2. “a substance that must be consumed as part of
the diet to provide a source of energy, material
for growth, or substances to regulate growth or
energy production.”
- Bantam Medical Dictionary
3. “a raw or processed agricultural
commodity or other nutrient source”
- SACN, 5- SACN, 5thth
Ed.Ed.
4. Essential “Non-dispensable”
Body cannot produce
Non-Essential “Dispensable”
The body can produce
Conditionally Essential
Required during certain physiologic or
pathologic conditions
5. Supply energy
Cofactors in metabolic chemical reactions
Transport substances throughout body
Regulate body temperature
Impact food palatability
Form structural components of the body
7. Most important nutrient
Body composition ~ 70% of fat-free body weight
Functions:
Solvent
Transports materials
Chemical reactant (hydrolysis)
Supports blood volume and pressure
Regulates body temperature
Provides shape to body
8. How Water Gets Into an AnimalHow Water Gets Into an Animal
MetabolizableMetabolizable IngestedIngested
Breakdown ofBreakdown of
carbohydrates, protein, fatcarbohydrates, protein, fat
as used for energyas used for energy
Free WaterFree Water
Routes of Water LossRoutes of Water Loss
Urine, Feces, Respiration, Perspiration, Milk,Urine, Feces, Respiration, Perspiration, Milk,
* Loss of 15% results in death
9. Water Content Varies by NutrientWater Content Varies by Nutrient
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
0.6 grams of water per gram of0.6 grams of water per gram of
carbohydratecarbohydrate
ProteinProtein
0.4 grams of water per gram of0.4 grams of water per gram of
proteinprotein
FatFat 0.2 grams of water per gram of fat0.2 grams of water per gram of fat
10. What types of things
influence the amount of
water an animal needs?
11. Species
Environment (climate, air movement, etc.)
Food type and source
Diet composition (high protein, fiber,
mineral salts)
Life stage and lifestyle
Water quality
12. Total Dissolved Solids
- Index for measuring water quality
- More dissolved solids, decreased water quality
- 6 most common minerals present in water are
chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfates and
bicarbonate
- Other factors: pesticides, pathogens, bacteria, algae,
protozoa
- < 2,500 mg/L dissolved solids desired
13. Energy: “the ability to do work” -SACN, p.26
Calorie: amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1°C.
Kilocalorie = 1000 calories
14. All living cells require energy
After water, energy is most critical requirement
in nutrition
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat provide energy from
the diet
Not all of consumed energy is used
16. Gross Energy (GE)
Total amount of heat
produced when feed is
burnt completely
GE determines total
energy content of a feed,
but doesn’t equal
amount of energy
available to the
animal
GROSS
ENERGY
(GE)
17. Digestible Energy (DE)
the energy remaining after
the energy lost in feces is
subtracted from the gross
energy
Measure of the energy
absorbed from the feed
after consumption
Not a true measure, some
energy is from tissue
sloughing from the GI tract
DIGESTIBLE
ENERGY
(DE)
19. Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Energy available to the
animal after energy from
feces, urine, and gases has
been subtracted from the
gross energy
More accurate than DE for
estimating amount of energy
available to animal
Expensive: feeding trials
METABOLIZABLE
ENERGY
(ME)
20. Metabolizable Energy
METABOLIZABLE ENERGYMETABOLIZABLE ENERGY = Gross Energy – Fecal, Urine, Gas= Gross Energy – Fecal, Urine, Gas
losseslosses
Gross
Energy
Digestible Energy
Image source: Dr. Geneva Acor, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.
