3. DEFINITION
Pain has been defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
International Association for study of pain (IASP)
4. NATURE OF PAIN
• Pain is subjective and highly individualized.
• Its stimulus is physical and psychological in nature.
• Multidimensional experience.
5. TYPES OF PAIN
BASED ON DURATION
• Acute pain (< 6 months)
• Chronic pain ( > 3 – 6 months)
• Chronic non cancer pain: due to non-cancer disease conditions
• Chronic cancer pain: tumor progression and related pathological process
• Chronic episodic pain: occurs sporadically over an extended period of time
6. CONT..
BASED ON LOCATION
• The site where pain is located
• Referred pain
BASED ON INTENSITY
• Mild pain (1 – 3 )
• Moderate pain (4 – 6 )
• Severe pain (7 – 10 )
7. CONT..
BASED ON ETIOLOGY
• Nociceptive pain
• Somatic pain: originating from the skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue.
• Visceral pain: results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic
or abdominal viscera. Examples: labor pain, angina pectoris.
• Neuropathic pain
• Peripheral neuropathic pain: phantom limb pain
• Central neuropathic pain: spinal cord injury
22. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assess and record pain & its characteristics, condition, quality, frequency and
duration.
Document severity of patient pain on chart.
Identify and encourage patient to use strategies that have been successful with
previous pain.
Eliminate the factors that increase the pain.
Teach the use of nonpharmacological therapy techniques.
Administer analgesics as prescribes to promote optimal pain.
Educate patient and family about the effects of analgesic agents and the goal of
care, explain how adverse effects will be prevented and treated.
28. ASPECTS OF SENSORY PROCESS
• Stimulus
• Receptor
• Impulse conduction
• Perception
29. SENSORY DEPRIVATION
• It results when a person experiences decreased sensory input or input
that is monotonous or meaningless.
• with decreased sensory input the RAS is no longer able to project a
normal level of activation to the brain.
30. REPONSIBLE FACTORS
• An environment with decreased or monotonous stimuli.
• Impaired ability to receive environmental stimuli.
• Inability to process environmental stimuli.
34. CONT..
Perceptual
• Altered visual/motor coordination
• Altered color perception
• Altered tactile accuracy
• Altered ability to perceive size and shape
• Altered time judgment
35. MANAGEMENT
Visual Stimulation
• Pictures, flowers, greeting cards, etc. in the room.
• Minimizing glare.
• Wearing sunglasses before going outside.
• Clients with reduced visual acuity may need corrective lenses.
• Use pocket magnifiers.
• clock with large number magnifying glass.
36. CONT..
Auditory Stimulation
• Call the person by his or her name.
• Reorient the patient.
• Speak slowly, clearly. maintain eye-to-eye contact.
• Use sensory aids.
• Allow time for the client to express himself/herself.
• Avoiding background noise.
37. CONT..
Gustatory and Olfactory Stimulation
• Attention to the oral hygiene
• Food of different textures, colors served attractively
• Smell food before eating.
• Seasonal foods or favorite foods brought from home.
• Removal of unpleasant odor from the environment.
• Client's room should be clean, empty bedpans or urinals, remove and dispose
of soiled dressings and bathroom.
38. CONT..
Tactile Stimulation
• Provide touch therapy.
• Hair brushing, combing, a back rub, and touching of the arms or shoulders.
• When invasive procedures are being performed. it is important to use touch
by holding client’s hands.
• Minimize irritating stimuli.
39. CONCLUSION
Alteration in sensory perception is a great challenge to care in hospital setting and
other areas. Safety is always a special concern for patients with sensory alterations.
Nurse are responsible for ensuring that the patient’s environment is as free of
danger and for assisting the patient to develop new self-care behaviors to
compensate for sensory impairments.
