Tsu jornal ipsacm vol. 2 no.1

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A PUBLICATION OF
INSTITUTE OF PEACE STUDIES AND
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A PUBLICATION OF
INSTITUTE OF PEACE STUDIES AND
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT (IPSACM),
1. The Role of Nguru Emirate to The Political and Economic Development of Northern Nigeria, C.1630
Lawan Jafaru Tahir
2. ImpactofTerrorisminTarabaStateandtheCreationof IDPCamps:CaseStudy of JalingoLGA
Inalegwu StephanyAkipu, PhD & HabilaHassan
3. A Panoramic Analysis of Causes and Effects of Herdsmen Invasion of Communities In Nigeria Since
2015
Ngah, Louis Njodzeven Wirnkar, Audu, Tanko Garba & Maimolo, Talatu Emmanuel
4. Use of ICT For Effective Record Keeping In Grade-A Public Secondary Schools In Jalingo
Educational Zone of Taraba State
Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka, Joseph Atumba & Oyeniyi Titilayo Mercy
5. The Modifications of African Culture In The Face of Technology: Jukun Culture In Perspective
MakaiN. Daniel& RinretWinniefred Lukden
6. Problems and Prospects of Commercial Motorcycle (Achaba) Transportation Enterprise: A Historical
Survey of Katsina Metropolis in Northern Nigeria, 1987 – 2012
Samuel Wycliff & Abba Aliyu Sararinkuka
7. Assessment of The Utilization of Instructional Electronic Media In Training of Rural Farmers For
Post-Harvest Handling As Perceived By Educational Technologists
Fidelis H. Bonjoru, PhD & Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka
8. A Brief Account of The Manipulation of Ethno-Religious Factor In Politics In Southern Taraba
BelloZakariyaAbubukar, PhD
9. A Re-Consideration of the History of Origin And Migration of The Chamba People of Ganye
Chiefdom, Adamawa State
Akombo I. Elijah, PhD &Vincent Christiana
10. Domestic Violence: Types, Causes and Implications On The Child and Society
HoseaNakina Martins& Joy IsaiahTonga
11. Nigeria in the Era of Globalization: Implications on the Nigerian society
Ayibatari Yeriworikongha Jonathan
12. The Role of Electoral Tribunals in Nigeria: A Case Study of Taraba State
Barr. Joseph D. Bagudu & Rev. Bako Yerima Gudubul, PhD
13. The Military and its Role in the Socio-economic Development of Taraba State of Nigeria, 1991-1998
Anuye, StevePaul&Atando DaudaAgbu, PhD
Mr.Joseph, Bonglo Kingsley
14. Aspects of Pre-Colonial Urbanization in the Emirate of Fombina: A Case of Yola 1841 – 1901
Umar Zubairu
15. The Indigenship-Settler Question in Plateau State: A Study of Ethno-Religious Crises In Jos North
Local Government Area, 2000 – 2017
Abdulsalami M. Deji, PhD, Simon Bala Fwangyil & Alaba Babatunde Israel

JOURNALOF
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
STUDIES
A Publication of Institute of Peace Studies
and Conflict Management (IPSACM),
Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
Volume 2, Number 1, January 2020
Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies
ISSN: 2682-6194

Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict Management
(IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo,
Volume 2, Number 1, January 2020
ISSN: 2682-6194
Editorial Board
Editor-In-Chief
Akombo I. Elijah, PhD
Secretary
Abdulsalami M. Deji, PhD
Editorial Members
Isa M. Adamu, PhD
Aboki M. Sani, PhD
Atando Dauda Agbu, PhD
Haruna M. Suleimuri, PhD
Article should be submitted online to the Secretary, Institute of Peace
Studies and Conflict Management (IPSCAM), Taraba State
UniversityPMB 1167Jalingo,TarabaState,Nigeria.
Email: cpscmjournal@gmail.com,
dejfat2009@tsuniversity.edu.ng,
journalofmultidisciplinary18@gmail.com
i

