Stylistics in

1. Stylistics

2. Stylistics of various levels
• Phonetic -rhythm, rhyme, alliteration,
onomatopoeia
• Morphological – All lexical items
• Writing -grammatical categories
• Lexical stylistics - All styles at word levels
• Syntactic stylistics - Word order, types of
sentences, syntactical relations

3. Stylistics at phonetic level
• Abrams (1971: 118) explains it as: “onomatopoeia is a word or a
combination of words, whose sound seems to resemble the sound
it denotes: 'hiss', 'buzz', 'rattle', bang' “.
• Examples- he buzzing bee flew away.
• The sack fell into the river with a splash.

4. Rhyme
Rhyme requires two or more words that repeat the same sounds..
They are often spelled in a similar way, but they don’t have to be
spelled in similar ways. Rhyme can occur at the end of a line, called
end rhyme, or it can occur in the middle of the line, called internal
rhyme. Example=See you later, alligator,
“Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow”.
(“Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost)

5. Rhythm
• Rhythm
• Rhythm, is the beat–the stressed syllables in a poem. Poets have a
variety of possibilities for building that rhythm and ending lines.
Examples
I will find the keys for you,
and you must finda place to park the car.
Never stop doing best till you reach the top if you want to find hope
.

6. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant
sounds at the beginning of words near each other.
Examples
Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.

7. Lexical stylistics
• Metaphor
• Metonymy
• Synecdoche
• Irony
• Epithet
• Hyperbole
• Oxymoron

8. Metaphor
Metaphor: identification between two entities that
have or seem to have nothing in common.
a. Life´s but a walking shadow , a poor player.
b) Duke players came out with volcanoes’ eyes,
spitting fire like mad dragons on the run. the iron
lions roared all the way on Malecon avenue.

9. Metonymy
• Metonymy: substitution or reference of own thing
by mentioning another associated or partially
related to it logically.
• a) those hot pants are gonna give a heart attack.
• b) my thirst can be quenched with just one glass
of your precious wine.

10. Metonymy and synecdoche
• Metonymy is the use of a linked term to stand in for an object or
concept
• The White House will be making an announcement around noon
today.
• Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something
represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.
• The word “suit” refers to a businessman.
• The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers

11. Irony
• speaking of a group of politicians trying to pass a given law: i
guess I’m in the wrong room. someone must have led my to the
first- graders (mentally-disabled , retarded) room instead of the
Dominican Republic Senate

12. Epithet
• term for the application of a word or phrase to someone that
describes that person's attributes or qualities. Often, this word or
phrase, used to describe the person, becomes synonymous with
the person and can be used as part of his/her name or in place of
his/her name.
• Richard the Lion-Heart
• Star-crossed lovers-describes Romeo and Juliet in Romeo and
Juliet
• The Piano Man(Billy Joel)

13. Hyperbole
• An author or speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an
extreme. It is used for emphasis or as a way of making a
description more creative and humorous.
• That suitcase weighed a ton!
• The new iPhone is ‘bigger than bigger.’

14. Oxymoron
• An expression that puts together opposite elements. The
combination of these contradicting elements serves to reveal a
paradox, confuse, or give the reader a laugh.
• That’s my adult child. Poor thing still can’t get himself into the
real adult world.
• “sounds of silence.” -Simon and Garfunkel’s
• https://youtu.be/Bk7RVw3I8eg

15. Literary forms
• Simile: comparing two things that belong to different nature or
domain.
• she looked at me with eyes like a moonless night.
• Hyperbole: an exaggeration made deliberately
• she blink ten thousand times in astonishment
• Euphemism: using more word than needed to deliberately avoid
using an offensive, vulgar, word or expression.
• He is a special child (disabled or learning challenged)
• “kick the bucket”

16. Pun
• we activate or play with two meaning of a word or words
simultaneously. We based this on emphasizing the different
meanings of a word (polysemy) or on the same spelling and
pronunciation of two words or the same sound of two different
words (homonymy). • examples: Can you please watch my watch ?
it’s a gift from my late grandpa. • write that right!! I don’t want
them to misunderstand it.

