1. “SMART HELMET”
A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABHILASH DANDOTIYA
SARTHAK AGRAWAL
In particular fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELORS OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
JUNE 2015
VNS GROUP OF INTITUTIONS, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
BHOPAL (M.P.)
Affiliated TO RGTU, BHOPAL (M.P.)

2. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
BHOPAL (M.P.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that this project report “ SMART HELMET ” is
submitted by “ ABHILASH DANDOTIYA & SARTHAK AGRAWAL ”
who carried out the project work under my supervision. I approve
this project for submission of the Bachelors of Engineering in the
Department of Electronics and Communication, VNS Group of
Institutions, Faculty of Engineering, affiliated to RGTU, Bhopal (M.P.).
Prof. S.K. Pandey Prof. Amit Shrivastav
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Asst. Professor
Electronics and Communication Electronics and communication
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Bhopal Bhopal
Prof. Mukund Phatak,
Associate Director,
VNS Faculty of Engineering

3. ABSTRACT
A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. This is
implemented using GSM technology. The working of this smart helmet is very simple, bump
sensors are placed in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are
connected to microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground,
these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller board, then controller send the data using the
GSM module that is interfaced to it. When the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM
module automatically sends message to family members
Our task as an electronics engineers was to design a helmet that could autonomously detect
accident. Also aims at minimizing road accidents. In this Project we design a smart helmet. It is
the helmet that works with the help of transmitter and receiver circuit and the microcontroller.
The Microcontroller that we have used is ATMEGA 8.It’s a 28 pin IC the main purpose of using
this microcontroller is the pins that we require to control the transmitter and receiver is 28.
The first step of designing this helmet is designing a PCB. The transmitter and receiver is
designed with the help of the software name EXPRESS PCB, after getting the required output we
implemented this circuit onto the copper plate with the help of laser printing. After laser printing
the excess copper is removed with the help of silicon solution. Then we get the required circuit
as transmitter and receiver. The next step is to fit a GSM module and the coding of
microcontroller is done with the C language programming which is later converted into
microcontroller programming with the help of software AVR STUDIO 4.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to our
highly respected and esteemed guide Prof. Ankita verma, VNSFE, Bhopal, for their valuable
guidance, encouragement and help for completing this work. Their useful suggestions for this
whole work and co-operative behavior are sincerely acknowledged.
We would like to express our sincere thank to Dr. D.K. Swami, Director, VNSFE, Bhopal for
giving us this opportunity to undertake this project. We would also like to thank Mr. Mukund
Phatak, principal for whole hearted support.
We also wish to express our gratitutes to Prof. S.K. Pandey, HOD (Electronics and
Communication Engineering) for his kind hearted support. We are also grateful to my teachers
for their constant support and guidance.
We also wish to express our indebtedness to my parents as well as our family member whose
blessings and support always helped us to face the challenges ahead.
At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and others who helped
us directly or indirectly during this project work.
Place: Bhopal Student Name Enrollment no.
Date: Abhilash Dandotiya 0161EC111003
Sarthak Agrawal 0161EC111073

5. DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “ SMART HELMET ” submitted by us to the
RAJIV GANDHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSIRY, BHOPAL for the award of the degree of
Bachelor in Engineering in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION is a record of
an original work done by us under the guidance of Prof. Amit Shrivastava, Faculty Member of VNS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING., BHOPAL. I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been
submitted and will not be submitted either in parts or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this
institute orany other institute or university.
NAME ENROLLLMENT No.
Abhilash Dandotiya 0161EC111003
Sarthak Agrawal 0161EC111073

6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITTLE PAGE No.
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE i
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
1.3 PROJECT PLANNING 4
1.3.1 Scope of the project 5
1.3.2 Objective of the project 5
2 CONSTRUCTION 6
2.1 Block Diagram 7
2.2 Circuit Diagram 8
2.3 List of Components 9
3 IMPLEMENTATION 10
3.1 Component Description 10
3.2 PCB Design & Construction 13
3.2.1 Printed Circuit Board 13
3.2.2 PCB Layout of the Project 14
3.2.3 Drilling 14
3.2.4 Etching
3.3 Soldering

