Protected Cultivation

WELCOME
Er. Indore Navnath S
(A.R.S )Scientist, ASPE
Email: indore.Sakharam@icar.gov.in
navnathindore177@gmail.com
Mb:9540777875;Ph:0161-2313172
ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana
ISO 9001:2015 Certified institution
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India

Established 16 July 1929
Budget ₹8000 crore (2019-20)
101 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities s
One of the largest national agricultural systems in the world.
The ICAR has played a pioneering role in
ushering Green Revolution
Deemed Universities - 4
Institutions - 65
National Research Centres - 14
National Bureaux - 6
Directorates/Project Directorates - 13
State Agriculture Universities: 71
Krishi Vigyan Kendra: 716
Increase the production of foodgrains by 5.6 times, horticultural crops by 10.5 times, fish by 16.8 times,
milk by 10.4 times and eggs by 52.9 times since 1950-51 to 2017-18.

Opportunities in ICAR
ARS Scientist through ARS Exam
After PhD
National fellowships:
ICAR-AIEEE: B.Sc/B.Tech: Rs 3000/ month
Jr Research Fellowship: M.Sc/M.Tech: Rs 12000/month
Sr. Research Fellowship: P.hD: Rs 18000- 22000/month
ICAR Netaji International
Fellowship: PhD Oversees: US$ 2000/ month
Job Opportunities in ICAR/SAU/CSIR R&D Projects
Position Eligibility Experience req
JRF BSc/BTech Yes
YP-1 BSc/ B Tech Yes
YP-2 MSc/MTech Yes
Sr Research
Fellow
M Tech with ICAR-
NET
Yes
Research
Associate
PhD Yes
ICAR- National Eligibility Test after post graduation
Success Mantra: Group Study (2-3 ppl)
MTech though Indian Institute of Technology: GATE Exam

Agricultural engineering is the engineering discipline that applies engineering science and
technology to agricultural production and processing. Agricultural engineering combines the
disciplines of animal biology, plant biology, and mechanical, civil, electrical and chemical
engineering principles with a knowledge of agricultural principles.
Biosystem Engineering: European countries, USA, Canada
Field of engineering which integrates engineering science and design with applied biological and
environmental sciences.
Indian Scenario Indian Society of Agriculture Engineers
ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers is an international professional society devoted to agricultural
and biological engineering)
Major Branches: Farm Machinery and power engineering, Soil and water conservation engineering, Post harvest & Process
Engineering, Aquaculture Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering – CIGR

American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Asian Association for Agricultural
Engineering (AAAE), European Society of Agricultural Engineers (EurAgEng), Latin American and
Caribbean Association of Agricultural Engineering (ALIA), South and East African Society of Agricultural
Engineering (SEASAE), Euro Asian Association of Agricultural Engineers (EAAAE), Association of
Agricultural Engineers of South-Eastern Europe (AAESEE), and many national societies.

Application of agricultural engineering in India for sustainable development of agriculture

Trainings /exposure:Best institutions
(Mumbai)Advanced Packaging techniques
(Ludhiana)Post Harvest Engineering & Technology
(Budani, M.P)Tractor maintenance and operation
(Karnal), Dairy Engineering & Technology
(Mysore) Food Engineering & Technology
(Hyderabad)CAD softwars & engineering softwares

(Tanjavar) Agro. Process engg
Advanced engineering softwares
PGDM programme after B Tech
(New Delhi) Renewable energy

Presence across the country: 52 locations
Through Mega Project
AIl India Coordinated Research project
1. Post Harvest Engineering & Technology: 32
2. Plasticulture Engineering & Technology: 14
1. Consortium research project on secondary agriculture: 6

All India Coordinated Research Project on
Plasticulture Engineering & Technology
Coordinating Unit: ICAR- CIPHET, Ludhiana
S No Centre
1 PAU Ludhiana
2 SKUAS&T –K Srinagar
3 BAU Ranchi
4 JAU Junagadh
5 MPUAT Udaipur
6 CAE & PHT Gangtok
7 CIFA Bhubaneshwar
8 VPKAS Almora
9 CIPHET Ludhiana / Abohar
10 ICAR RC NEH, Barapani
11 CIRG Makhdum
12 NRC – Yak, Dirang
13 BSKKV, Dapoli
14 RAU, Raichur

Principle invalidator/ Association: 11 Projects of National importance
My profile
Area of work:
• Development of Post Harvest Engineering tools machinery
• Design and development of protected structures for high value crop
production
• Establishment of modern agro processing centres
• Development of animal housing at higher altitudes for Yak and pashmina
• NICRA-Design of hail and frost protection structures
• Dept of Consumer affairs: Develop Storage protocols for pulses in
warehouses (140) throughout the country

