The Crusades were a series of military expeditions launched by Western European Christians in the late 11th century to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The Crusades were prompted by increased attacks on Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and fears that the Byzantine Empire would fall to Muslim Turkish forces. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, but subsequent Crusades failed to maintain control of the city, and Jerusalem ultimately fell back to Muslim rule in 1187. While the Crusades failed in their goal of permanently retaking the Holy Land, they increased trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East.

2. Saeed esmailian
Roshanak mohammadi

3. The Crusades
History’s
Most
Successful
FAILURE

4. Background
• During the Middle Ages
the Catholic Church had
risen in power
• After the fall of Rome,
the Eastern portion of the
Empire became known as
the Byzantine Empire

5. Many were uncertain where life
would lead them and many tragic
events lead people to have a higher
believe in GOD (Rise of Christianity)

7. Background-
Causes
• Jerusalem was a holy
land for the Christians
and each year many come
to visit (pilgrimages)
• The Seljuk Turks
(Muslims) controlled that
land and the amount of
visitors grew too much
that they began not
allowing visitors
• It was also believed that
the increase in Muslim
power would threaten
the Byzantine Capital of
Constantinople

8. Causes of the Crusades
Muslim Turks
captured Jerusalem
from the Byzantine
Empire
Muslims stopped
Christians from
Visiting Holy Land
Christian pilgrims
were attacked
Byzantine Empire
feared attack on
Constantinople

9. Jerusalem
•

11. Pope Urban II and his call
• 1093- Byzantine Emperor
Alexius wanted help to
save Constantinople from
Turks  asks Church
• 1095- Pope Urban II
issues a call for a “holy”
war or Crusade to
capture the Holy land
(Palestine) back from
Muslims
– Pope assured that those
that die in Crusade will
have a place in Heaven

12. GOAL:
Crusades  recapture the
holy land from Muslims

13. Who Answered the Call?
•Feudal Lords
•Knights
•Peasants

14. Map of Crusades

16. 1st Crusade- 1096
• Crusaders capture Jerusalem
• 1187- Jerusalem falls back to Muslim
rule

18. Crusade # 2
• Fails to recapture city

19. Third Crusade
• Led by Richard the Lionhearted-
King of England
– Despite war, eventually they came
to a truce with Saladin, leader of
Muslims
• Christians (unarmed) would be allowed
in city

20. The Crusades = 7-8 total
• The next 4 were unsuccessful in
recapturing city.
• But there were other crusades….

21. Children’s Crusade
- 1212
• 20,000 –
30,000
children went
out
– Most died of
disease,
starvation and
others were
sold to slavery

22. Spanish Crusade- The
Inquisition 1400
• kick Muslims/ non Christians
out of Spain
• Reconquisita- Re –conquering of
Spain
• Inquisition – court used to
suppress heresy (anyone different
from teachings of Church)
• Like a witch hunt against those
not Christians

25. Why did the Crusades fail?
• After the 1st attempt, each attempt
was weaker with less emphasis on
winning
• People soon became about making
money and getting goods
• Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic

26. Results of the Crusades
• I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die
or spend too much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the
East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

27. Effects of Crusades
• Showed power of Church
• Increased trading between East and
West
--> will lead to massive Cultural Diffusion
• Lead to the Commercial Revolution
• Muslim bitterness and hatred toward
Christians
• Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually
falls to Turks

28. Effect of Crusades
• Increased trading helped business
flourish
• Merchants increased

29. Banking is fixed
• Fixing the “coinage” problem:
• -Merchants developed notes of credit

30. Thanks!!!
• Any question?
• For more informations and sildes ypu can email to
jades144@yahoo.com

31. Refrences:
• Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades" in
Angeliki E. Laiou, ed. The Crusades from the Perspective of
Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001) Extract online.
• Illston, James Michael. 'An Entirely Masculine Activity'?
Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages
Reconsidered (MA thesis, University of Canterbury,
2009) full text online
• Madden, Thomas F. ed. The Crusades: The Essential
Readings (2002)
• Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a
survey" Journal of medieval history 2004.
• Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research," The
Catholic Historical Review (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 in Project
MUSE
• Rubenstein, Jay. "In Search of a New Crusade: A Review