Unit-3-OB-Perception-attribution-tu-ms-2018.pptx

UNIT 3
PERCEPTION & ATTRIBUTION
Resource Person
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shrestha
Professor, Central Department of Management , T.U.,
Nepal
5/11/2023 sanjayjanuary16@gmail.com 98511-999-89 1

UNIT 3
PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION
3.1 PERCEPTION: CONCPET
“The perception process can be defined as a
complicated interaction of selection, organization &
interpretation of stimulation from environment.”
–Fred Luthans (2005)
• perception = or = reality
• cognitive component of human behavior

3.2 NATURE OF PERCEPTION
i. perception = or = reality
ii. cognitive component
iii. subjective: individually different
iv. based on expectation
v. can be developed
vi. is the cause of behavior

3.3 IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION
i.behavior is based on their perception
ii.understand their behavior
iii.predict their behavior
iv.manage their behavior
v.minimize conflict
vi.impression management

3.4 SENSATION VS. PERCEPTION
-Sensation: through 5 sensory organs
-Precedence vs. following
-Physical vs. psychological
3.5 SUB PROCESSES OF PERCEPTUAL

3.5 SUB PROCESSES OF PERCEPTUAL

Perception process
a)Attention & Selection
b)Organization
c)Interpretation
d)Outcome/response
3.6 PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY

3.7 PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization
1. Law of similarity
2. law of good form or the law of simplicity
3. Law of Proximity
4. Law of Closure
5. Law of Continuity

3.8 ATTENTION FACTORS IN SELECTIVITY
A) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER
1) Attitude 2) Motives 3) Interests 4) Experience
5) Expectations 6) Emotions
B) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVED
1) Novelty 2) Motion/movement 3) Size
4) Intensity 5) Contrast/background 6) Repetition
c) Factors in the situation
1) Time 2) Work-setting 3) Social setting/context

Application of perception in organizations
(A) SOCIAL PERCEPTION
(b) Individual decision-making
(A) SOCIAL PERCEPTION
a) ATTRIBUTION THEORY
b) Frequently used short cuts

a) ATTRIBUTION THERORY (internal and ext.)
OTHER ATTRIBUTES
Observation------------Interpretation---------- Attribution of cause
Distinctiveness High External
Distinctiveness Low Internal
Individual behavior Consensus High External
Consensus Low Internal
Consistency High Internal
Consistency Low External
LOCUS OF CONTROL
ATTRIBUTION ERRORS/biases
a) Fundamental attribution error
b) Self-serving bias

(b) Frequently used shortcuts
• HALO EFFECT (based on single trait)
• STEREOTYPING (group based generalization)
• Selective perception (based on interest, etc.)
• Contrast Effects
3.9 LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND DECISION
MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS
Rational decision making;
Behavioral decision making and
Intuitive decision making.

(i) Employment interview
(ii) Performance Expectations
(iii) Ethnic Profiling-
(iv) Performance Evaluations
(v) Employee Effort
(vi) Decisions

3.10 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CONSTRAINTS
(i) Divergent perceptions
(ii) Conflicts
Culture Expectation

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
(personality, mental ability, gender, cultural
differences, past experiences, motivation,
expectation, emotional state, and attitude).
ORGANIZATIONAL CONSTRAINTS
i.Performance evaluation
ii.Reward system
iii.Formal regulation
iv.System imposed time constraint
v.Historical precedents

Impression Management
“It is a conscious or subconscious attempt
to influence perceptions of others about a person, object or
event by regulating & controlling information in social
interaction”
“The process by which individuals attempt to control the
impression others form of them is called impression
management (IM).”
• social identity theory
• For certain goal
• (i) dress, makeup, hair style (ii) manner and general
behavior (iii) body language
• Nonverbal, verbal and behavioral

3.12 PROCESS OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
-set goals
-commit to the changes you want to commit
-dress appropriately
-learn how to shake hands properly
-keep your body language open
-fake it until you feel it
-first impression (thin slicing: 1-minute impression)
-First contact
-introduction
-small talks
-be a good listener

3.13 EMPLOYEE IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Any Queries?

Thank You All!
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shrestha
Professor, Central Department of Management,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
sanjayjanuary16@gmail.com
98511-999-89

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