1. Protected cultivation
2. Plastic mulching and soil
solarisation
3. Water harvesting &
irrigation systems
4. Aquaculture
5. Animal Husbandry
6. Post harvest packaging,
drying and handling
7. Farm tools and
machinery

Todays Topic
Protected
Cultivation/
Precision
farming/
Protected
agriculture

Protected Agriculture
A concept referring to the application
of a wide range of new and emerging
CEA technologies in agriculture with
a view to enhance the duration of
availability, production, productivity
and sustainability of the intended
commodity.

Concept of protected cultivation
Cold and harsh climate countries
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse,
or, if with sufﬁcient heating, a hothouse) is
a structure with walls and roof made chieﬂy
of transparent material, such as glass, in
which plants requiring regulated climatic
conditions are grown
Greenhouse-like structures
incorporating ondol were constructed
to provide heat for mandarin
orange trees during the winter of 1438
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

What is Precision Farming
•The basis objective of adopting precision farming
techniques is to find ways to reduce cost of
cultivation for maximizing profit margin
•Use of inputs appropriate to the productive capacity
of the soil

Significance of Plasticulture/ Protected cultivation
• Production improvement(50-60%)
• Water saving (60-70%)
• Fertilizer saving (30-40%)
• Labour saving (7-18%)
• Early fruiting (10-25 days)
• Excellent quality of seedlings
• Enhances quality of produce

Why we practise protected cultivation
To Make plant happy so they can perform better
Through comfort
Jut like humans
Successful protected farming
Team: Agriculture Engineer, Horticulture,
Agronomy, Agriculture Economics

Being an agriculture engineer: Designing of Agriculture structures and
knowledge of instrumentation
• Structural and functional characteristics : Greenhouse/
Post Storage structures/ water harvesting statures/ farm
structures/cold storage/ warehouses
•Size, Shape, Orientation,Height of structure
•Different loads will encounters during service life
•Maintain desired microclimate for commodity or purpose in use

Role of Agriculture Engineer
Knowledge of Psychometry
basics of varietal selection: self pollinated
Example: Greenhouse should maintain
Temp: 25-30
RH: 65-75%
Light: 700-900 nm
CO2: 300- 1000 ppm
Irrigation and fertigation systems
Common instrumentation used

Protected Cultivation
• Polyhouse
• Shade net
• Rain shelter
• Mulching
• Low tunnels
• Anti hail nets

Most common instrumentation used by Agriculture engineers in
Precision farming: My Lab
Record environmental/ weather /microclimate parameters/ proceed control:
Digital hygrometers, weather stations, Data loggers, PLC controllers
UTM
PLC
loggers
Anemometer
Lux meterFlowmeter Pressure gauge
Soil moisture cum cum recorder

Digital vernier
Pyranometer
Gas analyser
Micrometer
Quantum/ PAR sensor
Digital strain gauge

Infrared thermometer Hygrometer
TDS PH EC meter
Chlorophyll meter
Weighing balance
Refractometer

Broad classification: Single span and multi
span

How many types of Greenhouses
Greenhouse Groups
Glass-
house
Polly
-house
Shade-net-
house
I.P. net-
house
FRP-house Tunnels

Visits at different sites to study structural characteristics
Nearby Ranchi, Jharkhand
Double Arc type Multi span

Gothic shape type
Srinagar, J & K
Quonset shape/ walking tunnel type
Srinagar, J & K
Identified design/type of polyhouse for hilly, cold and Himalayan region
Semi arc bamboo type
Gangtoke
Quonset shape/ walking tunnel type
Chail, Himachal Pradesh

Nearby Ludhiana, Punjab
Double Arc type
Arc type even span NVP
Arc type even span FPP

Dabble door, Span, 4 side and top ventilated
naturally/ zero electric energy polyhouse

Semi Climate Controlled/ Fain-Pad, malty-span, roof
ventilation polyhouse with Full Proof Roof water
harvesting System

Semi Climate Controlled/ Fain-Pad, malty-span, roof ventilation
polyhouse with Full Proof Roof water harvesting System

Lateral and main drain of water harvesting system
Semi Climate Controlled/ Fain-Pad, malty-span, roof ventilation
polyhouse with Full Proof Roof water harvesting System

Polyhouse concept emerged to undertake adverse environmental conditions
such as excess of raining, high temperature, extreme cold conditions, air flow
etc.
Creating congenial climatic conditions including soil and water regime.
25-300C,
70-80% relative humidity,
Light intensity of 60,000-80,000 lux for 8-10 hours, and
Higher concentration of carbondioxide.
Goal

Components of a Greenhouse
• Frame : m a d e o f m e t a l l i c
(mostly GI) p i p e s /
wooden or bamboo.
• Glazing material : t r a n s l u c e n t ,
mostly 200 µ UV
stabilized LDPE sheet, or
rigid plastic panels.