Editorial Consultants
Professor Talla Ngarka S., Director, Institute of Peace Studies and Conflict
Management(IPSACM),TarabaStateUniversity,Jalingo,Nigeria.
Professor Abolade Adeniji, Department of History and International
Studies,LagosStateUniversity,Ojo, Lagos,Nigeria
Professor Oguntola-Laguda, Danoye, Department of African Traditional
Religions,LagosStateUniversity,Ojo,Lagos,Nigeria
Professor Mike O. Odey, Department of History, Benue State University,
Makurdi,Nigeria.
Professor E. C. Emordi, Department of History and International Studies,
AmbroseAlliUniversity,Ekpoma,EdoState,Nigeria
Professor Adagba Okpaga, Department of Political Science, Benue State
University,Makurdi,Nigeria
Prof. Umar Habila Dadem Danfulani, Department of Religious Studies,
UniversityofJos, PlateauState,Nigeria.
Prof. Olubunmi Akinsanya Alo, Department of Sociology, Federal
University,Wukari,TarabaState,Nigeria
Professor Saawua Gabriel Nyityo, Department of History, Benue State
University,Makurdi,Nigeria.
Dr. Gbemisola Abdul-Jelil Animasawun, Centre for Peace and Strategic
Studies,UniversityofIlorin,Nigeria
ii

Mission Statement
The world system is increasingly passing through very disturbing phases.
Almost every sphere of life is being subjected to unprecedented crises. Both
the human and the physical environments have come to crossroads of crises.
There are, for instance, unprecedented episodes of global warming;
depreciating conditions of soil fertility caused by, mostly, unregulated
human activities; overflowing of banks of oceans and rivers on one hand,
and alarming rain failures in different parts of the world resulting in
protracted droughts and famine; on the other hand unprecedented frictions
in human relationships across the globe resulting in unprecedented inter-
personal, inter-group, inter-regional and inter-continental confrontations,
amongothers.
The Nigerian society is caught up at a similar crossroad. This presupposes
that what has become, or is becoming, of the Nigerian society is directly a
reflection of the predicament of the international community. Indeed, the
entire Nigerian system is increasingly becoming alarmingly chaotic,
resulting in unprecedented episodes of conflicts and violent behaviours. For
instance, relationship within, and between, families is increasingly
becoming very confrontational; the echoes of intra and inter-communal or
group conflicts and violence are assuming new disturbing dimensions; the
educational system is fast proving highly incapable of producing variables
for positive national growth and development; the two dominant religions,
Christianity and Islam, are disturbingly proving to be avenues for the
promotion of intra and inter-religious rivalries other than peace and unity
which are supposedly their main tenets; the political system is fast
becoming terrains of unprecedented violence, conflict, misrule on one
hand,asthesecurityagenciesareincreasingly
iii

iv
proving to be suspiciously incapable of performing their constitutional
roleson theotherhand,amongmanyothervices.
Needless to assert at this juncture that conflict, violence and confrontation
have become the dominant features of the Nigerian society. This
development results from a network of causes.Apparently, therefore, for us
to be able to adequately comprehend the adjoining variables responsible for
this down trend in our society, much mental, physical and financial energies
have to be exerted. This, of course, is the hallmark of Journal of Multi-
Disciplinary Studies, A Publication of Institute of Peace Studies and
Conflict Management (IPSACM), Taraba State University, Jalingo,
TarabaStateUniversity,Jalingo.
The Centre appreciates our renown academies who have identified with this
mission, particularly, the maiden edition of its Journal through their very
valuable articles. Our most reputable senior colleagues who have
graciously accepted to be part of this mission as editorial consultants cannot
be appreciated enough. The Centre has, indeed, put its hands on the plough
and pledges to stick to the philosophy of “Forward Ever, Backward Never”.
Weremainresolute.
Akombo ElijahItyavkase, PhD

