2. Feedstuffs
Feedstuffs- any component of a diet (
ration) that serves some useful
function
Functions:
1. Provide source of nutrients and
energy
2. Combined to produce rations
3. Modify characteristics of diet
3. International
Feed ID System
System for classifying feedstuffs
based on descriptive characteristics
Based on the primary nutrient
provided by the feedstuff
Each feedstuff is assigned an
International Feed Number ( IFN)
4. There are 8 international
Feedstuff classes
1. Dry Roughages
2. Pasture Range and Grasses
3. Ensiled Roughages
4. High Energy Concentrates
5. Protein Sources
6. Minerals
7. Vitamins
8. Additives
5. 1. Dry Roughages
Characteristics:
1. Bulky feed that has low weight per
unit of volume
2. High crude fiber content, low protein
and fat digestibility
3. Contains greater than 18% crude
fiber and less than 70% total
digestible nutrients
6. Dry Roughagae Examples
Hay- legume ( alfalfa), grass
legume, non legume
Straw and chaff
Corn cobs
Cottonseed hulls
Shells and hulls
Sugarcane byproducts
Paper and wood byproducts
7. 2. Pasture and Range
grasses
1. Grazed plants
2. Soilage or greenchop
3. Cannery and food crop residues
8. 3. Silages and Haylages
- fermented, high moisture feed made
from the entire plant. Stored in silos
Examples:
1. corn, sorghum
2. Grass, grass-legume, legume
9. 4. High Energy Concentrate
Cereal grains
Beet and citrus pulp
Molasses
Animal, marine and vegetable fats
Roots and tuber
10. 5. Protein Supplements
Contains greater than 20% crude
protein
1. animal, avian, marine sources
2. Milk and by-products
3. Legume seeds
4. Brewery and distillery by-products
5. Urea, ammonia
11. 6. Mineral supplements and 7.
Vitamin supplements
Must be added by sources that animal
is able to absorb
Vitamin concentration in plants and
animal tissues varies greatly
Plants: vitamin concentration affected
by harvesting, processing and storing
Animals: liver and kidney are good
sources of most vitamins
12. 8. Additives
Non- nutritive ingredients added to
stimulate growth or performance or
improve the efficiency of feed
1. Added in very small quantities
2. Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials
3. Buffers, colors, flavors
4. Probiotics
5. Hormones, enzymes
13. Estimating Nutritional Value of a
Feed
Goal: estimate how well nutrients in
feedstuffs matches the animal’s needs
Three methods for Estimating
1. Chemical Analysis
2. Digestion and Balance Trials
3. Feeding Trials
14. Chemical Analysis
Subdivides the components of the
feedstuff into general groups (
protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, m
inerals, vitamins) to estimate the
relative amount present
Problem: Doesn’t estimate how well
the animal utilizes the feed
15. Digestion and Balance Trials
Measures the digestibility of a feed
Feed consumption and fecal excretion
are measured over period of time
Problem: Not a true measure because
feces contain sloughed cells and
tissue
16. Feeding Trials
Used extensively
Usually done before chemical analysis
or digestion and balance trials
Can evaluate growth, egg
production, wool production
17. Swine Nutrition
Porcine
Monogastric ominivore
Terms
1. Sow – adult female
2. Boar- adult male
3. Piglet- young pig
4. Gilt- sexually mature female, no litter
yet
5. Barrow- castrated male
18. Swine Nutrition- Water
Neonates 80% water, finishing pigs 55%
water
Requirement is influenced by many
factors ( environment, moisture content
of feed, urine output, etc.)
General guidelines 1-11/2 quarts of water
per 1 lb of feed consumed
Lactating sows require more for milk
production
Water quality affects consumption, high
total dissolved solids can cause
diarrhea, high levels of sulfates should
be avoided
19. Swine Nutrition- Energy
Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue
Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar
in milk
Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains
Sows and finishing pigs- some energy is
gained from volatile fatty acids from
fermentation in large intestine
Dietary need is directly related to body weight
Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is
controlled by energy content of diet
20. Energy source feedstuffs for
Swine
Cereal grains ( especially swine)
Damaged grains
Grain by- products
Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for
piglets)
Fat ( tallows, animal and vegetable
fats)
Processed food waste
21. Swine Nutrition – Protein and
Amino acids
Pig carcasses contain 50% muscle.