Planning for a polyhouse
• Well drain soil
• Connecting Road
• Availability of labour, water &
Electricity
• Shadow free zone
• Wind breaks
• Future expansion
• Marketing facilities

Wind direction
North
South
EastWest
___________GutterSide___________
Greenhouse Orientation

• Orientation of the polyhouse is another important factor.
• In India, multi span naturally ventilated polyhouse should be oriented in east-
west direction.
• Gutter of the polyhouse should be oriented north-south to avoid continuous
shading of certain portions of the greenhouse due to structural members.

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR BETTER GROWTH
Environmental parameters
• Light
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Carbon Dioxide
• Air Flow
44

LIGHT
For healthy growth of crop in poly house, minimum requirement of
LUX is 50,000 to 60,000.
In India, light LUX varies from 40,000 to 1,40, 000
Reduce sunlight by shade nets of 35%, 50%, 75%. Shade
factors
45

Types of Light
● On the basis of wavelength, Light is classified into three types
Ultra violate light : 0-400nm,
Visible light : 400-700nm
Infra Red light : 700 nm onwards
● In polyhouses light is controlled in such a way that plant
receive maximum visible light and remaining light get
reflected back
46

TEMPERATURE
For flowers and vegetables healthy and maximum growth,
the temp requirement is between 26oC to 30oC during day
time.
47

HUMIDITY
Requirement of humidity for
Flower production: 65% to 80%
Vegetables : 60% to 65%
Humidity helps in color combination of herbs, vegetable and flowers.
51
Flow rate: 4 – 7.5 lph
Spacing : 3 X 3 m
Foggers (approximately : 320 no. in one acre)

Atmosphere contains CO2 concentration of 0.03% means 300ppm.
Plants use this CO2 for photosynthesis.
In poly house, during night time there is no photosynthesis but CO2 is
given out by respiration
This CO2 is again used by plants growing in poly house helps in higher net
photosynthetic rate.
If poly house retains around 1000 ppm of CO2, production increases to 4
to 5 times more compare to normal conditions.
53
CARBON DI-OXIDE

If humidity is more in polyhouse, then chances of diseases and pest
increases. Under such condition, side vents of polyhouse are opened to
promote wind movement in polyhouse. Because of wind movement the
humidity decreases and chances of diseases also reduced.
54
WIND
MOVEMENT

Ventilation and Cooling
• A greenhouse is ventilated for either reducing the very high greenhouse air
temperatures or for replenishing carbon dioxide supply or for moderating the
relative humidity in the greenhouse.
• It is quite possible to bring greenhouse air temperature down during summer
seasons by providing adequate ventilation for the greenhouse.
• The ventilation in a greenhouse could either be natural or forced.
• However, fan ventilation is essential to have precise control over air
temperatures, humidity and carbon dioxide levels.

Evaporative cooling (EC)
Medium of cooling is water
Cooling is based on difference
between dry and wet bulb
temperatures
Effective in low relative humidity
areas
Fan and pad systems

Cooling Systems
•While ventilation may be used for
cooling during Winter and Rainy
seasons, other methods have to be
employed for cooling during summers.

Roof Shading
• The amount of solar radiant energy entering the greenhouse can be
reduced by applying opaque coatings directly to the glazing or by
placing wood or aluminium in-the over the glazing.
• White coloured shadenets are preferred for they reflect a maximum
amount of sunlight.