Notes on Contributors
1. Lawan Jafaru Tahir, Department of History, Yobe State
University, Damaturu, Yobe State.
2. Inalegwu Stephany Akipu, PhD & Habila Hassan Department
of Archaeology and Heritage Studies University of Jos, Plateau
State Nigeria.
3. Ngah, Louis Njodzeven Wirnkar, Audu, Tanko Garba
& Maimolo, Talatu Emmanuel Department of History, College
of Education, zing, Taraba State, Nigeria.
4. Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka, Joseph Atumba, Faculty of
Education, Taraba State University, Jalingo & Oyeniyi Titilayo
Mercy Post Primary School Management Board, Jalingo Taraba
State.
5. Makai N. Daniel & Rinret Winniefred Lukden Department of
History and Diplomatic Studies Federal University Wukari,
Taraba State.
6. Samuel Wycliff, Department of History, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria-Nigeria & Abba Aliyu Sararinkuka, IJAMB
Unit, Alqalam University, Katsina – Nigeria.
7. Fidelis H. Bonjoru, PhD, College of Education, Zing, Taraba
State & Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka, Faculty of Education,
Taraba State University, Jalingo, Taraba State,
8. Bello ZakariyaAbubukar, PhD, Department of History and
Diplomatic Studies, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State.
9. Akombo I. Elijah, PhD &Vincent Christiana Department of
History and Diplomatic Studies Faculty of Arts Taraba State
University, Jalingo, Taraba State.
10. Hosea Nakina Martins & Joy Isaiah Tonga, Department of
Christian Religious Studies, Faculty of Arts Taraba State
University, Jalingo, Taraba State.
v

11. Ayibatari Yeriworikongha Jonathan, Department of History
and Diplomacy Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island,
Bayelsa State.
12. Barr. Joseph D. Bagudu, Department of Public Law, Faculty of
Law Taraba State University, Jalingo & Rev. Bako Yerima
Gudubul, PhD Department of History and Diplomatic Studies
Federal University, Wukari Taraba State.
13. Anuye, Steve Paul & Atando Dauda Agbu, PhD Department
of History and Diplomatic Studies, Taraba State University
Jalingo, Taraba State & Joseph, Bonglo Kingsley, Department
of History, College of Education, Zing, Taraba State.
14. Umar Zubairu, Department of History Federal College of
Education, Yola Adamawa State.
15. Abdulsalami M. Deji, PhD Simon Bala Fwangyil Department
of History and Diplomatic Studies Faculty of Arts Taraba State
University, Jalingo Taraba State & Alaba Babatunde Israel
Department of History and International Studies, Faculty of Arts,
Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos
vi

Contents
1. The Role of Nguru Emirate to The Political and
Economic Development of Northern Nigeria, C.1630
Lawan JafaruTahir
2. Impact of Terrorism in Taraba State and the Creation of
IDPCamps:CaseStudyofJalingoLGA
Inalegwu StephanyAkipu, PhD &HabilaHassan
3. A Panoramic Analysis of Causes and Effects of
Herdsmen Invasion of Communities In Nigeria Since
2015
Ngah, Louis Njodzeven Wirnkar, Audu, Tanko
Garba & Maimolo, Talatu Emmanuel
4. Use of ICT For Effective Record Keeping In Grade-A
Public Secondary Schools In Jalingo Educational
Zone of Taraba State
Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka, Joseph Atumba &
Oyeniyi Titilayo Mercy
5. The Modifications of African Culture In The Face of
Technology: Jukun Culture In Perspective
MakaiN. Daniel&RinretWinniefredLukden
6. Problems and Prospects of Commercial Motorcycle
(Achaba) Transportation Enterprise: A Historical
Survey of Katsina Metropolis in Northern Nigeria,
1987 – 2012
Samuel Wycliff & Abba Aliyu Sararinkuka
7. Assessment of The Utilization of Instructional
Electronic Media In Training of Rural Farmers For
Post-Harvest Handling As Perceived By Educational
Technologists
Fidelis H. Bonjoru, PhD & Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka
8. A Brief Account of The Manipulation of Ethno-
Religious Factor In Politics In Southern Taraba
BelloZakariyaAbubukar,PhD
9. A Re-Consideration of the History of Origin And
Migration of The Chamba People of Ganye Chiefdom,
Adamawa State
Akombo I. Elijah, PhD &Vincent Christiana
1-11
12-23
24-34
35-44
45-59
60-71
72-79
80-89
90-100
vii

