3. 3
NAGARA STYLE
• Style of temple architecture that became popular in
northern India.
• It is common in this style to build an entire temple on a
stone platform with steps leading up to it.
• The Nagara style has its origin in the structural temples
of the Gupta period(fifth century A.D onwards)
• Used stone such as Chlorite, sandstone and white
marble.
• Usually built on upraised platforms.
5. Garbhagriha:
• It literally means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave like sanctum.
• The Garbhagriha is made to house the main icon (main deity) which is
itself the focus of much ritual attention.
Mandapa:
• It is the entrance to the temple.
• It may be a portico or colonnaded (series of columns placed at regular
intervals) hall that incorporate space for a large number of worshippers.
Shikhara or Vimana:
• They are mountain like spire of a free standing temple.
• Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South
Indian temples.
• Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like
structure.
5
NAGARA STYLE:Features
6. 6
NAGARA STYLE:Features
Amalaka:
• It is a stone(horizontal fluted) disc like structure at the top of the temple
(usually seen in North Indian temple).
Kalasha:
• On the top of Amalak, specrical shape was placed.(usually seen in North
Indian temple)
Antarala (vestibule):
• Antarala is a transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s
main hall (mandapa).
Jagati:
• It is a raised platform for sitting and praying and is common in North
Indian temples.
Vahana:
• It is the mount or vehicle of the temple’s main deity along with a
standard pillar or Dhvaj which is placed axially before the sanctum.
7. There are of three types Shikharas :
1.Rekha Prasad / Latina
• It is the simple and most common type of shikhara.
• Square at the base and the walls curve inward to a point on
the top.
• The top is called ‘latina’ or the rekha-Prasad type of Shikhara
• Latina types are mainly used for housing the garbhagriha
7
NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara
8. 2.Phamsana
• They tend to have broader base and shorter in height than latina
buildings.
• Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point
over the center of building.
• They slope upwards on a straight incline.
• Phamsana roofs do not curve inwards.
• In many North Indian temples Phamsana was used for mandapa .
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NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara
9. 3.Valabhi
• Rectangular building with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.
• The edge of the vaulted chamber is round, like the bamboo or
wooden wagons that would have been drawn by bullocks in
ancient times.
• The form of this temple is influenced by ancient building forms
that were already in existence.
• They are usually known as wagon vaulted buildings
9
NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara
10. Three sub schools developed under Nagara style:
1.Odisha School:Features
• The deul(rekhadeuls), corresponding to the southern vimana, is
the cubical inner apartment which enshrines the image, and is
surmounted by a tower.
• In front of this is the antarala or porch called the jaganmohan
which is usually square-shaped and has a pyramidal roof.
• In some cases one or two more mandapas found, such as the
natmandir and the bhogmandir, can be found in front of the
jaganmohan
• Exterior walls are lavishly decorated through intricate cravings but
interior walls are plain
• No use of pillars- Instead of pillars, iron gridders were used, to
support roof.
10
NAGARA STYLE:School
11. • Shikhara is called Deul and is almost vertical till the top when it
suddenly curves sharply inwards
• Examples: The Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar (11th century),
the Jagannath Temple at Puri (12th century) and the great Sun
Temple at Konark (13th century) 11
NAGARA STYLE : School
12. 2.Khujuraho/Chandel school
• Khajuraho’s temples are known for their extensive erotic(drew inspiration
from Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra.) sculptures
• Patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand (10th and 11th century).
12
NAGARA STYLE : School
13. Features:
• The temples had three chambers – garbhagriha,
mandapa and ardha -mandapa. Some temples had a vestibular
entrance to the garbhagriha known as antarala.
• In these temples, both the interior and exterior walls were
lavishly decorated with carvings.
• The temples were made of sandstone.
• The temples were generally north or east facing.
• The temples were built on relatively high platform.
• Panchayatan style of temple making was followed. Even the
subsidiary shrines had rekja-prasad shikharas. This created an
impression of a mountain range.
Example: Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Lakshman temple at
Khajuraho, etc.
13
NAGARA STYLE : School
14. 3.Solanki school
In the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, this
school developed under the patronage of the Solanki rulers.
14
NAGARA STYLE : School
15. Solanki school:Features :
• The garbhagriha is connected with the mandapa both internally as well
as externally.
• The porticos have decorative arched gateways known as torans.
• A unique feature of this school is the presence of step-tank, known as
surya-kund in the proximity of the temple.
• The steps of the tank are full of small temples. There are wooden
carvings present in these temples.
• The Solankis used a variety of material to make temples including
sandstone, black basal and soft-marble.
• Most of the temples are east-facing and designed such that every year,
during the equinoxes, the sun-rays fall directly into the central shrine.
Example: The temple at Sunak (10th century), Sun temple at Modhera (11th
century), the Vemala Temple at Mount Abu (11th century) and the
Somnath Temple at Kathiawar (12th century)
15
NAGARA STYLE : School
17. • Developed in South, during the Chola Empire, between
9th–12th Century AD
• The majority of the existing buildings are located in the
Southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Kerala, and Karnataka
• Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed
within a compound wall.