About 8% of the whole body is edible
protein
Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to
maintain tissues
Amino acids required are
arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, met
hionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonin
e, tryptophan, valine
Lysine is the first limiting amino
acid, high requirements, low content in
feedstuffes ex. Corn
Most diets are based on soybean meal
due to its higher lysine content
22. Protein Source Feedstuffs in
Swine
Plant proteins: soybeans
Animal proteins: by-products of meat
packing industry, fish meal, dried milk
products
Bacteria
Synthetic amino acids
23. Swine Nutrition- Minerals
Highest Mineral Needs
Ca and P- usually fed as limestone and oyster
shells
NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed
intake
I- soybean and grain diets
deficient, supplement required
Fe- injected in piglets to prevent anemia- lasts
3 weeks, milk is iron deficient
Mg- required in growing pigs, present in
feedstuffs
Z- supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
24. Swine Nutrition- Vitamins
Vitamin A- supplement 2-3 times need
because corn has low Vit A and it breaks
down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a
good source
Vitamin D- absent in most feedstuffs, expose
pigs to sunlight or add sun cured hays or fish
oils to diet
Vitamin E – required in all life stages, legume
hay, green forage and cereal grains are good
sources
Vitamin K- present in feeds, synthesized by
hind gut fermentation but pig must have
access to feces. Supplement added to
prevent hemorrhaging in newborns
25. Vitamin, Mineral and Additive
Source Feedstuffs in Swine
Mineral- trace mineral salt
Vitamin- alfalfa meal, fermentation by
products, animal protein
Additives: antibiotics, anthelmintics etc
26. Nutritional Diseases in Swine
Amino Acid Deficiency:
anemia, edema, immunocompromise,
impaired growth
Parakeratosis: Occurs between the 6-
16th week of life. From low zinc, high
calcium diet; bilateral abnormal
keratinization of the skin, forming
horny scales; starts as brown spots on
underside
27. Swine Feeding Management
Pre-breeding: gilt is bred at 7-8 mos. Flushing 1-2
weeks prior to breeding increases ovulation and litter
size, high antibiotics added to diet
Gestation: normal nutritional needs for first two
trimesters. Majority of growth is in last month.
Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets
Farrowing: include laxatives to prevent constipation
when in farrowing crate; wheat bran or dried beet pulp
10-15% of diet; high antibiotics
Lactation: nutrient requirements 3-4 times higher than
during gestation, produce 2.5 lbs milk per piglet; if feed
restricted can suffer bone fractures and paralysis
Nursing pigs: all nutrients from sow’s milk for first 2
weeks. Must supply iron( injectable) Begin eating dry
food at 2 weeks
28. Sheep Nutrition
Ovine
Ruminant Herbivores
Terms:
Ewe- female of reproductive age
Ram- intact male of reproductive age
Lamb- young sheep of either sex
Wether- neutered adult male
Mutton- meat derived from adult sheep
29. Sheep Nutrition- Water
Water is limiting nutrient in many
areas
Water quality is more important to
sheep than any other livestock
species ( stagnant, odor, high bacterial
or mineral content)
Water intake is influenced by
feed, vegetation, protein
intake, environmental
temperature, amount of rain, dew, or
30. Water Requirements for
Sheep
1 gallon of water per 4 lbs of dry feed
consumed
More water when air temp is above
70F
Less intake if water temp is <40 or >
50F
Lower requirement where there is
daily rain, heavy dew or soft, wet snow
Lower requirement for those eating
silage, succulent or range forage
31. Sheep Nutrition- Energy
Insufficient energy from low intake or
poor quality feed
Energy deficiency reduces
growth, fertility, wool quality, death
High energy needs:
- Immediately before and after lambing
- Flushing ewes and rams for breeding
- Finishing lambs
32. Energy Source Feedstuffs for
Sheep
Good quality pasture, hay, silage
Grains: barley, corn, wheat, oats and
milo
Precautions: when feeding wheat
grain- lambs susceptible to acute
indigestion
33. Sheep Nutrition- Protein
Usually quantity is more important
than quality due to bacterial
conversion in rumen
Microbial protein synthesis supplies
protein needs except when lactating or
very young lambs
Add extra protein feeds when pastures
are mature or when feeding creep
rations
34. Protein source feedstuffs for
sheep
Green pastures, soybean
meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa
hay, urea ( sometimes0
Urea levels: < 1% of total ration