viii
10. Domestic Violence: Types, Causes and Implications
On The Child and Society
HoseaNakina Martins&Joy IsaiahTonga
11. Nigeria in the Era of Globalization: Implications on
the Nigerian society
Ayibatari Yeriworikongha Jonathan
12. The Role of Electoral Tribunals in Nigeria: A Case
Study of Taraba State
Barr. Joseph D. Bagudu & Rev. Bako Yerima
Gudubul, PhD
13. The Military and its Role in the Socio-economic
Development of Taraba State of Nigeria, 1991-1998
Anuye, StevePaulAtando DaudaAgbu, PhD
& Joseph, BongloKingsley
14. Aspects of Pre-Colonial Urbanization in the Emirate
of Fombina: A Case of Yola 1841 – 1901
Umar Zubairu
15. The Indigenship-Settler Question in Plateau State: A
Study of Ethno-Religious Crises In Jos North Local
Government Area, 2000 – 2017
Abdulsalami M. Deji, PhD & Simon Bala Fwangyil
& Alaba Babatunde Israel
101-113
114-123
124-152
153-164
165-176
177-193

1
The Role of Nguru Emirate to The Political and Economic
Development of Northern Nigeria, C.1630
Lawan Jafaru Tahir
Department of History,
Yobe State University, Damaturu
Email: lawanjafar@gmail.com
Phone: 08065555527
Abstract
Nguru was a District under the Sayfawa Dynasty since 1630. It was
created when Kanem Borno Empire established four different
th
principalities in the 17 century. Since then, the town, situated in the
geographically advantage environment, has been one of the strategic
economic locations in northern Nigeria. This paper aims to discuss the
contributions of the town in terms of political and economic growth of
Northern Nigeria. It is interesting to note that, Nguru was among the
earliest strategic economic locations of both pre-colonial and colonial
Nigeria. What appeared to have been a turning point in the history of the
town became a District with a District Officer in the colonial period. The
extension of railway line to the town in 1929 added impetus to its
development, between 1930-1960, there were lots of commercial
activities in the area, especially in commodities like groundnuts, Arabic
Gum, Cotton, etc. The quantity and volume of the commodities produced
made Nguru to become the most strategic commercial centre in the whole
north-eastern states of Nigeria at that time. The primary source of this
paper is derived from the oral source as well as monasteries
documentations of the Old Borno Dynasty, especially some documents
related to archival materials. Other sources include written materials like
books and journals which directly discussed the history of the town.These
documentsrevealedalotoffindingsonthehistoryofNguru.
Keywords: Nguru, Political,Economy,Colonialism,Northernregion.
Introduction
There is no doubt, Nguru District was one of the oldest pre-colonial
political entities of the old Safewa Dynasty of Borno. It was one of the
chiefdoms created in the early Seventeen Century (1630AD).The first ruler
appointed for the chiefdom was Mai Muhammad Makintami in the year
1630AD, who then was the eldest son of Mai Hajj Umar Ibn Idriss (the then
MaiofBornounderSayfawaDynasty,thefounderofBorno Empire).
The creation of Nguru came as a result of the various expeditions carried
out with the view to expanding and protecting the empire from external
aggressions, and several other series of night raids experienced in the

2
Dynasty by scavengers and marauders. Since its establishment, Nguru
District which was later upgraded to an Emirate had been contributing to the
political and economic development of northern Nigeria. In the colonial
period, for instance, the town became a melting pot of economic activities
duetoso manyadvantages,geographicallyandotherwise.
This paper aims to discuss the political map of Nguru District, and above all
itscontributionstoeconomicactivitiesoftheNorthsincepre-colonialtime.
What further made Nguru quite relevant in the economic activities of
northern Nigeria was the extension of railway line to the area which came
along with many merchants and expatriate firms. Its commercial activities
covered the north-eastern district's states during and after colonial period.
The smooth running of the affairs both in political and economic aspects in
the area was because of firm political authority of the ruling house which
was controlled by the Galadima of Borno A.K. Benishiekh maintained, for
instance;
“The Galadima occupied a unique position in the imperial hierarchy of pre-
nineteenth century Bornoan Government. As a politico-military official of
the empire with mandatory authority over the Western Borno Empire, the
Galadima also ranked next to the Mai in the imperial hierarchy. The
Galadima was accorded a large measure of autonomy so much so that he
appeared more of a sub-imperial ruler than a mere official of the Bornoan
Government…”
From the above explanation on the role of Nguru in the political
organization of Saifawa dynasty, it is obvious that the town had played a
siginificant role in the political and economic seheres of life of Borno and
northern Nigeria as a whole. Thus, it is of great significance to substantiate
this history so that clear contribution of the town would be analyzed and
documented. Most of the literature relevant to the history of Saifawa
Dynasty did not fully discuss in details the role played by Nguru both during
pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. No document on the
history of northern Nigerian and its economic and political fortunes both in
the colonial and post-colonial era will not be fully substantiated unless
contributionsofNguru arecarefullysubjectedtoanalysis.
Establishment ofBirninNguru (1630)
Historically, the Sayfawa Dynasty or Kanem Borno Empire was one of the
biggest political entities in Central Sudan. The Dynasty, with Mai as the
th th
political leader, was founded in the 9 or 10 century A.D. and existed for
nearly 1000 years. The Empire was in control of vast territory in the Lake
th
Chad region until towards the end of the 15 century when natural disaster
and internal royal conflicts devastated it. This led to the emergence of “Man
of the hour”, Mai Ali B. Dunama, popular known as “Ghaji” meaning “the