7. 3.4 Micro controller burning 17
3.5 Testing 21
4 WORKING OF PROJECT & CONCLUSION 22
4.1 Working 22
4.2 Conclusion 23
4.3 Future Scope 23
COST ESTIMATION 24
REFERENCES 25
APPENDIX A 26
APPENDIX B

8. CHAPTER : 1
“INTRODUCTION”

9. 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The thought of developing this project comes to do some good things towards the society. Day
by day the two wheeler accidents are increasing and leads to loss of many lives. Accord to a
survey of India there are around 698 accidents occurring due to bike crashes per year. The
reasons may be many such as no proper driving knowledge, no fitness of the bike, fast riding of
bike, drunken and drive etc. Some time the person injured, the accident may not be directly
responsible for the accident, it may be fault of rider, but end of the day it’s both the drivers
involved in the accidents who is going to suffer. If accidents are one issue, lack of treatment in
proper time is another reason for deaths. According to the survey India 698 accidents occur per
year, nearly half the injured people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. Many reasons for
this are: late arrival of ambulance, absences of pupil at the accident site to inform the family or to
provide the victim with first aid.
This is a situation we observe our day to day life, a thought of finding some solution to resolve
this problem come up with this idea of giving the information about accident as soon as possible
and in TIME….!!!!Because after all time matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we
can save half the lives that are lost due to bike accidents.
Considering three major factors for avoiding the accident causes such as
I. Make wearing the helmet compulsory.
II. II. Avoid drunk and drive.
III. If person met with an accident, no one is there to help him. Simply leaving or
ignoring the person he may die. In such situation, informing to ambulance or family
members through mobile to rescue him for an extent.
The idea of this work is to give information about the rider wearing the helmet or not, whether
the rider drunken or not and also, he met with an accident it gives an information about location
where he is met with an accident through GSM module to mobile numbers family members, so I
have chosen GSM technology to give the information by sending SMS, using GSM module
which has SIM card slot to place the SIM and send SMS.

10. Fig: Transmitter

11. Fig: Receiver

12. 1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
SMART HELMET is a system which aims to make all motorcyclists in Malaysia aware and
compulsory to wear helmet whether the travel distance is in I 00 meter radius or long distance.
The system will use ~ee technology which will connect from the transmitter at helmet to the
receiver at motorcycle. Many type of switches being used such as temperature heat switch,
clipped switch, and signal as a switch to make sure the motorcyclist not cheating to their self. If
the system identified that the riders or user not wearing their helmet properly (clipped), the signal
won't be send to the receiver at motorcycle which will cause the motorcycle cannot start and
being ride by motorcyclist.
The scope of the study will be using others studies and statistics from Malaysia government
agencies in term of Road Safety; fatal motorcyclist accident causes and focus on the helmet
wearing attitude and behavior. The scope also will cover on research of overview XJ3~e_ l
Technology applications, behavior, characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of
X.Bee_ Technology. Then will cover on implementation of the system in real daily life. [1]
Intelligent Safety Helmet for Motorcyclist is a project undertaken to increase the rate of road
safety among motorcyclists. The idea is obtained after knowing that the increasing number of
fatal road accidents over the years is cause for concern among motorcyclists. Through the study
identified, it is caused the helmets used is not in safety features such as not wearing a helmet
string and not use the appropriate size. Therefore, this project is designed to introduce security
systems for the motorcyclist to wear the helmet properly. With the use of RF transmitter and RF
receiver circuit, the motorcycle can move if there is emission signal from the helmet, in
accordance with the project title Intelligent Safety Helmet for Motorcyclist. Security system
applied in this project meet the characteristics of a perfect rider and the application should be
highlighted. The project is expected to improve safety and reduce accidents, especially fatal to
the motorcyclist. [2]