Greenhouse Technology for Tomato ( Var. GS-600) Production during year round
Yield 150-200q/1000m2
area

Greenhouse Technology for Cucumber ( Var. Kian) Production during year round
Yield 200- 300q /
1000m2 area

Greenhouse Technology for Capsicum ( Var. Swarna) Production during year round
Yield 80- 100q /
1000m2 area

Greenhouse Technology for Capsicum ( Var. Indra) Production during year round
Yield 80- 100q /
1000m2 area

Greenhouse Technology for Vegetables Seedlings Production during Off-Season
Yield 6-7 lakh
seedling /500m2
area in a Year

➢ Poly cum net house for semi-arid region
❑ Energy smart structure in which cooling is done by
natural ventilation
❑ Cost of the structure with size 20m x 12m is 743/m2
❑ Licensed to two firms and 400 units installed in field
➢ Modified low cost Net House for vegetable cultivation in hot
climate
Cost R 1,80,000 per unit
Cultivation Round the year cultivation of vegetables
Income R 50,000 to 70,000 annually (as per farmers evaluation)
Units
installed
7 (5 in farmers field under AVRDC-RCSA project; 11 to be
installed under AVRDC –SRTT – PAU project
Efforts • PAU recommended the technology & Punjab State farmers
commission has adopted for popularisation.
• Regular trainings of the farmers & entrepreneurs at KVKs &
PAU.
➢ Specially designed polyhouse for Mushroom cultivation in semi
arid region
❑ Length 14.63 x 3.66 x 4.27 m
❑ Mushroom structure has capacity of 40 quintals.
❑ Two crops of button mushroom and one crop of dhingri
mushroom can be grown in the structure.
❑ Rs. 170000/- can be earned from the structure per
annum

Low cost Bamboo frame Polyhouse
Sizes 40-140 m2 floor area
Cost R 150-250 per m2
Cultivation Off-season vegetables
Income R 30000-60000
B/C ratio 1.67 – 2.20
Units
installed
120 – Uttarakhand (mostly with
input sharing with funding
under HTM, NAIP and other
projects)
10 – Meghalaya (including 4
funded by HTM)
10 – Himachal Pradesh
(constructed under technical
guidance of PET team)
Efforts Empowering local
entrepreneurs through hands
on training.
In Uttarakhand
Meghalaya
Uttarakhand

Plain –
cold area
Single Span
Double Span
all are side ventilated and
medium size
Quonset type or
Gable type/ Triangle type
Naturally Ventilated
Plain –hot area Single Span
Double Span
Multispan
all are Roof and side ventilated
Medium and big size and
integrated covering
Force ventilated
Evaporative cooled/ Fan-Pad/semi
climatic control
Control/Hi-tech greenhouse/ (DSS
Greenhouse/ censer based
computerized greenhouse
Plain-Dry land Single Span
Double Span
Multispan,
medium /Big size all are Roof
and side ventilated
Medium and big size
Quonset type
Evaporative cooled/ Fan-Pad/semi
climatic control
Shade-net-house
Integrated covering
Rainfed area Gable type/ Triangle type
Single Span, Medium size roof
ventilation and roof slop 30-40
degree
Quonset type
I.P.Net-house
Shade-net-house
Integrated covering
Design according to Agro climatic conditions

High hills cum
snowfall area
Single Span--- Small size---
only side window
ventilation ---like Dryer
type
Or Solar polyhouse
Mid hills area Single Span--- Small- size--
With side ventilation
Food hills area Single ,Double Span-
Mediums size with side and
roof ventilation
Quonset type
Naturally Ventilated with
integrated covering
High rain fall
area
Single Span- Small and
mediums size
Only top covering cum Rainy
Shelter type
Costal area Gable type/ Triangle type
Single Span- Small size
Only top covering cum Rainy
Shelter type
Valley Single ,Double Span-
Mediums size with side and
roof ventilation
Quonset type, Gable type/
Triangle type, Naturally Ventilated
with integrated covering
Conti………

Shade net houses
• Helps in cultivation of flowers, vegetables and
spices.
• Used for raising nurseries of fruits and vegetable.
• Helps to enhance yield during summer season.
• Photo selective reduction of pest infestation and
viral diseases may lead to reduced pesticide
application
• Protects crops from natural weather disturbances
such as wind, rain, hail, frost, snow, bird and
insects.

Shade net types
Green tape 35 Green Monofilament 35
Black tape 35 Black Monofilament 35

Effect of coloured nets on tomato production
(Mono filament)
Colour
(35%)
Ave. UV
value mw/
cm2
Ave. light
intensity (lux)
Ave. max.
temp. (°c)
Ave. yield
(t/ha)
Black 0.652 55035 26.85 64.99
Green 0.725 62853 28.65 45.87
White 0.659 56146 27.05 68.02
Red 0.691 61800 28.00 80.62
Colour (50%)
Black 0.513 43253 25.35 71.75
Green 0.626 52903 28.20 55.85
White 0.554 45439 26.30 75.55
Red 0.540 50242 27.30 86.83
Colour (75%)
Black 0.254 18755 24.15 58.24
Green 0.318 23455 26.55 49.29
White 0.253 19335 24.75 68.69
Red 0.249 20992 25.65 74.16
Open field 1.360 112000 30.05 41.40