21. Most accurately predicts amount of energy available
to the animal
Has been determined on a few feedstuffs
Used widely in formulating diets for ruminant species
22. Method for estimating energy content in a feed
Food is fed and all dietary components are measured
Amount of dietary components in feces is measured
23. Digestible crude protein
+ digestible crude fiber
+ digestible nitrogen free extract ( starches and sugars)
+ 2.25 X Digestible ether extract ( fat)
TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS
25. Maturity of plant material- as plants mature, an
undigestible material called lignin increases in plant
cell walls
26. Energy producing nutrient
Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O) – CH2O
Includes sugars, glycogen, starch
and cellulose
Mainly in plants
(~75% of solid plant material)
Cell layer is cellulose;
Starch is the energy source
27. Monosaccharides CH2O GLUCOSE
Glucose & fructose most common
Glucose is immediate source of energy for cellular
reactions i.e. tissue repair, muscle contractions, nerve
transmissions
Body continually supplies glucose to blood from
stored compounds in liver (glycogen)
Extremely
Important
28. Disaccharides (CH2O)2
Short chain of 2 CHO molecules
Lactose (milk sugar); Sucrose (table sugar)
Plants convert their stores of carbohydrates to sucrose
for easy transport through the plant
Proteins often have attached disaccharides
30. Starches- from plants, broken down into glucose
subunits
Glycogen- storage form of glucose in animal cells,
stored in liver and muscle, broken down to release
glucose
Cellulose- comprises majority of plant cell wall,
insoluble, digested by bacteria in the herbivore
digestive tract
31. Energy producing nutrient
Found in highest concentration of any nutrient except
water in all living organisms
Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and
nitrogen (N)
(and sometimes sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P)
34. Made up of amino acid (AA) sub-units
Definition:
Small organic compound that consists of an
amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl
group (COOH) on other plus a special group
that defines the individual amino acid
AA are linked together by peptide bonds
2 linked bonds = dipeptide
3+ linked bonds = polypeptide
35. Synthesized by plants, rumen microorganisms
Non-herbivores get AA in diet
Absorbed in the anterior small intestine
Most protein in plants and animals composed of
only 20 amino acids
10 Essential Amino Acids (11 for cats)
37. Requirement for monogastric and avian species is for
amino acids
High needs for:
young, rapidly growing
gestating and lactating animals
surgery or trauma
certain pathologic conditions
38. Protein Deficiency
Poor growth rate in young; weight loss in adults
Excess shedding
High neonate mortality; reduced egg production,
infertility
Causes of Protein DeficiencyCauses of Protein Deficiency
Inadequate food intakeInadequate food intake
Poor quality proteinPoor quality protein
Maldigestion or malabsorptionMaldigestion or malabsorption
Protein losing enteropathy, NephropathyProtein losing enteropathy, Nephropathy
Common in catteries and kennelsCommon in catteries and kennels
39. Uncommon due to cost of feed
Used for energy or stored as fat
Chronic excess stresses kidneys
Excretion of urea increases nitrogenous wastes that
build up in bloodstream
When urea or other non-protein sources are fed to
ruminants, toxicity and death occur if diet has
insufficient carbohydrates
43. Accounts for most of body’s stored energy
“Fat reserves”
Fat provides twice as much energy as CHO and
protein
Source of essential fatty acids
Hydrophilic, absorbs water and takes up more space
in the body
44. Definition:
A chemical unit that occurs naturally, either singly or
combined, and consists of strongly linked carbon and
hydrogen atoms in a chain-like structure
Important for lipid-protein structure of cell membrane
Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid are essential for
mammalian species. (Both are Omega 6 fatty acids)
Arachadonic acid is required in cats
45. Important to brain development
Iam’s - “How to Grow Smart Puppies”™
Beneficial in inflammatory conditions
Common sources found in feeds:
Flaxseed, linseed, menhaden fish, animal fat,
evening primrose oil, black currant oil
46. Signs of EFA Deficiency
Signs of deficiency: scaly skin, necrosis of tail, reduced
reproduction, edema, hemorrhaging,
poor feathering in chickens
- Seen in pigs, chickens, calves, dogs, mice and guinea
pigs
- Rare in ruminants, despite a fat-free diet, because the
microbes produce adequate amounts of EFA
48. Most abundant fat in living things
Includes saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated-have no shared carbon bonds
Unsaturated- one shared bond between carbons
Polyunsaturated-two or more shared bonds between
carbons
49. Form cell membranes- one hydrophilic end and one
hydrophobic end
Fatty acid portion ( tail) is hydrophobic and not water
soluble
50. Lipids that have no fatty acids
Occur in cell membranes
Include sex hormone ( estrogen, testosterone)
Cholesterol, bile salts and sterols, ( biologically
important)
1. cholesterol- most common sterol in animal cell tissues
2. Bile salts- role in fat digestion in small intestine
