The document defines and discusses various types of nutrients including their functions, sources, and importance. It covers water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and energy. Key points include water being the most important nutrient, carbohydrates providing energy, protein building tissues, and fat storing energy and absorbing vitamins. The different types and roles of essential nutrients are examined in detail.

3. “ a raw or processed agricultural commodity or other nutrient source” - SACN, 5 th Ed.

8. * Loss of 15% results in death How Water Gets Into an Animal Metabolizable Ingested Breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, fat as used for energy Free Water Routes of Water Loss Urine, Feces, Respiration, Perspiration, Milk,

9. Water Content Varies by Nutrient Carbohydrates 0.6 grams of water per gram of carbohydrate Protein 0.4 grams of water per gram of protein Fat 0.2 grams of water per gram of fat

15. GROSS ENERGY (GE) DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE) METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME)

18. Digestible Energy DIGESTIBLE ENERGY = Gross Energy – Fecal energy losses Image source: Dr. Geneva Acor, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.

20. Metabolizable Energy METABOLIZABLE ENERGY = Gross Energy – Fecal, Urine, Gas losses Digestible Energy Image source: Dr. Geneva Acor, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. Gross Energy

28. Classified according to molecule size Type of CHO Example CH 2 O Monosaccharides (one molecule) Glucose, dextrose, fructose (CH 2 O) 2 Disaccharides (two molecules) Sucrose, Lactose (CH 2 O) 3 Polysaccharides (three or more molecules) Cellulose, Glycogen, Pectin

38. Essential Amino Acids Phenylalanine Histidine Valine Arginine Tryptophan Lysine Threonine Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Taurine* Cats only

65. Water Soluble Thiamin (B 1 ) Pyroxidine (B 6 ) Riboflavin (B 2 ) Biotin (B 7 ) Niacin (B 3 ) Folic Acid (B 9 ) Pantothenic acid (B 5 ) Cobalamin (B 12 )

70. Macro Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Magnesium Potassium Chloride Sulfur Micro Minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iron Iodine Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Silicon Zinc

78. Mitochondria “ Powerhouse of the Cell” Damaged Mitochondria Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses Body’s Defenses X X X X