3
Younger”. It was the appearance of Ghaji that brought peace to Sayfawa,
which subsequently led to the establishment of a new state in western Lake
ChadwithitscapitalatBirninNgazargamu(Y.Mukhtar:1985).
After more than one hundred years of political and economic survival, and
having established a powerful authority over a vast territory, the need arose
for effective defensive frontiers more competent than the previous
principalities for the purpose of neutralizing possible threats from different
angles. The possibility for such challenges compelled the Mai to establish
offices of the Galtima and the Khalifa. While the Galadima was at Birnin
Nguru and in charge of western Borno, the Khalifa was in control of the
eastern frontier.The first Galtima (Galadima as the title was later popularly
called) appointed was Mai Makintami in about 1630 A.D., a prince of the
royal family, who soon established a strong political and military base at
Birnin Nguru. Mai Musa Shehu Galadima told us a story of how the Mai
wentoutandcreatedtheDistrictofNguru:
The Mai in the company of his domestic forces of 14,000 mounted
troopers made up of courtiers, Dukes, Barons, Counts, Nobles,
Guards and royal military consisting of slaves and freemen stopped
over in a place which later was made to be the capital of Nguru, very
close to a river bank, which had a lots of hippopotamus within its
surrounding. They stayed there for a week hunting the hippos around
for their meals and stock as well using the river to drink from and feed
the transport animals that comprised horses and camels. After then
the Mai and his troops proceeding their journey up to the intended
destination.
Their arrival was highly royal and full of entourage. They succeeded in
building befitting a palace, a mosque to perform prayers and what they
called “the Fambalam”, that is, “Prison”, which was followed by all
necessary buildings as permanent home.Thusm it was after overcoming all
these challenges that the task to name the new settlement begun.After long
consultations among the top ranking title holders, at the end, Mai
Makintami named it Birni Ngurtuwa (city of the Hippos). History has it
that, from there the name Nguru was deduced, meaning: “Nguru-
hippopotamus”inKanuri/Mangalanguages(B.Sanda:1994)
In no time, the Mai succeeded in recruiting a local standing army and
established the offices of Zanna Nduwama (Head of Protocol), and Zanna
Mai Dala (In-Charge of food store).Within the short period of establishing
Birnin Nguru, the Galtima was able to exert the influence of his new
kingdom on the entire region of western Borno. Some independent and
small principalities of Muniyo, Auyo and Tashena were compelled to
recognizetheauthorityoftheGaltima.
The developments that followed this journey were series of appointments
by the king makers of the dynasty headed by Mai Birnima, who was in

