :
e.g. PMA, Attrazine
2) Film forming :
e.g. Mobileaf, Hexadeconol, Silicones etc.
3) Reflectant:
e.g. Kaoline (5 % Spray)
4) Growth retardants:
e.g. Cycocel (CCC)
6. Effect of anti-transpirants:
In general field crops are highly dependent on current
photosynthesis for growth and yield.
Therefore, it is unlikely that currently available anti-
transpirant would increase yield of an annual crop unless
the crop suffers stressed from inadequate water and/or a
very high evaporative demand, particularly during a
moisture sensitive stage of development.
Fuahring (1973) sprayed stomata inhibiting or film
forming anti-transpirants on Sorghum under limited
irrigation conditions, he found that grain yield increased
5 to 17 %. The application of anti-transpirants just
before the boot stage was more effective than later
sprays.
7. Carbon dioxide is an effective anti-
transpirants.
A little rise in CO2 concentration from the
natural o.o3% to 0.05% induces partial
closure of stomata.
Its higher concentration cannot be used
which results in complete closure of stomata
affecting adversely the photosynthesis and
respiration.
10. Cropping system:
Cropping system may be defined as the order in which the
crops are cultivated on a piece of land over a fixed period.
In short it is pattern of crops for a given piece of land.
Cropping pattern :
The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and
fallow in an area.
11. 1. Monocropping –
Single crop is grown once in a year.
2. Intercropping –
Paired row, skip row, normal planting.
3. Ratoon cropping –
e.g. Hybrid sorghum, pigeon pea
4. Relay cropping –
Before harvest of previous crop when crop reaches
Physiological maturity crop is sown.
e.g. In Konkan, Chickpea or lentil is sown before harvest of paddy.
12. 1. Traditional cropping systems followed
by farmers
Arid region Semiarid region
Vertisols Entisols Alfisols
- Rajasthan, part
of Haryana
-Rainfall 300 to
400 mm
-Single crop
system
-Pearl millet /
moth bean /
Horse gram
Mainly Kharif
Cropping Cotton
or mixed with
sorghum &
pigeon pea
MP- Rainfed
Wheat No
Choice for Crop
selection
Solapur
- Rabi
cropping
-Sorghum /
gram/
safflower
(25 to 30 cm soil
depth)
Pearl millet ,
Groundnut ,
Horse gram,
Pigeon pea
Hyderabad /
Bangalore
-Kharif
cropping
- Finger millet
- Rice
- Double
cropping not
followed.
13. 2. Cropping systems followed in different
rainfall region
Rainfall (mm) Broad soil group Growing
season (weeks)
Cropping system
350-650 Alfisols + shallow
vertisols, Aridisols +
entisols
< 20 Single rainy crop
350-650 Deep aridisols &
inceptisols
20 Either rainy or post
rainy season crop
350-650 Deep verisols 20 Sole post rainy crop
rabi sorghum
650-800 Alfisols, vertisols,
inceptisols
20-30 Intercropping
800 & above Deep vertisols, deep
aridsols, entisols
>30 Double cropping
14. Cropping system suggested by research workers
Arid region Semiarid region
Vertisols (Black) Alfisols (Red)
i. Mono cropping
ii. Double cropping
iii. Intercropping –
Pearl Millet,
chickpea, castor,
Cluster bean
Kharif season
i. Double cropping
Maize – sorghum ( R )
Maize – Chickpea/safflower
Wetter vertisols (MP)
Rice – wheat
Green gram – sorghum
Intercropping (MP region)
Maize + pigeon pea, soybean+ pigeon pea
Dry Vertisols – Kharif
- Pearl millet + moth bean, marvel + moth
bean
- Sunflower + pigeon pea, Sunflower +
groundnut
- Rabi – safflower + chick pea, soybean +
linseed
AP – Sorghum + pigeon pea, groundnut +
pigeon pea
Kharif predominant cereal +
Pulses, maize + groundnut
Pigeon pea + castor
Sorghum + pigeon pea
Pigeon pea + groundnut
15. Indices for cropping system
1. Land equivalent ratio :
It is generally used to identify best intercropping system.
Yab Yab
LER = -------- + ------------
Yaa Ybb
Where,
Yab =Yield of ‘a’ crop in association with ‘b’ crop
Yba =Yield of ‘b’ crop in association with ‘a’ crop
Yaa =Yield of main crop‘a’
Ybb =Yield of main crop ‘b’
16. Sustainable yield index (SYI) :
It is defined as the practice which gives maximum yield.
At least 5-6 years data must be available for calculating SYI.
¯Y - δ
SYI = ----------------
Y maximum
Where,
δ = Estimated standard deviation
¯Y = Estimated average yield of a practice over the years
Y= maximum=Maximum observed yield in the experiment
17. Mixed cropping:
Growing of two or more crops simultaneously
on the same piece of land without any row
pattern.
Sequence cropping (crop rotation) :
It can be a defined as growing of two or more
crops in a sequence on the same piece of land in a
farming year.
Relay cropping:
It refers to sowing of the succeeding crop
before harvesting of preceding crop.
Ratoon cropping :
It refers to raising a crop with re-growth
coming out of roots or stalks harvest of the crop.
18. Crop planning as per the soil depth
S.N. Soil type Depth (cm) Suggested cropping
1 Very
shallow
soils
7.5 a) Fruit crops – Ber , Aonla, Pomegranate, Tamarind
b) Improved grasses–Madras anjan, Marvel–8, stylo
2 Shallow soil 7.5 to 22.5 Field crops – horse gram, moth bean, castor
Pearl millet + pigeon pea intercropping
3. Medium
deep soil
a) 22.5 to 45
b) 45 to 60
c) 60 to 90
Sunflower + pigeon pea intercropping
Pearl millet+ pigeon pea intercropping
Sunflower, groundnut, castor, setaria – kharif Pearl
millet + pigeon pea intercropping, sole cropping of
pearl millet, sunflower, green gram, groundnut in
kharif
Sole crop of sorghum, safflower, chickpea
Double cropping green gram – sorghum
Double cropping pearl millet – chickpea
sole crop of sorghum, safflower, chickpea and
sunflower
4 Deep soil More than
90
Green gram – sorghum, sunflower – chickpea sole
crop of sorghum, safflower, chickpea and sunflower
