2. SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Austrian Neurologist.
He is the founder of Psychoanalysis . Psychoanalysis is
a clinical method for treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
Some of the major works by Freud are:
Interpretation of dreams (1899)
Beyond the pleasure principle(1920)
The ego & the Id (1923)
Multiple case histories and papers on sexuality etc..
Freud’s theories are one of the most controversial yet
influential theories of psychology . It has faced wide
range of criticism but it is still widely referred to.
3. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Inner conflicts , basic and intellectual drives play
critical roles for the development of personality. Freud
gave 3 major structure of personality ;
1) The id
2) The ego and
3) The superego.
4. THE ID
The id is the part of the personality
structure that includes a humans basic
needs, intellectual drives such as sex ,
hunger, aggressiveness.
It is based on the pleasure principle
i.e. to avoid pain and seeking pleasure
in order to satisfy biological and
psychological needs
It requires immediate gratification of
needs.
5. THE EGO
The ego is the component of personality
that is responsible for dealing with reality that
attempts to mediate between the id and the
superego.
The ego obeys the reality principle which
aims to discharge tension until an object that
is appropriate for satisfaction of need has
been discovered.
In order to perform its role efficiently the ego
has control over all the cognitive and
intellectual functions.
6. THE SUPEREGO
The superego is the moral part of the personality that
include the values, social rules and morals of society
which are learnt from parents and others in society.
•It majorly functions to control the ids impulses such
as social prohibitions , taboos , sex and aggression.
•It strives for perfection and ideals
• It has two major components :
1. Ego ideal: it is made up of our rules for good
behavior .when parents approve children's
behavior it is incorporated into ego ideal. The child
interjects the moral standards of the parents .
2. Conscience: when parents disapprove and
punish children's behavior it is incorporated into
the conscious . It makes the person feel guilty.
7. CONCLUSION
Under ordinary circumstances these
principles do not collide rather work together
as a team under administrative leadership of
ego. The personality functions as a whole
rather than separate segments.
8. FREUDS VIEW OF THE HUMAN MIND
Freud linked the mind to
an Iceberg in which the
smaller parts showing
above the surface of
water represents the
region of consciousness
while the much larger
mass below the water
level represents the
region of
unconsciousness.
9. LEVELS OF MIND
The Conscious :
It contains all of the thoughts, memories,
feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given
moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing that
we can think and talk about rationally. This also includes
our memory, which is not always part of consciousness
but can be retrieved easily and brought into awareness.
The Preconscious :
It consists of anything that could potentially
be brought into the conscious mind.
The Unconscious:
It is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges,
and memories that outside of our conscious awareness.
Most of the contents of the unconscious are
unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain,
anxiety, or conflict.
10. FREUDIAN SLIP
One way to understand how the conscious and
unconscious minds operate is to look at what is
known as a slip of the tongue. Many of us have
experienced what is commonly referred to as
a Freudian slip at some point or another. These
misstatements are believed to reveal underlying,
unconscious thoughts or feelings.
An example of a Freudian slip is a man who
accidentally uses a former girlfriend's name when
referring to a current girlfriend. While most of us
might believe this to be a simple error, Freud believed
that the slip with the sudden intrusion of the
unconscious mind into the conscious mind, often due
to unresolved or repressed feelings.
13. ANXIETY
Unresolved conflicts lead to
anxiety.
Realistic anxiety : fear
Moral anxiety :feelings of
shame , guilt , fear of
punishment.
Neurotic anxiety: (nervous
anxiety) fear of being
overwhelmed by id. loosing
control, temper, rationality etc