4
charge of the appointment of the Mai of Nguru. The new town received
prime importance from the Mai because of its position and strategic
location. This could be seen from how the Mai of Sayfawa divided his
14,000 domestic forces into two (2) and deployed the half to the new Mai of
Nguru as his troops, with many slaves and concubines to make his new
Kingdomstrong andpowerful(M.M. Shehu:2015).
From then on, the Nguru District operated as a District under the direct
administrative control of Sayfawa Dynasty, and later as the, Dynasty of
Shehus. This spanned through a period of more than three hundred years
stretching across the rough periods of colonial and post-colonial economies.
It is interesting to note that since the establishment of the town, it has been
the house of Galadima Mai Makintami that has been ruling the District
except on some few occasions where care takers were posted to serve as
District Heads. One important landmark in the history of Nguru District is
its potentialities in terms of economic fortunes. This single potential was
said to have made the town a melting pot of colonial and post-colonial
commercial activities that turned the area into the economic or commercial
hubofNorth-EasternDistrictofNigeria.
However, History has it that the capital of Nguru survived for over 170 years
before it was ravaged by the flood that destroyed farm crops and several
houses. Within that period, it was learnt that about fourteen different Mai
ruled the town. The graves of thirteen Mai in the royal cemetery of the old
Birni Nguru are a clear certification of above historical fact. It was after that
disaster that the capital was moved from Birni Nguru to Baosori, later called
Burburwa both now situated in the Republic of Niger. However, during the
th
reign of the 20 ruler that is, Mai Mommodu Kellumi, the capital was
brought back to a place near Birni Nguru some six kilometres away from the
capital – the present capital of Nguru Emirate (Nguru Ngelaiwa). `It is of
great significance to note that this period was one of the critical times in the
history of Bilad-Al Sudan because most of the then existing states, empires
and kingdoms in present day northern Nigeria were either battling with state
formation or on the verge of political and economic consolidation. This
indeed had to do with either Borno itself or the states of Hausa land (S.
Abubakar:1980).
th
With emergence of the British colonial government in the 18 Century,
Nguru was recognized officially as a District due to the continuing intricate
relationship with the El-Kanemi Dynasty of Borno. Since then, the office of
the Galadima though next to the Shehu, has been reduced to a mere title
holder up to the present period. However, despite all the changes in the
structure of the political authority, as well as the intervention of colonial
masters, it is the same royal family who founded the Kingdom that still

5
maintains the heritage to rule this historic settlement known as Nguru.
Belowisthelistofthethirtysix (36)GaladimathathaveruledNguru todate
List of The Galadimas of Borno Hereditary Mais of Nguru From 1625 To Date
S/N NAME YEARS ON THRONE
1. Galadima Mai Muh’d Makintami 30 years
2. Galadima Mai Mammadu Aminami 7 years
3. Galadima Mai Bukar Mommadumi 10 years and 11 months.
4. Galadima Mai Aisami Mai Makuntami 1 day; installed in the morning and
deposed in the evening.
5. Galadima Mai Amar Aisatami
Bukar Mommadumi
17 years
6. Galadima Mai Mammadu Kellum 5 years
7. Galadima Mai Ibrahim 1st
14 years and 3 months.
8. Galadima Mai Iriima Sanammi 1 year
9. Galadima Mai Dunoma Aisatami 3 years
10. Galadima Mai Nasr Irimami 33 years
11. Galadima Mai Mommadu Hatsatami 11 years
12. Galadima Mai Ibrahim 2nd
16 years
13. Galadima Mai Umar Kirma Farma Zarami 20 years
14. Galadima Mai Dunoma 27 years; killed in Fulani war, Birni
Nguru deserted.
15. Galadima Mai Ganama 9 years at Baosari) Now in Niger Rep.
16. Galadima Mai Gumsum Ibn Mai Ganamami 3 years and ran away.
17. Galadima Mai Kyari Ibn Mai
Mommodu Hapsatami
7 years at Burburwa
18. Galadima Mai Gumsum 4 years
19. Galadima Mai Umar Kura 7 years at Burburwa now in Niger
Republic and 11 years at Bundi.
20. Galadima Mai Dunoma 2 years and imprisoned
21. Galadima Mai Umar (restored) 4 years at Bundi 1and 7 years at
Ngelaiwa.
22. Galadima Mai Dunoma Again 11 years and deposed
23. Galadima Mai Mammadu Kellum 27 years.
24. Galadima Mai Kyari Kura 2 years and imprisoned.
25. Galadima Ibrahim (appointed in Damagaram) 3 years in Kachallari; broke with
Damagaram and imprisoned in Kukawa.
26. Galadima Gambo (appointed in Damagaram) 11 months
27. Galadima Ibrahim Restored by Shehu 2 years
28. Galadima Bukar son of Ibrahim Usurped the position for 9 months
29. Galadima Mai Kyari Kura Again 5 years and deposed.
30. Galadima Mai Umar Kellumi As Wakil 3 years, as well as Galadima 1
year.
31. Galadima Mai Musa Karumi 11 yrs and deposed.
32. Galadima Mai Kyari Kwallami 5 years and died at Anamo his farm
house and was buried there.
33. Galadima Mai Musa Karumi Again 9 years and Nguru reduced to the
status of district Head.
34. Galadima Mai Musa Karumi Again 11 years, but this time as a title
holder.
35. Galadima Mai Kyari Ibn Mai Musa 23 years, 12 years at Nguru, 9 years at
Galadima and Waziri of Borno.
36. Galadima Mai Dunoma Ibn Mai Umar Kellumi 33 years as a traditional title holder and
died 2011 on throne.
TOTAL 386 years
Source: Socio-Economic and Political History of Nguru (M. M Shehu: 2015).