13. 1.3 PROJECT PLANNING
With the advancement in the field of Technology, human intervention is becoming less
everyday and robots are used widely for purpose of safety. In our day to day life road accidents
are very common and sometime it becomes very difficult for government to save human life. In
such case smart helmet comes in picture. This is a advance project for us as an Electronics
student, interested in "Technology ", which uses GSM module for operation of this helmet and
uses ATMEGA8 microcontroller.
The method used to carry out this project is the principle of serial communication in
collaboration with embedded systems. This is a very good project for Industries. This project has
a GPS locator, which will be used as the electronic device, and also a GSM modem, which is the
latest technology used for communication between the mobile and the embedded devices.
System will work like when the user wants to receive a sms at the time of accidents on the roads
and the helmet sent a message through the subscriber identity module (SIM) which is inserted in
the display system MODEM.
1.3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
 Programming of the mobile phone with AT (Attention) command sequence
 Interfacing the programmable chip
 Interfacing of the mobile phone with the programmable chip
 Sending messages from the GSM module to Mobile phones
1.3.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT
We will use liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying the message. We will also use GSM
modem as an interface between mobile and microcontroller. It will send message to any phone
irrespective of the GSM network through the modem connected to the programmable device.

14. CHAPTER : 2
“CONSTRUCTION”

15. 2.1 CONSTRUCTION
To construct the helmet first the printed circuited board was designed and the components were
mounted on it as required.
The Circuit is based on an ATMEGA8 microcontroller. The IC draws power from a 9 volt power
supply. But as an IC requires only 5 ampere current for its operation, therefore a 7051 IC, which
in take higher current and provides low current.
The device is provided with three sensors at the different directions to detect the accident and
alcohol and react accordingly to the situation. These sensors are dependent in the ATMEGA8
microcontroller for their operation. An alcohol sensor is also deployed in the device to keep a
sense on alcohol. LM384 an IC is also provided which is connected to the relay.

16. 2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

17. 2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

19. 2.4 LIST OF COMPONENTS
Following is the list of components that are required to build and assemble the project.
S. No. Component Quantity Rating
1 ATmega8 2 28 pin
2 GSM modems 1
3 RF 1
4 Bump sensor 2
5 LCD 1 16x2
6 DPDT Switch 3
7 Relay 1

20. CHAPTER : 3
“IMPLEMENTATION”

21. 3.1 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1. AVR:
AVR was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel. The architecture of AVR was developed
by Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan. AVR derives its name from its developers and
stands for Alf-Egil Bogen Vegard Wollan RISC microcontroller, also known
as Advanced Virtual RISC. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use
on-chip flash memory for program storage. Till that time microcontroller comes with
one-time programmable ROM.
The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture machine where program and data is stored
in separate physical memory systems.
AVR microcontrollers are available in three categories:
 Tiny AVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications
 Mega AVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory
(up to 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to
complex applications.
 Xmega AVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require large
program memory and high speed.
2. LED:
Light emitting diode (LED) is basically a P-N junction semiconductor diode particularly
designed to emit visible light.
3. IR sensors:
An infrared sensor is an electronic device which emits in order to sense some aspects of
the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. This type of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that
is called as a passive IR sensor.

22. 4. LCD:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical;
easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters.
5. GSM module:
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile
operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. When a GSM
modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to
communicate over the mobile network.
6. Molex:
Molex Incorporated is a manufacturer of electronic interconnectors. Molex sells over
100,000 products, including everything from electrical and fiber
optics interconnects solutions, to switches and application tooling.
7. Crystal oscillator:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the
mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep
track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock
signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio
transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is
the quartz crystal.