Tape net pooled data of tomato two years
Colour
(35%)
Ave. UV value
mw/cm2
Ave. light
intensity (lux)
Ave. max.
temp. (°c)
Ave. yield (t/
ha)
Black 0.712 62127 27.06 57.34
Green 0.788 71793 29.01 39.63
White 0.672 64610 27.85 58.32
Red 0.724 68306 27.73 63.61
Colour (50%)
Black 0.566 48454 25.21 62.99
Green 0.745 59162 28.39 48.27
White 0.631 53903 26.51 67.15
Red 0.628 56603 26.62 73.25
Colour (75%)
Black 0.274 24120 24.06 53.52
Green 0.364 30070 26.47 29.73
White 0.296 24311 23.65 56.72
Red 0.322 27055 25.14 62.38

Important unit of precision farming

Fertilizers suitable for Fertigation
Nitrogen Fertilizers
• Ammonium Phosphate
• Ammonium Sulphate
• Ammonium thio-sulphate
• Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
• Urea Sulphuric Acid
77
Phosphatic Fertilizers
• Urea Phosphate
• Phosphoric Acid
• Mono Ammonium Phosphate
Potassium Fertilizers
• Potassium Sulphate
• Potassium Chloride
• Potassium Nitrate

Artificial automation of shading netting using
sensor

Smart greenhouse with IoT based monitoring
and Control

PLCBASEDAUTOMATION
For Automation, we are having Collaboration with HAS & DEL Engineering. We design, Inhouse a very simple ,
User-friendly & State of Art device.
➢Fertigation controller
➢Fogging Controller
➢Fan/Pad Controller
➢Shade Net Controller
➢Lighting Controller
➢Green House / Poly House Automation
➢Climate Control
➢Soil less Growing Technology
➢Hydroponic Growing Technology
➢Water and Nutrient Management

THINK QUALITY
THINK INNOVATIVE

Vertical Farming
farm up rather than out

Advances in CEA for Crop Production
Component Advancements
Glazing Materials Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (ETFE), semi-
transparent mono-crystalline silicon double glazing
photovoltaic panels (STPV), movable shade,
Lights LEDs
Environmental
monitoring and
control
Wireless sensor networks, IoT based monitoring,
smart fuzzy logic based control scheme,
Energy analysis
and management
Finite element analysis, CFD, crop models, SPV
energy, biomass energy
Production
Systems
Smart greenhouses coupled with hydroponics/
Aeroponics, Modular greenhouses, Agri-cubes,
Roof-top greenhouses, vertical farms, indoor
integrated farming, Zero acreage farming, floating
greenhouses , Extra-terrestrial growing systems

➢Area: 28 × 20 m (560 sq. m)
➢The designed green house can
withstand wind speed of 180
Km/h
➢Cost: Rs. 2000 per m2
Naturally ventilated greenhouse structure
for Arid and Semi-arid region

➢Package for practices for Soilless
cultivation of cucumber and tomato
has been standardized
➢Average yield of cucumber (Var.
multistar) - 4.6 kg per plant compared
to 1.3 kg/plant in open field.
➢Average yield of tomato (Var.
heemshikhar) – 8.10 kg per plant
compared to 3.6 kg/plant in open field.
➢30% leachate and 70% fresh solution
mixture can be used for cucumber
cultivation in soilless media
➢Require 15% less Fertigation dose
than RDF for tomato production in
soilless media
Soilless cultivation with leachate recycling

Soiless Protected cultivation with Fertigation

Quonset shape GI frame Polyhouse
Sizes 100 m2 (Naturally ventilated)
Cost Rs 1200-1500 per m2
Cultivation Off-season vegetables, nursery,
strawberry
Income Rs 1,20,000 per year or more
Units
installed
10 – Uttarakhand (under NAIP)
2 – Kashmir (in addition to one on each
KVK of SKUAST-K)
5 – Punjab (additional many constructed
by farmer’s their own using entrepreneurs
trained under APA)
Efforts > 25 Entrepreneurs trained each
at Almora and Ludhiana centres (2
Ludhiana trained started it as livelihood
business)

Yield of Crops under Protected Condition
Tomato 150 – 200 tonne per ha
Cucumber 200 – 300 tonne per ha
Capsicum 80 – 100 tonne per ha
Nursery Rs 5-6 lakh from 1000 m2 area