6
The Economic Potentialities of Nguru During the Pre-colonial and
ColonialPeriods.
Agriculture had been the dominant economic activity in the pre-colonial
period. It was basically subsistence, that is, productions were generally
made for household consumption. Millets, beans, guinea corn and
groundnuts were the principal crops produced in the area. The implements
generally used in the period were cutlasses, hoes, axes, etc, which were
produced by black-smiths. The cultivation was compounded through
irrigation farming. Irrigation culture was developed as a result of the
surrounding lakes, which increased the volume of production of various
crops that supplied the needs of both animal husbandry, as well as served as
a means of exchange of goods through trade with the neighboring villages
andtowns (G.J. Lethem:10:1919).
Another economic potentiality of Nguru was animal husbandry, which
was, and is still, practiced in the area. The presence of Kumadugu Yobe
encouraged the raising of livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats in the
area. Similarly, the Manga people of Nguru, were traditionally associated
with fishing and hunting, which was developed due to the availability of
streams and water ponds. The people were also involved in salt and neutron
production. This development naturally brought people very close to the
culture of local industrial growth that was nurtured based on plant and
animal resources. The former aided in the making of items such as
woodwork and mat-making, while the later led to the making of hides and
skin products which facilitated the growth of local industries in Nguru. This
contributed enormously in the socio-economic development of Northern
regioningeneral(AT.Abba:1998).
The economic activities and potentialities highlighted above were the
factors that led to the development of trade routes linking Nguru with
various economic centres, particularly Hausaland. Also the trade routes
inevitably influenced the growth of local markets, where the exchange of
local industrial goods and various agricultural products. A.G. Hobskin
however maintains that, it was when the surpluses of these products were
over and above subsistence level that exchange of goods became quite
prominentinthearea.
Furthermore, colonial conquest and establishment of British rule in Nguru
was similar to that of other parts of northern Nigeria both in theory, practice,
objectives and exploitations. Nguru was thus conquered by the British with
the desire to unite the various semi-independent units of the Shehu Dynasty
formoreeffectiveexploitationofthewholeregion.
AccordingY. Muktar andA. Bako, from the advent of British rule in 1902 to
the attainment of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Borno Province had

7
recorded spectacular strides in land, water and air transport. Within this
period, the Province was connected to motorized road network, which was
initiated within the framework of Nigeria rail network. Later, it was linked
to both domestic and international route, among which were Nguru air strip
andsubsequentlytheMaiduguriAirport.
The development of transportation and communication networks led to the
rapid growth in value and volume of agricultural exports in Nguru. This
advantage made Nguru to witness economic transformation from pre-
colonial subsistence farming and short trading activity to one of the highest
location of cash crop economy that fed European industries, particularly
Britain. The extension of railway line to Nguru in 1929 was a historic
landmark in the history of the area, especially when British District Officer
was sent to the town. This was done to facilitate effective administrative
duty and to maintain law and order due to the influx of people, attracted by
the commercial opportunities of the town. By 1911, the rail line had reach
Kano from Lagos (a total of 711miles). It was from Kano that the line was
extended to Nguru. The rail line became effective in serving the European
purpose of using Nguru as the centre for accumulating raw materials. In
fact, all the major exports from the northern and western part of Borno
Province were transported through Nguru from where they were finally
moved through Kano via Kaduna down to Lagos for its final exportation to
Europe(L.Jafaru:1998:32).
It is important to note that to link the railway with other subsidiary
communication lines, a policy of constructing feeder roads to merge the
important market centres in western Borno with the rail head at Nguru was
put in place. One of those major roads that attracted British attention for
linkage it with Nguru was Gashu'a road. By 1930, the construction had
started, and by 1934, about 43 miles was reached all to facilitate economic
activity(E.KFeatherson:1940).
No matter the economic advantage Ngur enjoyed during the colonial
period, colonial economy had in no time changed both the practice and
production capacity of the agriculture as well as the livestock economy in
the area. By 1929, E.K. Featherson maintained that the comparative figure
forlivestockwereasfollows:
The growth in the quantity of livestock was so vital to the colonial interest
because, it served as an avenue for supplying meat, hides and skins which
were very much needed to enable the European industries to function
Cattle Camels Sheep Goats
3718 165 17357 37418
Source:NAK,Mainprof:1945,

