5 pandemics are mentioned

1. PANDEMIC
A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic
occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area,
crossing international boundaries and usually
affecting a large number of people”. The
classical definition includes nothing about
population immunity, virology or disease
severity.

2. The 5 most dangerous pandemic in History
1. Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die
2. Black Death—The Invention of Quarantine
3. The Great Plague of London—Sealing Up
the Sick
4. Smallpox—A European Disease Ravages the
New World
5.Cholera—A Victory for Public Health
Research

3. Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die
Three of the deadliest pandemics in recorded
history were caused by a single bacterium, Yersinia
pestis, a fatal infection otherwise known as the
plague.The Plague of Justinian arrived in
Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire,
in 541 CE. It was carried over the Mediterranean
Sea from Egypt, a recently conquered land paying
tribute to Emperor Justinian in grain. Plague-ridden
fleas hitched a ride on the black rats that snacked
on the empire..”

4. Cause Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die
Cause of the Plague of Justinian was Yersinia pestis,
the same bacterium responsible for the Black Death
(1347–1351). The latter was much shorter, but still
killed an estimated one-third to one-half of
Europeans. Disease: Bubonic plague Arrival date: 541
AD – 542 AD Deaths: 25,000,000 – 100,000,000
(estimate).

5. How many people died in this pandemic?
The plague killed an estimated 25 million
people, almost a third of the continent's
population. The Black Death lingered on for
centuries, particularly in cities. Outbreaks
included the Great Plague of London (1665-66),
in which 70,000 residents died . Aug 20, 2019

6. HOW LOND DID PLAGUE LAST??
From the Swiss manuscript the Toggenburg
Bible, 1411. The plague never really went
away, and when it returned 800 years later,
it killed with reckless abandon. The Black
Death, which hit Europe in 1347, claimed an
astonishing 200 million lives in just four
years.Mar 17, 2020

7. SYMPTOMS of Cause Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die
The Justinian Plague would start off with just a mild fever. It seemed like
it was nothing to really worry about until a few days later, when swellings
would start to form. The black blisters, filled with pus, were the sure sign
that someone had the plague. At this point, the victims would sometimes
fall into a deep coma and pass away. Less fortunate victims would become
delirious and paranoid. They were often suicidal and extremely difficult to
care for.
All of this happened within just a few days. It was a fast-acting plague
that started off like a mild infection and left behind far too many corpses
for the living to properly bury

8. Black Death—The Invention of Quarantine
The plague never really went away, and when it
returned 800 years later, it killed with reckless
abandon. The Black Death, which hit Europe in 1347,
claimed an astonishing 200 million lives in just four
years .As for how to stop the disease, people still had
no scientific understanding of contagion, says
Mockaitis, but they knew that it had something to do
with proximity. That’s why forward-thinking officials
in Venetian-controlled port city of Ragusa decided to
keep newly arrived sailors in isolation until they could

9. OLE J. BENEDICTOW
Ole J. Benedictow describes
how he calculated that the
Black Death killed 50 million
people in the 14th century,
or 60 per cent of Europe’s
entire population

10. The Symptoms of the Black death
Europeans were scarcely equipped for the horrible reality of the Black
Death. “In men and women alike,” the Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio
wrote, “at the beginning of the malady, certain swellings, either on the
groin or under the armpits…waxed to the bigness of a common apple,
others to the size of an egg, some more and some less, and these the
vulgar named plague-boils.”
Blood and pus seeped out of these strange swellings, which were
followed by a host of other unpleasant symptoms—fever, chills,
vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains—and then, in short order,
death..

11. How Did The Black Death Spread?
The Black Death was terrifyingly,
indiscriminately contagious: “the mere
touching of the clothes,” wrote Boccaccio,
“appeared to itself to communicate the
malady to the toucher.” The disease was
also terrifyingly efficient. People who were
perfectly healthy when they went to bed
at night could be dead by morning.
Today, scientists understand that the Black
Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a
bacillus called Yersina pestis. (The French
biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ
at the end of the 19th century.)

12. Rats did,t spread black death or was humans
Rats have long been blamed for spreading the Black Death
around Europe in the 14th century. Specifically, historians
have speculated that the fleas on rats are responsible for
the estimated 25 million plague deaths between 1347 and
1351.
However, a new study suggests that rats weren’t the main
carriers of fleas and lice that spread the plague—it was
humans.

13. WAYS THAT PEOPLE USE IN ANCIENT TIMES TO FIGHT BLACK DEATH
Rubbing onions, herbs or a chopped up snake (if available)
on the boils or cutting up a pigeon and rubbing it over an infected
body.
Drinking vinegar, eating crushed minerals, arsenic, mercury or even
ten-year-old treacle!
Sitting close to a fire or in a sewer to drive out the fever, or
fumigating the house with herbs to purify the air.
People who believed God was punishing you for your sin, 'flagellants',
went on processions whipping themselves.
In the 1361 - 1364 outbreak, doctors learned how to help the
patient recover by bursting the buboes.
Doctors often tested urine for colour and health. Some even tasted it
to test.