Protection of CUMIN crop against adverse climate
Poly-Tunnel Structure of LDPE
plastic film was found the best for
cumin crop
• Early maturity ( crop duration: 45-50 days
compared to 60-75 days for control)
• Minimum insects / pests incidence
• Water saving: 37 % (300 mm/ha as
compared to 335 mm/ha in control)
• Increased yield: 67 % (1267 kg/ha as
compared to 758 kg/ha in control)
• Better quality of cumin seeds (1000 seed
weight 5.85 g compared to 4.24g in control)
• Highest net profit of 2,28,060 Rs/ha
(control: 1,36,440 Rs/ha)

Technology for sunburn reduction in
pomegranate fruits in hot and arid region
❑ Black net + fogger was found the
best to reduce sunburn with
almost nil burn.
❑ Black shade net (50%) 1-2%
fruits were affected by sun burn
compared to control where 40-45
% fruits affected by sunburn

Plastic Mulching and micro irrigation
Maximum crop yield (40.5 t/ha)
in case of silver black plastic
mulch.
Maximum water use efficiency
(163.36 kg/ha-mm).
Practical utility : Water melon
c u l t i v a t i o n u n d e r m u l c h i n g
technology has been proved as a
practice for water saving as well as
good returns to farming community
Recommendation for farmers of
South Saurashtra Agro-climatic
Zone: Use silver black plastic
mulch (20 µ) with drip irrigation for
cultivating water melon in summer
season
Effect of mulch on water use efficiency and yield of water melon

Evolvement of mulching
technology for bunch type
groundnut crop
Recommendation:
The farmers of South Saurashtra
Agro climatic Zone are advised to
use silver black plastic mulch (20
µm) with drip irrigation and raised
bed for water saving and to
achieve higher crop production of
bunch type groundnut in summer
season.

Effect of coloured plastic
mulches on tomato crop
• Red plastic mulch better: crop
parameters viz., plant height
(95.50 cm), no. of branches/
plant (20.25), no. of fruits/plant
(51.93) and weight of fruits/plant
(3.82 kg).
• Yield of the tomato crop (84.8 t/
ha) red mulch
• silver mulch (73.63 t/ha).
• Minimum yield of tomato was
found in control (52.59 t/ha)

!A farmer, Gopalbhai Pipaliya of Bhadara village in Rajkot District of
Gujarat state was growing watermelon under mulching technology
and cultivated for three times on same mulch film a year.
!It was estimated 1,25,000 Rs/ha total cost for cultivation of the crop
including seeds, laborers, plastic film, drip system etc. He produced
44 t/ha and it was marketed at the rate of 8000 Rs/t. He got net profit
2,25,000 Rs/ha per season and for three seasons it was 6,75,000 Rs/
year.
Watermelon cultivation by mulching: A boon to Saurashtra
farmers
(Success stories)

Greenhouse at farmer’s field in village Dheera
DETAILS OF ECONOMICS OF POLYHOUSE CULTIVATION BY FARMERS IN POLYHOUSES IN
HIMACHAL PRADESH
Mr. Bishan Dass Sharma, Vill Dheera Mr. Mohan Lal, Vill Kothi
Period and
use
Name of
Crop/
Nursery
Output
(no.
plants
or Kg)
Total
Sale
(Rs)
Total
Cost
(Rs)
Net
income
(Rs)
Name of
Crop/
Nursery
Output
(no.
plants
or Kg)
Total
Sale
(Rs)
Total
Cost
(Rs)
Net
income
(Rs)
Mid Jan to
Feb
(Nursery)
Tomato
Chilli
Brinjal
800
2000
2000
320
800
800
590 1330
Tomato
Chilli
Brinjal
1200
4000
2680
480
1600
1072
685 2467
March to
April
(Nursery)
Capsicum
Cucumber
Tomato
Chilli
Brinjal
Bottle-gourd
1000
500
2000
2500
2500
300
1000
2500
800
1000
1000
1500
1110 6690
Capsicum
Cucumber
Tomato
S u m m e r
squash
3000
1000
6000
800
3000
5000
2400
2400
2320 10480
May to July
(Crop)
Cucumber
Capsicum
Brinjal
100
100
150
800
1500
1200
1120 2380
Cucumber
Frenchbean
300 kg
90 kg
2400
900 1108 2192
Aug. to
Sept.
(Nursery)
Cauliflower
Cabbage
4000
4000
1600
1600
620 2580 Cauliflower
Cabbage
6400
6400
2560
2560
900 4220
Oct. to
Nov.
(Nursery)
Onion 120 6000 900 5100 Onion 195 kg 11700 1150 10550
Dec. to Mid
Jan.
(Nursery)
Onion 120 6000 900 5100 Onion 195 kg 11700 1150 10550
Total (Rs.) 28420 5240 23180 47772 7313 40459
Polyhouse constructed at Lari, district , HP

