different types of soil.

1. GUIDED BY:-
RUPA MAM

3. Soils-4-1
Image: T. Loynachan

4. TUNDRA SOILS FORM IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS,
HAVE A DARK ORGANIC-RICH UPPER LAYER, AND A
MINERAL RICH LAYER OVER FROZEN GROUND.
Soils-4-7Images: Travis Hudson, Alaska/Yukon Society of Professional Soil Scientists

5. ORGANIC SOILS ARE DARK COLORED, RICH IN
DECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER, AND FORM IN
POORLY DRAINED LOWLANDS SUCH AS SWAMPS
AND WETLANDS.
Soils-4-5
Images: Bruce Molnia, Soil Classifiers of Michigan

6. TROPICAL SOILS ARE REDDISH AND IRON-
OXIDE RICH, DEPLETED IN NUTRIENTS, AND
FORM IN HUMID AND WARM REGIONS.
Soils-4-4Images: National Cooperative Soil Survey, University of Nebraska

7. FOREST SOILS HAVE A LIGHT GRAY UPPER
HORIZON, A HORIZON RICH IN ALUMINUM
AND/OR IRON, AND FORM IN WARM TO COOL
HUMID REGIONS WHERE CONIFEROUS
FORESTS GROW.
Soils-4-3Image: Bruce Molnia
Image: Soil Classifiers of Michigan

8. PRAIRIE SOILS HAVE A DARK SURFACE LAYER
(HORIZON), ARE RICH IN MINERALS, AND FORM
IN GRASSLANDS WIDESPREAD ACROSS
EARTH’S MIDDLE LATITUDES.
Soils-4-2
Images: NRCS

9. Where does soil come from?
•Rocks
•Minerals
•Organic Matter

11. o
A
E
B
C
R
TOP SOIL
SUBSOIL

12. Sagebrush-Cold Desert

13.  Mineral Matter
 Air
 Water
 Organic Matter

14. SOIL COMPONENTS
idealized soil
SOIL SOLIDS
WATERFILLED PORES
AIR FILLED PORES
50 %
25 %
25%

15. Soil Components (volume ba

16. Note: clays are microscopic in size !

17. Soil separate particle diameter (mm)
____________________________
Sand . . . . . . . . . 2.0 - 0.05
Silt . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 - 0.002
Clay . . . . . . . . . . <0.002
SAND
SILT CLAY

18. Clay minerals
photographed
with an electron
Microscope.
Note: they are plate
or flake like and
are stacked on top
of each other.
They are electrically
charged and act like
magnets that attract
and hold plant
nutrients.

21. What causes soil
erosion?
Water
Wind
No Vegetation

34. What are the FACTORS
that make SOIL?
TIME
1000’S TO 10,000’S OF YEARS
LAY OF THE LAND
TOPOGRAPHY
LIVING ORGANISMS
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
CLIMATE
HOT/COLD, WIND/RAIN
PARENT MATERIAL
ROCKS AND MINERALS

35. Physical land features

37. WHAT ARE SOME
PERACTICES OF SOIL
CONSERVATION?
Terracing
Strip Cropping
Contour Plowing
Tilling
Wind Breaks
Ground Covers