2. Overview
• c. 1670 – 1815
• The Enlightenment
• Agricultural Revolution
• 18th Century Culture
• Political Use of Space
• The French Revolution
• Napoleon
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
3. The Scientific Revolution
• Background
• Empiricism
– Francis Bacon (1561-
1626)
• Astronomy
– Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric Universe
– Copernicus (1473-
1543)
– Galileo Galilei (1564-
1642)
• Professionalism
Henri Testelin, Louis XIV and Colbert
Visit the Academy of Sciences, 1666
4. The Enlightenment
• Philosophes
• “tabula rasa”
• Government
• Social Contract
• Religion
– Deism
• “Republic of Letters”
• France
• Salons A reading in the salon of Madame
Geoffrin
Anicet Charles Lemonnier, 1812
5. The Enlightenment
• Europe
– John Locke
– Montesquieu
– Diderot
– Adam Smith
– Marquis de Condorcet
– Voltaire
– Thomas Day
• America
– Benjamin Franklin
– Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity
from the Sky, Benjamin West, 1816
6. 18th Century Agricultural Rev.
• New crops
• New farming
techniques
• Weather
• Enclosures
– Common land
– More efficient farming
– Who owned it?
– downside
• Increase in birthrate
– Plague
Port Meadow, Oxford
7.
8. Consumer Revolution
• What and Why
• Commodities
– Silver
– Tobacco
– Pelts
– Sugar
– Coffee and Tea
• Gentry and Bourgeoisie
• Wealth
– Finances
• Rise of the Coffeehouse
12. Women
• History
• Rousseau
– Separate spheres
• Voltaire et al disagreed
• Examples:
– Margaret Cavenidsh (1623-
1673)
– Aphra Behn (1640-1689)
– Mary Astell (1666-1731)
– Mary Wollstonecroft
(1757-1797) – Vindication
of the Rights of Woman
Madame du Pompadour (1721-1764)
by François Boucher, c.1750
13. The Western World, c. 1788
• European Balance of
Power
• Absolutism
• Mercantilism
• Enlightenment
• American Revolution
14. The Old Order in France
• Economic Crisis
– Environment
– Wars
– Fiscal system
– Ideas
• Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774-
1792)
– Marie Antoinette
• Reform ministers
– Necker’s Report (1781)
• Estates-General, May 1789
15. The Calling of the Estates, May 1789
• Estates-General
– 1st Estate: the Church
– 2nd Estate: the Nobility
– 3rd Estate: the Commoners
• Debates
– Cahiers de Doléances
• June 17, 3rd Estate votes
itself the National
Assembly
• June 20, Tennis Court
Oath
17. Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784
18. Storming of the
Bastille,
July 14, 1789
• King at first supports National
Assembly, but hedges bets
• Fires reform ministers
• Calls up soldiers
• Peasants restless in Paris and
elsewhere
• Bastille
• Prison, symbol
• Weapons
• Nat’l Assembly saved
20. Timeline of the Revolution
• June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly
• Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly
• Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention
– April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety
• Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction
• Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory
• Napoleon
– Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul”
– 1802, Consul for life
– 1804, Emperor
21. Aftermath
• Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the
Citizen, August 26
• Olympe de Gouges
• Women’s March on
Versailles, October 5
• June 1791, Royal
Family flees
• New Constitution, Sept
1791
23. Radicalization
• Legislative Assembly
• Declaration of Pillnitz
– August 1791
– Prussia and Austria
• Radicals:
– Jacobins
– Sans-culottes
• Aug. – Sept. 1792
– Palace of the Tuleries
– September Massacre,
1200 killed
24. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• The 1st French Republic
– The National Convention
• Jacobins
– Girondists
– The Mountain
• Louis XIV
• Maximilien Robespierre
(1758-1794)
• Committee of Public Safety
• Guillotine: 10,000s killed
– 26 killed/day in Paris,
officially
• Marat (1743-1793)
25. The Republic of Virtue
• Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity
– “Citizen”
• Scientific Government
• Dechristianization
• Cult of the Supreme Being
• New Calendar
30. The End of the Terror
• March 30, 1794 –
Georges Danton
and allies arrested
• June 8, Festival of
the Supreme Being
• July 27, Robespierre
arrested
• Thermidorian
Reaction
32. Rise of Napoleon
• France’s Revolutionary
Army
– Levée en masse
• Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821)
– Paris, 1795
– Italy, 1796
– Egypt, 1798-1799
• July 21, 1798, Battle of the
Pyramids
Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801
33. Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799
The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids,
1799
34. Napoleon’s Reign
• 1799, First Consul
• 1804, Emperor
• Concordat with the
Pope
• The Napoleonic Code
• Prefects
• Grand Army
• Continental System
• Urbanism
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
38. Napoleon’s Wars
• 1805, Battles of
Trafalgar and Austerlitz
• 1807-1813, Wellington’s
Peninsular War
• 1812, Invasion of Russia
and the War of 1812
• 1814, exiled to Elba
• 1815, Battle of
Waterloo
• Final exile to St. Helena
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, David, 1802
Notes de l'éditeur
Redrawing the Map of France, 1789–1791
Before 1789, France was divided into provinces named after the territories owned by dukes and counts in the Middle Ages. Many provinces had their own law codes and systems of taxation. Determined to install uniform administrations and laws for the entire country, the National Assembly divided the provinces into eighty-three departments, with names based on their geographical characteristics: for example, Seine-Inf, Seine-et-Oise, and Seine-et-Marne for areas containing the Seine River and Pyrénées-Orientales, Hte-Pyrénées, and Basses-Pyrénées for regions with the Pyrénées Mountains.