No urea in young lambs, creep
rations, straw, poor quality hay or
lambs on limited feed
35. Sheep Nutriton- Minerals
Highest Mineral Needs
NaCl- usually provided ½-1/3 lb per ewe
per month
Ca, P – highest need during
lactation, provide leafy legumes for
Ca, grains for P
I- usually provided in salt
Co- more in legumes than grasses
Se- small difference between deficiency
and lethal toxicity, muscular dystrophy
Zinc- high needs for normal testicular
development
36. Sheep Nutrition- Vitamins
Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months
Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside
may show problems
Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E
deficiency
Vit K- synthesized by rumen
Vit C- synthesized by tissues
37. Vitamin and Mineral Feedstuffs
in Sheep
Vitamins- green feeds, germs of
seeds, sun-cured hays
Minerals- leafy legumes, grains, trace
mineral and salt mix
38. Sheep Nutritional Diseases
Enterotoxemia type D- intestinal toxins
present in blood; caused by stress and
sudden diet changes; vaccinate lambs
prior to weaning
Urinary calculi- common in rams and
wethers in drylot; results from Ca/P
ration imbalance and decreased water
intake
39. Sheep Feed Management
Pre-breeding: ewe is flushed for 4-6
weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and
continuing for 2-3 weeks after bred;
flushed on either high quality pastures
or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day;
treat for internal parasites and trim
hooves
Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens
in the last 6 weeks of gestation
40. continued
Late pregnancy feed requirement
-50% more feed if single lamb
-75% more feed if twin lamb
-Add grain to high roughage diet, more energy
Lactation- maximum milk production 2-3 weeks
post parturition; feed three times her
maintenance requirements; must have
increase protein intake to make milk
Nursing lambs- born with non functioning
rumen; colostrum is a must within first 12-18
hours. If no ewe colostrum, can use fresh
cow colostrum. Creep feeding used for early
weaning and getting lambs to market
41. Goat Nutrition
Caprine
Ruminant Herbivore
Terms
Doe- female
Buck- intact male
Kid- baby goat, either sex
Wether- castrated male
- Inquisitive feeding behavior
- Raised for meat, milk, fiber and hides
42. Goat Feeding Behavior
Confinement feeding: will pick through offered
feed and eat what they want
This results in 2 important effects:
1. Composition of consumed diet differs from
formulated diet
2. Goats will eat more if they have more to
select, so offer less feed to force them to
choose more of the diet
Range feeding: active forager, browses all plant
types including
trees, shrubs, grasses, creating a browse
line. Will sometimes defoliate one type of
plant; goats grazing hilly terrain have higher
energy requirements than those on level
terrain
43. Goat Nutrition- Water
Requirements
- Intake is related to feed intake and
feed intake correlates to productivity
- Free access to good quality water
- More sensitive to water quality, won’t
touch fecal/urine contaminated water
- Lactation increases needs
44. Goat Nutrition- Energy
Wide variances among
breed, productivity, production and
size
Mostly from carbohydrates and low
levels of fat, high fat inhibits rumen
fermentation
Excess fat is stored in the body
around internal organs
Consume more dry matter then other
livestock species
45. Energy Source- Feedstuffs for
Goats
Forages: alfalfa hay, bermuda grass
hay
grains: corn, sorghum, oats
molasses
46. Goat Nutrition- Protein
Most expensive component of diet
Needed to support rumen
fermentation and supply amino acids
Unlike fat, excess is not stored
Vary with developmental stage
Protein source feedstuffs for goats
- Soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed
meal and sunflower meal
47. Goat Nutrition- Mineral
Ca and P are two major minerals-
needed for bone development and
milk production
Mobilize bone stores for high needs
Phosphorus need is met due to goats
high selectivity in diet
Only salt should be provided free
choice
Lush pasture is deficient in
magnesium
48. Goat Nutrion- Vitamins
Only Vit A is likely to be deficient
Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry
cold weather
Occurs in range fed goats when
vegetation contains little or no green
plant material
49. Goat Nutritional Diseases
Enterotoxemia type D- can occur after
high intake of immature succulent
forage. Toxin is produced by
Clostridium perfringens type D
Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca
and P rations are unbalanced