Polyhouse constructed at Anantnag district
Kulgam district
Walnut plants inside Polyhouse
Village 8 farmers in Kulgam and
Anantnag districts of
Kashmir valley.
Technology/
equipments
adopted
Eight low cost polyhouse of
M.S Pipe of 11x4x3m size for
quality walnut propagation
Cost Rs 22, 000
Performance of
technology
Quite high graft success (75-80
%) was obtained inside
polyhouses as compared to
open field condition (30-35%).
In one polyhouse about
300-310 grafted plants were
produced by each farmer.
Profit/earnings Rs. 30,000 in one season per
polyhouse with a very less
input cost
Construction of tunnel polyhouse in
Leh, Ladakh region, J&K

Polyhouse Automation & Solar operating pump and microirrgation system
PV cells
Harvested rain water
Automation components:
1. To run pumps and
irrigation systems
2. Fertigation system
3. Backup for fogger
system
4. Operate thermal net
5. Artificial lightening
6. Backup
NVP Polyhouse at PAU, Ludhiana centre

Specifications Value
Total Height 4.5 m
Width of structure 8 m
Length of structure 21 m
Slope of the
structure
25-30 %
GI pipe (Ø) 2.00 “
Mesh size of net 3.11×3.11 mm
Automated Retractable Anti-Hail net model at ICAR-CIPHET
1. Design standardization of protective
structure for orchard and high value
vegetable crops
2. Assessment of efficacy of the structures
for protection against hail and frost
damage
3. Economic analysis of production system
under protective structure
Objectives
Sagging zipped type
anti-hail net model
500m 2, Length: 25
m, width= 20 m,
height= 3.66 m
PI: Design &
development of
protective
structures for
high value crops
to reduce
damage from
hail and frost
NICRA project
(2018-2021)
Technology for
Hail
Management at
Four selected
location
Srinagar
(Kashmir UT),
Palampur (H.P),
Almora (U.K) &
Ludhiana (P.B)
# Single plant model for terraced farming fabrication under progress

Cladding Non woven 17 gsm, 50 micron
clear film, 100 200 micron UVS
Heights 45 cm, 60 cm & 75 cm
Shapes Arc & Gothic
Building
material
GI wire 6 mm, PVC hoops, MS
flats
Standardization
of shape, size
and cladding
material for
effective frost
management on
selected sites
Four selected
location
Srinagar
(Kashmir UT),
Palampur (H.P),
Almora (U.K) &
Ludhiana (P.B)
Orchard frost cover on triangular post with zip lock

Collected standards
• IS:14462: 1997. Indian Standard recommendation for layout, design
and construction of greenhouse structure.
• IS:875 (Part 1)-1987. Indian Standard code of practice for design loads
other than earthquake for buildings and structures,Part-1 Dead Load.
• IS :875 (Part 2)-1987. Indian Standard code of practice for design loads
other than earthquake for buildings and structures,Part-2 Imposed
Load.
other than earthquake for buildings and structures,Part-3 Wind Load.
other than earthquake for buildings and structures,Part-4 Snow Load.
other than earthquake for buildings and structures,Part-5 Special Loads
and combination.