23. 3.2 PCB DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
3.2.1 Printed circuit boards:
Printed circuit boards are used for housing components to make a circuit, for compactness,
simplicity of servicing and ease of interconnection. Single sided, double sided and double sided
with plated-through-hold (PYH) types of P.C. boards are common today.
Boards are of two types of material (1) phenol paper based material (2) Glass epoxy material.
Both materials are available as laminate sheets with copper cladding.
Printed circuit boards have a copper cladding on one or both sides. Boards are prepared in sizes
of 1 to 5 meter wide and up to 2 meters long. The thickness of the boards is 1.42 to 1.8mm. The
copper on the boards is about 0.2 thick and weighs and ounce per square foot.
USES
Printed Circuit Board is used for housing components to make a circuit for compactness,
simplicity of servicing and case of interconnection. Thus we can define the P.C.B. as : Printed
Circuit Boards is actually a sheet of Bakelite (an insulating material) on the one side of which
copper patterns are made with holes and from another side, leads of electronic components are
inserted in the proper holes and soldered to the copper points on the back. Thus leads of
electronic components terminals are joined to make electronic circuit. In the boards copper
cladding is done by pasting thin copper foil on the boards during curing. The copper on the board
is about 2 mm thick and weights an ounce per square foot.
The process of making a Printed Circuit for any application has the following steps (opted
professionally):
 Preparing the layout of the track.
 Transferring this layout photographically M the copper.
 Removing the copper in places which are not needed, by the process of etching (chemical
process)
 Drilling holes for components mounting.

24. 3.2.2 PCB layout of the project
The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board respectively.
Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any printed
circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of component side is to be made in
accordance with available components dimensions. The following points are to be observed
while forming the layout of P.C.B.
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient distance from
semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.
3. the most important points are that the components layout is making proper compromise with
copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of conventional
breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the components; they are small
in size and efficient in performance.
PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT
First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the copper clad
board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with the help of a shade brush.
We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the connection is to be made. It
avoids the disconnection between the leg of the component and circuit track. After completion of
painting work, it is allowed to dry.

25. Fig: PCB layout of the project

26. 3.2.3 DRILLING
After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at desired points
where we have to fix the components.
3.2.4 ETCHING
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is known as etching.
From this process the copper clad board with printed circuit is placed in the solution of FeCl with
3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the
excess copper is removed from the P.C.B. After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for
about half an hour in order to get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor
performance of the circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by
soft piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the
P.C.B. is ready for use.

27. 3.3 SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two metal conductors
are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then as allow of tin and
lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies
quickly to ensure is good and durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint
solder also present oxidation.
SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES:
These are basically two soldering techniques.
• Manual soldering with iron.
• Mass soldering.
SOLDERING WITH IRON
The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron switched on and
bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied hear the component
to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface to be soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint
is cold without disturbing.
SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO
1. Provide permanent low resistance path.
2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.
3. Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and P.C.B.

28. 4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.
The following precaution should be taken while soldering:
1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.
2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.
3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering instead of asking the iron.
4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.
5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.
6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering iron.
7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only instead of keeping for very
long or very small time.
8. Use optimum quantity of solder

29. 3.5 TESTING
The testing of the helmet is done with the help of the sensor with a connected with the DPDT
switch so when the switch will get pressed we get the required output on the screen
 The first step is to wear the helmet through which the DPDT switch will get pressed and
we get the output on the LCD screen as YES
 The next step is the alcohol detection, when it detects the alcohol then the result will be
displayed on the screen as YES otherwise NO.
 The next step is the accident detection when the accident sensor accompanied with switch
is pressed then the LCD will display accident YES and with the help of GSM module will
send the message to the 5 feeded contact numbers.

30. CHAPTER : 4
“WORKING OF PROJECT
AND
CONCLUSION”

31. 4.1 WORKING
This helmet works only when we switch on the DPDT switch in the transmitter. The DPDT
switch is connected to the LCD display of the receiver .The LCD display shows the helmet is
wearied or not by the person, the alcohol is consumed by the person or not, and the other display
is of the accident sensor it shows whether the accident had occurred or not. When the DPDT
switch is turned on then the LCD automatically turned on. When the person will wear the Helmet
the helmet the DPDT switch inside the Helmet will get pressed which ensured on the LCD that
the person had wear the helmet and the LCD display will show Helmet ”yes”. The other sensor
named as alcohol sensor is connected in front side of the Helmet so that if the person has
consumed an alcohol it will show on the LCD that Alcohol ”yes” if no then it will display
alcohol ”NO”. The Molex is fitted in the receiver circuit which is connected to the spark plug of
the bike so when the bike will start then by passing through the relay it will pass the signals. The
other circuit named GSM module is connected along with the receiver circuit it is accompanied
with the SIM slot along with the network which helps in sending message to the five feeded
contact numbers. When the accident occurs then with the help of bump sensor the switch will get
pressed and automatically with the help of GSM module and coding the message will be send to
the five feeded contact number.