51. Red and yellow pigment cells of all plants
Classified as lipids because of insolubility in water and
oily consistency
Vitamin A comes from splitting pigment
52. Long chain fatty acids tightly packed
Firm consistency: repel water
Help form the cuticle on plants and leaves
Keeps feathers of water fowl clean and dry
53. Monogastrics
1. Primary site is small intestine
2. Bile and pancreatic lipase
3. If large amount of fat is mobilized for energy, ketones
form and excessive amounts are dumped into urine,
milk and lungs
Ruminants- microbes convert unsaturated fats to
saturated fats
54. Small, organic compounds required by body for
normal function
Cofactors in ezymatic reactions
Classified as fat solublefat soluble or water solublewater soluble
- Absorbed through variety of ways
Important in milk – especially colostrumcolostrum
55. Different for each vitamin
Vision
Blood clotting factors
Immune defense
Epithelial tissue
Bone mineralization and resorption
Neural transmission
56. Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Potassium
Zinc
Vitamin E
Iron
Magnesium
Calcium
Vitamin K
Selenium
Vegetable Oil
Tuna, red meat
Citrus, green peppers
Carrots, pumpkin
Beef, Brazil nuts
Sardines, milk
Yogurt, lentils
Soybeans
Nuts, bananas
Cauliflower, broccoli
57. Vitamins A, D, E, K
Higher potential for toxicity than water soluble
vitamins
Require fat and bile salts to be absorbed
58. Important part of visual proteins
Key for epithelial tissues
(skin, lining of body cavities)
Beneficial to immune system
Signs of deficiency:
poor coat, retarded growth, anorexia
Signs of toxicity:
anorexia, “Cervical spondylosis” in cats
59. Calcium/Phosphorus balance
Key in bone resorption and mineralization
Absorbed as ergosterol, converted to
calciferol (D2) in skin
Kidneys convert D2 to different
compound used for calcium absorption
Signs of deficiency: Rickets, posterior paralysis
Signs of excess: anorexia, kidney stone, FORLs
60. Antioxidant “Tocopherol”
Alpha tocopherol: active in body
Mixed tocopherol: active in food
Protects cell membranes
Signs of deficiency: sterility in males,
steatitis in cats, immunodeficiency
Signs of toxicity: Increased clotting time
61. Vital to blood clotting proteins
Synthesized by microbes in ruminant gut
Deficiency is rare in all species
except poultry
Signs of deficiency:
increased clotting time, hemorrhaging
Sign of excess: minimally toxic
64. Functions varied among forms of Vitamin B
No single food source has enough vitamin B
- must be gained from multiple sources
Riboflavin deficiency is rare
Niacin deficiency results in pellagra with
dermatitis; dementia
66. Natural component of animal cells
Most carnitine (~98%) in body lives in skeletal and
cardiac muscle
Helps transport fatty acids into cells
Helps build lean tissue
67. In nutrition, mineral means all inorganic
elements in a food
Major portion of body fluids (electrolytes)
Important in enzymatic reactions
“Ash”
69. Largest amounts found in skeletal system
Provide structural rigidity
Some functions:
Iron is essential part of hemoglobin
Iodine is component of thyroid hormone
Sodium is key to body’s pH level
Of total minerals in animal’s body…
Ca = 46% and P = 29%
70. Absorbed from the GI tract
Fat sometimes chelates certain minerals,
thereby reducing their availability to animal
Young are more efficient than old at absorbing
minerals
Requirements vary by species
71. Definition:
“an especially reactive atom or group of atoms that has
one or more unpaired electrons;
produced in the body by natural biological processes
or introduced from an outside source (as tobacco
smoke, toxins, or pollutants) and that can damage
cells, proteins, and DNA by altering their chemical
structure.”
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary
72. Free Radicals
DNA
Mitochondria
Attack cell membranes,Attack cell membranes,
DNA & MitochondriaDNA & Mitochondria
mutations in DNAmutations in DNA
changes fluidity ofchanges fluidity of
cell membranecell membrane
CauseCause oxidative stressoxidative stress
in the bodyin the body
74. Creates DNA damage
Damage accumulates over course of animal’s life
Injures cells
Responsible for lots of chronic illnesses
Cancer, Kidney disease, Cardiovascular disease, Cognitive
Dysfunction Syndrome, etc
77. Metabolism of the body produces the most consistent
source of free radicals
Metabolism generates free radicals inside our body.
With every breath we take, 2% of unburned oxygen
would be generated as free radicals.
Stress and poor diets, including some preservatives
increase the formation of free radicals in our bodies
79. Definition:
“a substance that inhibits oxidation or reactions
promoted by … free radicals”
-Merriam-Webster Dictionary
80. Inactivate free radicals
Improve cellular efficiency
Work best in conjunction with other antioxidants
(help to regenerate each other)
Some are active in food; some are active in the body
81. Fights oxidation in the food
Carotenoids & Flavonoids (from Vitamin A)
Mixed Tocopherols (form of Vitamin E)
Vitamin C
Ethoxyquin
Commonly marketedCommonly marketed
in dog and cat foodin dog and cat food
82. Fight oxidation in the animal’s cells
Alpha tocopherols (form of Vitamin E)
Ascorbic Acid
Selenium
Lipoic Acid
Beta Carotene
Carotenoids
Flavanoids
“Cowboy”
