2. Basis for Pollen Studies
• Pollen grains can
directly identify plant
species.
• Pollen is widely
present and
abundantly produced.
• Pollen grains are
resistant to decay.
Alnus
3. Pollen Studies
• Palynology is the study of pollen
• Pollen grains can be found in caves, lake
sediments, soils, peat deposits, marine
sediments, glacial deposits.
• Pollen data provides information of changes
in vegetation, climate, and human
disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems.
4.
5. Pollen Production
• Pollen production is inversely proportional to the
probability of fertilization.
– Authogamous plants < Entomophilous < Anemophilous
(self-fertilizing) (insect-fertilizing) (wind-dispersed)
• Pollen can be produced during different seasons by
different plants.
• How representative are pollen grains of species
distribution and abundance?
6. Genus Pollen
Production
Grain/flower
Rate of Fall
(cm/sec)
Pinus >15 million 2
Picea 200,000 9
Abies 100 40
Poacea 90,000 10
Betula 10,000 1
Quercus 9,000 5
Fagus 15 8
Acer 8,000 4
Tilia 20,000 18
7. Pollen Production
• Pollen production is species-
specific. Whereas some plants
can produce 70,000 grains per
anther, others produce up to 100
grains per anther.
• The pollen record is biased
towards wind-pollinated plants
(all gymnosperms and most
angiosperms) because these
plants need to produce vast
quantities of pollen.
8. Pollen Production
• Anemophilous plants
(wind-pollinated) produce
light, aerodynamically
shaped pollen.
• Pollen deposition depends
on grain shape and weight,
wind velocity, wind
direction, canopy cover
9. Pollen dispersal
• Travel distance is inversely proportional to
pollen-grain size.
• Pollen grains are filtered as they move
through the canopy.
• Some light pollen grains can be transported
long-distances in the upper atmosphere.
• In general, pollen from low-standing plants
have low probability of dispersal.
13. Pollen and Vegetation
• Surface pollen composition is different than
vegetation composition and abundance.
• Pollen composition at a given point within an
ecosystem is fairly consistent.
• But, pollen compositions at different sites within
the same ecosystem are slightly different.
• However, the difference between pollen
composition among sites in different ecosystems is
far greater than the difference between sites within
a single ecosystem.
14. Pollen Analysis
• Sediments are collected
• Pollen grains are isolated
from the sediment matrix
via chemical treatments.
• Isolated pollen grains are
mounted onto a glass
slide, and they are
identified and quantified
under a microscope.
15. Pollen Analysis
• Pollen counts in each
slide are reported in
percentages of the total
pollen count (excluding
wetland or rare species).
• Changes in the % of one
species are interpreted to
reflect a similar change in
the composition of
vegetation.
16. Pollen Analysis
• Problem: % of pollen
counts could give
unrealistic information
of vegetation
composition if, for
instance, a plant
species is replaced by
an abundantly pollen-
producing plant.
X-axis: % pollen grains
17. Pollen Analysis
• To circumvent biases associated with pollen
production, one could use pollen flux density
values (pollen grain/yr-cm2).
• However, accurate and numerous dates are
needed. Because this is rare, pollen fluxes are
not used very often.
18.
19. Pollen Interpretation
• Pollen diagrams are
usually divided into
zones to facilitate
interpretations.
• Changes in pollen
composition are
interpreted to indicate
changes in climate or
human disturbance.
St. Paul, MN (Matsch, 1976).
20. Pollen Interpretation
• Two general interpretative approaches exist:
– Individualistic Approach: Past environmental
conditions are reconstructed on the basis of
present-day ecology and environmental
tolerance and optima of a plant species.
– Assemblage Approach: Past environmental
conditions are reconstructed on the basis
modern plant associations in climate/
biogeographical regions.
21. Pollen Interpretation
• Individualistic approach
(Midwest):
• Decline in hardwood species
(beech, maple, oak, hickory)
and/or increase in conifer
species (spruce, fir, pine)
indicates cooling.
• Increase in ash and/or elm
indicates wet environments.
• Decline in trees and increase in
grasses indicates drier
conditions.
22. Pollen record for Money Creek and Pine Creek in southeastern Minnesota
(Baker et al., 2002).
23. Pollen Interpretation
• Assemblage Approach:
• Modern Analog Technique (MAT): Central
assumption: If two assemblages contain a similar
mixture of pollen grains, then the communities that
produced those assemblages must also have been
similar.
• Another assumption: Plant composition in an
ecosystem is at equilibrium with the environment.
24. Pollen Interpretation
• MAT: relies on the dissimilarities of modern
and fossil assemblages.
• To determine if they are the same, the
threshold of relatedness is based on
statistical comparisons between paired
populations within and between ecosystems.
25. Pollen Interpretation
• Hierarchical Analog Approach: Based on
functional analogs rather than on plant
associations.
• First level of analyses: similar to MAT
• Second level: based on plant functional
types.
• Third level: based on plant life forms.
35. Pollen Interpretation
• Transfer Functions: A polynomial equation
is fitted to observed pollen data.
• Not often used because these functions
assume that only one parameter controls the
distribution of vegetation (pollen).
• Particularly problematic for ecosystems
with no modern analog.
36. Macrofossils
• Plant remains (leaves, fruits,
flowers, roots, etc) are preserved
in some particular environments
(e.g., swamps).
• Advantage: species can readily
be identified, provides good
radiocarbon dates.
• Disadvantage: Few locations are
available and modern analogs
are difficult to established.
37. Tree-line (Ecotone)
• Gradual transition from mature dense forest
through open, discontinuous woodland, to isolated
trees or grasslands.
• Artic Ecotone: Boreal forest/tundra
– Plant macrofossils are collected from soils.
– Soil type changes as vegetation changes.
– Tree line coincides with July temperature
– Tree line also coincides with mean summer position of
the Arctic front.
38. • Caveats of the record:
• Trees invades grasslands at a faster pace
than grasses colonize forests.
• Trees live longer than grasses, but grasses
grow faster than trees.
• Fire frequency affects tree line.
• Invasion of new species.
• Records are usually incomplete.
• Are modern tree lines at equilibrium?
• What is the lag time?