P I : D e s i g n a n d
a n a l y s i s o f
g r e e n h o u s e
s t r u c t u r e s
(2017-2019)
Objectives:
1. To study and analyse
existing designs of
different greenhouse
structures.
2. Cost effective design
and structural
stability study of
greenhouse structures
for arid, semi-arid,
tropical, humid etc.
regions of India under
extreme weather
conditions
3. Validation of
developed design at
selected regions
Publication
1. Research paper: 1
2. Popular article: 2
3. Technical bulletin: 1
Region Site Climatic Zone Basic wind speed
Vb (m/s)
Designed wind
speed (Vz) (m/s)
D e s i g n e d w i n d
pressure (Pd), N/m2
Design of polyhouse
Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar
Mountainous
39 35.88 772.42 1. Quonset/walk-in
tunnel
2. Gothic
Uttarkhand Almora 47 43.44 1121.81
Sikkim Gangtok 47 57.52 1985.69
1. Gable frame (Even
Span)
Meghalaya Barapani Humid subtropical 50 61.2 2247.26
Punjab Ludhiana
Arid &
Semi-arid
47 42.30 1073.57 1. Double Arc
/Saw tooth (Single/Multi
span)
1. Arc/semi arc type
Rajasthan Udaipur 47 43.56 1138.95
Gujrat Junagadh 50 45 1215.00
Karnataka Raichur 39 35.88 772.42
Jharkhand Ranchi Humid subtropical 39 36.96 819.46
Region
Vb
(m/s)
Vz (m/
s)
Pz(N/
m2)
θ=0° θ=90°
Pr. Coeff. Total wind load, kN
Windw
ard
leewar
d
Windw
ard
leewar
d
θ=0° θ=90°
Cpe-Cpi Cpe-Cpi
Sikkim 47 45.34 1233.73 -0.7 -1 -1.3 -0.3 -0.86 -1.23 -1.60 -0.37
Meghalay
a
50 48.24 1396.26 -0.7 -1 -1.3 -0.3 -0.98 -1.40 -1.82 -0.42
Wind Speed (m/s) First span (kN/m2) First intermediate span (kN/m2) Other intermediate span (kN/m2) End span (kN/m2)
a b c d m n x z
33 0.72 -0.78 -0.78 -0.61 -0.61 -0.72 -0.72 -0.55
39 0.96 -1.04 -1.04 -0.82 -0.82 -0.96 -0.96 -0.74
44 1.20 -1.29 -1.29 -1.02 -1.02 -1.20 -1.20 -0.92
47 1.34 -1.44 -1.44 -1.13 -1.13 -1.34 -1.34 -1.03
50 1.52 -1.63 -1.63 -1.28 -1.28 -1.52 -1.52 -1.17
Single span type gable end
Multispam span Arc type

Parameter Existing New Structure
Shape Half moon Double Arc
Ventilation No Side
Size 240 m2 240 m2
Width 8 m 8 m
Central Height 3 m 4.5 m
Side height 2 m 2 m
Truss W truss Modified W truss
Column OD 33mm, 2 mm thickness OD 42/48 mm, 2 mm thickness
Truss & purlins OD 25 mm, 2 mm thickness OD 33 mm, 2 mm thickness
Span OD 25 mm, 8 m OD 33 mm, 2 mm thickness, 8 m
Extra supports for
column
- 4 Nos crossbars of OD 48 mm, 2 mm thickness
Extra supports
purlins/truss
- V support at three position centre and both corner
OD 33 mm, 2 mm thickness
Stress value reduced by 46% and deformation by 10%.
Validated for semi arid region

Technology Spec.
Plastic lined water
harvesting pond
150 m3
NV Polyhouse 240m2
Shade net house 240m2
Hail Net structure 150 m2
Microclimate control
system: Fogging, Sensors
(Temp, Light, soil moisture
& RH)
580 m2
Automation in irrigation
and plastic mulching with
low tunnels
1000 m2

Farmers first
Conserve more grow more
Thank you all

Acknowledgment for presentation
Gurus:
• Dr Pitam Chandra former Director CIAE Bhopal
• Dr R K Singh Director ICAR CIPHET
• Project team 14 AICRP on PET centres
• CPCT IARI
• PFDC CIAE Bhopal

Questions
1. Ideal Temp for better plant growth
A. 25-30 degree C
B. 15-25 degree C
C. 25-40 degree C
D. 20-25 degree C
2. Orientation of protected structure in India
A. East-west
B. North-south
C. East-south
D. North-south
3. Type of greenhouse
A. Glass house
B. Shade net
C. Polyhouse
D. All of above
4. Suitability of greenhouse
A. High value crops
B. High value crops-self pollinated
C. Rice & wheat
D. Orchad crops
5. Which type of pothouse suitable for Himachal Pradesh
1. Quonset single span
2. Multi span
3. Shade net
4. Non of above
6. Most common cladding material used
in protected farming in India
A. 200 micron UVS LDPE
B. 200 micron LDPE
C. Glass
D. Polycorbonate

7. Essential component of fertigation unit for application
A. Filter
B. Venturi
C. Pipes
D. Screen
8. Orientation of protected structure in
case of single span playhouse
A. E-W
B. N-S
C. W-E
D. S-N
9. Instrument used fo recording light intensity
A. Pyrometer
B. Pyrehilometer
C. Luxmeter
D. Globe
10. Use of PLC
A. Use in microclimate control
B. Control & operate of fan, curtain, light, cooling system
C. Recording of microclimate data
D. All of above

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