• There is only one Vimana in the Dravidian architecture on
top of the main temple. The subsidiary shrines do not
have vimanas, unlike in Nagara architecture.
17
DRAVIDIAN STYLE
20. • The front wall had a high entrance gateway known as
the gopuram.
• Vimana: were multiple storeys built above the garbhagriha
(chief diety’s room). Number of storeys varied from 5-7.
• The crowning element is shaped in the form of an octagon and
is known as shikhara( It is similar to the kalash of the Nagara
temple, but not spherical).
• Mandapa: a pillared hall with elaborately carved pillars and a
flat roof was placed before the diety’s room. It acted as an
audience hall which featured ceremonial dances too .
• The assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by
a vestibular tunnel known as antarala.
• The temple premise was laid out in the panchayatan style with
a principal temple and four subsidiary shrines.
20
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Features
21. • The entrance of the garbhagriha had sculptures of Dwaarapalas, mithun
and yakshas.
• The presence of a water tank inside the temple enclosure was a unique
feature of the Dravidian style.
Examples: Shore temple at Mahabalipuram, Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi,
Brihadeswara temple at Tanjore, Gangaikondacholapuram
temple etc.
21
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Features
22. The Dravidian style/ Southern style of architecture
can be classified into the following periods
1. Pallavan Style 600AD – 900AD
2. Chola Style 900AD – 1150AD
3. Pandya Style 1100AD – 1350AD
4. Vijayanagara Style 1350AD – 1565AD
5. Nayak/Madura Style 1600 AD onwards
22
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Pallava
23. 1. Pallavan Style :600AD – 900AD
• The early buildings of Pallavas were rock-cut(7th century AD); while the
later ones were structural (built in 8th and 9th century AD).
• The lasting monolithic temples known as rathas and mandapas provide
superb skill of sculptors of Pallava period.
Examples: Mahendravarman : Mandagapattu rock cut temple.
Rajsimha (Mammalla) : Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram, Shore
Temple Mahabalipuram .
23
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Pallava
24. 2. Chola Style: 900AD – 1150AD
• The temples pyramidal multi-storeyed Vimana rises a massive seventy
metres, topped by a monolithic shikhara, and the kalasha on top by itself
is about three metres and eight centimetres in height.
• The main deity of the temple is Shiva, who is shown as a huge lingam set
in a two storeyed sanctum.
Example: Brihadeswara temple at Tanjore(built by Rajaraja I in
1011A.D)
24
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Chola
25. 3. Pandya Style: 1100AD – 1350AD
• Pandya architecture includes both rock-
cut and structural temples.
• The early rock-cut temples have
monolithic vimanas.
• The structural ones are small stone
temples and have all the features of
bigger temples i.e. vimana, mandapa and
sikhara.
• Pandya rulers mainly concentrated on
building gopurams or monumental
entrances for existing temples.
Examples: Gopuram of Thillainatraja
temple,Srivilliputturandal temple
etc. and Groups of small temples
are to be seen at Tiruchirapalli
district of Tamil Nadu.
25
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Pandya
26. 4. Vijayanagara Style :1350AD – 1565AD
• Created their own architecture style named Provida style
which plays a lot of emphasis on piers and pillars.
• Built of hard stone, the temples are large structures with
spacious Mandapas and lofty Gopurams
• Exquisitely carved pillars and the massive solid granite rathas
with three huge wheels in the open courtyard with
exceptional carvings and murals both within and on the outer
walls.
• Inscribed stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata on
the walls of the various temples.
• Depiction of animal like horses and elephants on the walls
were common figures.
26
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Vijayanagara
27. Example:Vittala-swamy temple and Hazara temples at Hampi,
Tadapatri and Parvati temples at Chidambaram, Varadraja and
Ekambarnatha temples at Kanchipuram etc.
27
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Vijayanagara
28. 5.Nayak/Madura Style 1600 AD onwards
• Presence of Prakarns or huge
corridors in the portico, around the
garbhagriha, along with roofed
ambulatory passageways.
• The gopurams built under the Nayaka
rulers were some of the largest
gopurams. The Meenakshi temple in
Madurai has the tallest gopuram in the
world. The art of gopuram reached its
climax in the Nayaks style.
• The temple structure was filled with
intricate carvings
• Example: Meenakshi temple, Madurai,
etc.
28
DRAVIDIAN STYLE : Nayak
29. 29
Difference : Nagara and Dravidian style
Nagara Dravidian
North Indian states of UP, MP, and
Bihar.
In southern India between the
reaches of River Krishna and
Kanyakumari.
It has towers or shikharas with
rounded top and curved linear
outline.
Towers in the shape of a pyramid
called the Vimana are present.
Pillars are absent in these temples. Pillars are prominent features.
Gopurams are absent. Gopurams are present
Water tank absent Water tank is present
