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Radionuclide Production - Nuclear Medicine
1. Radionuclide Production
Summed Information For The Most used Radionuclide in NM Department
Done by: Budour Alzahrani
Nuclear Medicine Specialist, PSMMC, Riyadh
All copyrights for Saudi Nuclear Medicine Club
5. Reactors
• It is composed of fuel rods.
• Contain large unstable atoms of uranium- 235, uranium-238, or plutonium-
239.
• The fission process is a source of a number of widely used radioisotopes (90Sr,
99Mo, 131I and 133Xe).
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6. Fission
• Fission is simply splitting the nuclei into two parts; those two parts become new smaller
nuclides.
• The fission fragments move apart rapidly due to high kinetic energy and simultaneously
give off gamma emissions and two to five neutrons.
• The majority of fission fragments will have an unequal mass number, called : fission pairs.
• Iodine-131 (131I) and cesium-137 (137Cs) are fission pairs .
• The neutrons produced is ‘fast’ and energetic but can be slowed down (thermalized or
moderated) using scatter reactions. Water and heavy water (2H2O) used as moderators in a
nuclear reactors.
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8. Cyclotrons
• The cyclotron bombards a stable nuclei with high energy charged particles, like protons (p),
and alpha (α) particles.
• To penetrate the nucleus of the target, the particles must be accelerated to very high
energies in a spiral path within a vacuum.
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12. 99mTC Generator
• 99Mo / 99mTc generator is the most common.
• 99Mo has a 67 hour half-life
• 99Mo is produced by fission and loaded onto an aluminum column by adsorption in the generator
as ammonium molybdenate .
• 99mTc has different chemical properties to the parent, it’s less tightly bound to the aluminum
column
• Normal saline across the aluminum column to remove the 99mTc from the column to produce
eluate .
• Technetium activity can be builds up again, maximum activity available in the next 24 hours.
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14. 81Rb / 81Kr Generator
• Radionuclide generator. The parent (Rubidium-81) is fixied on a membrane, which the daughter
(krypton-81m) is eluted by the passing of air.
• 81Rb nuclide is produced on U-120M cyclotron via Kr(p, 2n)Rb reaction using pressurized gaseous
target.
• Used for lung ventilation studies.
• The parent Rb81 has a half-life of 4.58 hours, decaying to Kr81m which has a half-life of 13 sec.
• Higher gamma energy than 99mTc.
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