32. WHAT IS RF?
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300
GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most
mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or
electromagnetic radiation
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR RF?
Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz.
This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and
detect radio waves Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical
systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used
because it does not require any line of sight, less distortions and no interference.
PROPERTIES OF RF:
Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current
signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive path
through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc welding.
Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface of
conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear to flow through
paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of
effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RF:
Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having
characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is
generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover a

33. significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9
kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human
hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).
When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that
propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is
a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency. In
the atmosphere or in outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the wavelength in
meters, then
s = 300/f
The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of the lowest-
frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of
magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing
frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are often referred to as the microwave
spectrum.
WHY DO WE GO FOR RF COMMUNICATION?
RF Advantages:
1. No line of sight is needed.
2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through walls.
3. Longer range.
4. It is not sensitive to the light;.
5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMMUNICATION USING
RF?
 RF Transmitter
 RF Receiver
 Encoder and Decoder

34. 4.2 CONCLUSION
This project has a good real life scope, if it is implemented by the government. It can help to
reduce lot of road accidents of two wheelers as it is the major cause of deaths in the whole world.
It can also help to prevent the damage occurred to the vehicles by the accidents. So this helps in
curbing the road accidents by implementing mandatory Helmet protection and detection of
alcohol content during the starting on of the bike. This project here is undertaken keeping in
view of traffic ,the traffic rules and also the safety of people. Implementation of this type of
project by the government saves a lot of time for the traffic police and most importantly saves
the precious life of a person as one cannot run a motor vehicle once he is drunk and if the helmet
is not present. Family members will be informed as well.
4.3 FUTURE SCOPE
In future if there is a large demand of this type of helmets we can manufacture the whole circuit
in printed circuit board, so that circuit becomes smaller and can be easily fitted into helmet. The
circuit can also be powered by solar energy so that it uses green energy and does no harm to
environment .The flexible solar panels can fixed all along surface of helmet. This type of helmet
technology can be implemented for the combat helmets used by the soldiers working under
extreme temperatures.

36. COST ESTIMATION
S. No. Components Quantity Price
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

37. REFERENCES
[1] http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/9138/1/2009%20-%20Smart%20Helmet.pdf
[2]http://eprints2.utem.edu.my/3392/1/Intelligent_Safety_Helmet_For_Motorcyclis
t_-_24_pages.pdf

38. APPENDIX A

39. APPENDIX B

40. MICROCONTROLLER CODING:
CODE:
#define F_CPU 1000000UL
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#define gas (PIND&(1<<PD6))
#define bmp (!(PIND&(1<<PD5)))
#define lgason PORTC|= (1<<PC5)
#define lgasoff PORTC&=~(1<<PC5)
#define lbmpon PORTC|= (1<<PC3)
#define lbmpoff PORTC&=~(1<<PC3)
#define bzron PORTC|= (1<<PC1)
#define bzroff PORTC&=~(1<<PC1)
#define relayon PORTB|= (1<<PB1)
#define relayoff PORTB&=~(1<<PB1)
int main(void)
{
DDRC|=(1<<PC3)|(1<<PC1)|(1<<PC5);
DDRB|=(1<<PB1);
PORTD|=(1<<PD5)|(1<<PD6);
while(1)
{
if((!gas)&&(!bmp))
{
bzron;
lgason;
lbmpon;
relayon;
}
else if((!gas)&&(bmp))

41. {
bzron;
lgason;
lbmpoff;
relayon;
}
else if((gas)&&(!bmp))
{
bzron;
lgasoff;
lbmpon;
relayon;
}
else if((gas)&&(bmp))
{
bzroff;
lgasoff;
lbmpoff;
relayoff;
}
}
}