17. Syntactic Stylistics
• based on reduction of the initial sentence model: ellipsis,
aposiopesis, nominative sentences, asyndeton;
• based on extension of the initial sentence model: repetition,
enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, "it is (was) he, who...", the
emphatic verb "to do", parenthetic sentences;
• based on change of word-order: inversion, detachment; • based
on interaction of syntactic structures in context: parallel
constructions;
• based on transposition of meaning and connection of constituent
parts: rhetoric questions, parceling

18. • An elliptical sentence is such a syntactic structure in which there
is no subject, or predicate, or both. The main parts of elliptical
sentences are omitted by the speaker intentionally in cases when
they are semantically redundant. For example: - Hullo! Who are
you? - The staff.
• Ellipsis saves the speaker from needless ef-fort, spares his time,
reduces redundancy of speech.

19. NOMINATIVE (NOMINAL) SENTENCES
• A nominative sentence is a variant of one-member structures: it
has neither subject nor predicate. It is called nominative or
nominal because its basic (head) component is a noun or a noun-
like element (gerund, numeral). For example: Morning. April.
Problems.
• Communicative functions. A sequence of nominative sentences
makes for dynamic description of events. Sets of nominative
sentences are used to expressively depict the time of the action,
the place of the action, the atten-dant circumstances of the
action, the participants of the action.

20. • APOSIOPESIS (BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE) Like ellipsis, aposiopesis
is also realized through incompleteness of sentence structure,
though this incompleteness is of different structural and semantic
nature: it appears when the speaker is unwilling to proceed and
breaks off his narration abruptly: If you go on like this...

21. • ASYNDETON It is deliberate omission of structurally significant
conjunctions and connectives. For example: John couldn 't have
done such a silly thing, he is enough clever for that. Fathers,
mothers, uncles, cousins. Cocking tails and pricking whiskers,...
Communicative functions. Asyndeton makes speech dynamic and
ex-pressive. Sometimes it implies the speaker's haste, nervousness
and impatience

22. • REPETITION Stylistic repetition of language units in speech
(separate words, word-combinations or sentences) is one of the
most frequent and potent stylis-tic devices. For example: Never
take the rifle again. Put it back! put it back! Put it back!

23. • There are several structural types of repetition: ANAPHORA. The
repeated word or word-combination is at the beginning of each
consecutive syntactic structure. For example: Victory is what we
need. Victory is what we expect. EPIPHORA. The repeated unit is
placed at the end of each consecutive syntactic structure. For
example: It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure
to be petrified in a case like that. FRAMING. The initial part of a
language unit is repeated at the end of this unit. For example:
Poor Mary. How much Jack loved her! What will he do now? I wish
it hadn't happened. Poor Mary.

24. • CHIASMUS (reversed parallel construction). In such syntactic
structures there is a cross order of repeated language units. For
example: The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary
might have been the jail. Communicative functions. The device of
repetition aims at emphasizing a certain component of the
utterance. Being repeated, a language unit obtains additional
stylistic information. Consecutive contact repetition is capable of
rendering scores of modal meanings and human emotions.

25. • POLYSYNDETON It is stylistically motivated redundant repetition of
conjunctions or prepositions: The dog barked and pulled Jack, and
growled, and raged. Communicative functions. Polysyndeton is a
means of rhythmical organization of the utterance. Due to this
quality it is widely used in poetry. It also makes for underlining the
most important part of information.

26. • PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS Parallelism is a stylistic device of
producing two or more syntactic structures according to the same
syntactic pattern: Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete
played tennis. Communicative functions. Syntactic parallelism is
polyfunctional. It creates rhythm and is typical of poetry. It makes
speech persuasive and is a feature of the publicistic and oratory
styles. It underlines important informa-tion and is widely used in
everyday speech.

27. • INVERSION Inversion is the syntactic phenomenon of intentional
changing word-order of the initial sentence model: To her family
Martha gives all her time

28. • RHETORIC QUESTIONS These are not questions but affirmative or
negative statements put into the interrogative shape. A rhetoric
question needs no answer, because the answer to it is quite
obvious: Me a liar? Communicative functions. A rhetoric question
enhances the expressiveness of speech. Used in oratory style,
rhetoric questions aim at catching the attention of the audience,
making the sequential sentences sound persuasive and significant

29. • Thank you