14. .
The Great Plague of London—Sealing Up the Sick
London never really caught a break after the Black Death.
The plague resurfaced roughly every 20 years from 1348 to
1665—40 outbreaks in 300 years. And with each new plague
epidemic, 20 percent of the men, women and children living
in the British capital were killed . By the early 1500s,
England imposed the first laws to separate and isolate the
sick. Homes stricken by plague were marked with a bale of
hay strung to a pole outside. If you had infected family
members, you had to carry a white pole when you went out
in public. Cats and dogs were believed to carry the disease,
so there was a wholesale massacre of hundreds of
thousands of animals

15. Causes to spread ofThe Great Plague of London—Sealing Up the Sick
The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people—almost a quarter of London's
population—in 18 months. The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which
is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected rat flea.
The plague was caused by disease-carrying fleas carried on the bodies of rats. A pair
of rats in the perfect environment could breed many off-spring. The filth found in the
streets of London provided the perfect environmen
The plague appears to have started in the parish of St-Giles-in-the-Fields outside of
London's walls in 1664. The hot summer seems to have caused it to become an epidemic
. While 68,596 deaths were recorded in the city, the true number was probably over
100,000, and other parts of the country also suffered.

16. When it ended??
Around September of 1666, the great
outbreak ended. The Great Fire of
London, which happened on 2-6
September 1666, may have helped end
the outbreak by killing many of the rats
and fleas who were spreading the plague.

17. Impact of this pandemic on london
The plague in London largely affected the poor, as the rich were able to leave the city by either
retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country. The subsequent
Great Fire of London ruined many city merchants and property owners.[48] As a result of these
events, London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act
1666.[54] The street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged, but some improvements
were made: streets were widened, pavements were created, open sewers abolished, wooden
buildings and overhanging gables forbidden, and the design and construction of buildings
controlled. The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were
constructed. Not only was the capital rejuvenated, but it became a healthier environment in
which to live. Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great
adversities of 1665 and 1666.[55

18. What stopped this plague???
During the Great Plague of London
(1665-1666), the disease called the
bubonic plague killed about 200,000
people in London, England. ... The Great
Fire of London, which happened on 2-6
September 1666, may have helped end
the outbreak by killing many of the rats
and fleas who were spreading the plague

19. Smallpox—A European Disease Ravages the New World
Smallpox was endemic to Europe, Asia and Arabia for centuries, a persistent
menace that killed three out of ten people it infected and left the rest with
pockmarked scars. But the death rate in the Old World paled in comparison to
the devastation wrought on native populations in the New World when the
smallpox virus arrived in the 15th century with the first European explorers.
The indigenous peoples of modern-day Mexico and the United States had zero
natural immunity to smallpox and the virus cut them down by the tens of
millions.

20. How small pox spread to whole country
6th Century – Increased trade with China and Korea introduces smallpox into Japan.
7th Century – Arab expansion spreads smallpox into northern Africa, Spain, and Portugal.
11th Century – Crusades further spread smallpox in Europe.
15th Century – Portuguese occupation introduces smallpox into part of western Africa.
16th Century – European colonization and the African slave trade import smallpox into the Caribbean
and Central and South America.
17th Century – European colonization imports smallpox into North America.
18th Century – Exploration by Great Britain introduces smallpox into Australia.
Early Control Efforts
Smallpox was a devastating disease. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died.

21. How it spreads???
By airborne respiratory droplets (coughs or sneezes).
By saliva (kissing or shared drinks).
By skin-to-skin contact (handshakes or hugs).
By blood products (unclean needles or unscreened blood).
By touching a contaminated surface (blanket or
doorkob).

22. Symptoms of smallpox
Pain areas: in the back or muscles
Skin: rashes, small bump, blister,
scab, or scar
Whole body: fever, malaise, or chills
Also common: headache or vomiting

23. When small pox started ??
Early Victims. Smallpox is thought to have originated
in India or Egypt at least 3,000 years ago. The
earliest evidence for the disease comes from the
Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses V, who died in 1157 B.C.
His mummified remains show telltale pockmarks on
his skin.

24. Smallpox vaccine
The smallpox vaccine was the first
vaccine to be developed against a
contagious disease. In 1796, the
British doctor Edward Jenner
demonstrated that an infection with
the relatively mild cowpox virus
conferred immunity against the
deadly smallpox

25. Cholera
In the early- to mid-19th century, cholera tore through England, killing tens of
thousands. The prevailing scientific theory of the day said that the disease was spread
by foul air known as a “miasma.” But a British doctor named John Snow suspected that
the mysterious disease, which killed its victims within days of the first symptoms, lurked
in London’s drinking water.
Snow acted like a scientific Sherlock Holmes, investigating hospital records and morgue
reports to track the precise locations of deadly outbreaks. He created a geographic
chart of cholera deaths over a 10-day period and found a cluster of 500 fatal
infections surrounding the Broad Street pump, a popular city well for drinking water.

26. Causes of cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes
severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to
dehydration and even death if untreated. It is
caused by eating food or drinking water
contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio
cholerae.
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes
cholera, is usually found in food or water

27. Symptoms of cholera
Rapid heart rate
Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original
position quickly if pinched)
Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth,
throat, nose, and eyelids
Low blood pressure
Thirst
Muscle cramps
If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in
a matter of hours.

28. Prevention
Rapid heart rate
Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched)
Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelids
Low blood pressure
Thirst
Muscle cramps
If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.

29. Made by
1. Adarsh Jaiswal
2. Dev Singh
3. Shubham Mittal
4. Siddharth Singhal
Class – X D