8
beneficially. Measures taken to ensure their targets were met, including the
introduction of improve yield, new seed such asAmerican alien cotton seed
in 1935. The annual report of that period indicates that about six tons of
cottonseedsweredistributedtofarmersinNguru (Y.B.Sanda:1994:43).
One measure taken by the British to boast the volume of production by the
farmers in Nguru was the introduction of both the use of currency and
taxation system. Both means facilitated the smooth running of British
administration. Currency was used to pay workers monthly salary and
allowances, while tax collected were used to enable them execute
administrative work as well as development of infrastructures, maintenance
of security agency, etc. Nguru had therefore offered a good economic centre
for the British. For instance, the tax collected kept rising year in year out. It
increased from 908 pounds in 1911 to 1,557 in 1912, and by 1918 it had
reached 2,064 despite the famine that ravaged the farmers in 1915 (L.J.
Lethem:1919).
Two crops that received serious attention during the colonial economy in
Nguru was Groundnuts and Arabic gum. This development started when
British officials propagandized to the local farmers that groundnuts offered a
new potentially lucrative commercial opportunity. They, therefore,
extended financial assistance by persuading the farmers to grow more and
gave guarantees regarding the purchase of the harvest. Thus, in 1933, about
8,323 tons of groundnuts and 459 tons of Arabic gum were railed from
Nguru. Equally in 1935, the tonnage had reached about 7,716 (E.K.
Featherson:1930).
The foregoing development gradually attracted attention far and near to
Nguru and in no time Nguru became a melting pot of commercial centre in
the then northern region of Nigeria. For instance, dried meat, dried fish and
neutrons market became of great importance to the colonial authority. Its
consumption indicated the rapid increase in the number of the cattle
slaughtered at a time for that Particular purpose. For instance, in 1936, a
camel market was started and about 350 camels were sold, and by the year
1948, about 500 to 700 cattle were slaughtered at a time for the dried meat
marketalone(ibid).
One significant development that further revolutionized commercial
activities in Nguru was the extension of railway line from its station to the
abattoir. This facilitated the strategic location of loading dried meat, hides
and skins including all the farm products. The table below shows the list
of the tonnage railed from Nguru to Kano for onward exportation to
Europe indicating the astronomical rise of the quantity in volume.

9
The later development that followed this economic growth was a clash
between farmers and colonial authority on the basis of price control. It was
probably as a result of the disenchantment of the producers that in 1949, a
Marketing Board was established aimed at giving fair price for the
producers of commodities.This was a turning point in the economic history
of Nguru and northern Nigeria in general, because soon the trade brought
the involvement of expatriate firms around Nguru and the whole northern
Nigeria.
Even though as early as 1912 a firm called London KanoTrading Company
had been in existence in Nguru, prior to the linkage of railway line, their
activities were concentrated at Maja Kura, a very prominent commercial
centre. For quite sometimes, this trading firm was in control of the
production of raw materials. The above development was what led to the
full participation of expatriate firms in the whole economic activities.Thus,
by 1950 Euopean firms like the Niger Company, Perterson Zochonis and
Company, G.B. Olivant and Company purchased about 320 to 500 tons of
hidesandskins fromNguru alone(L.JLethem:1940).
Nguru from Districttoan Emirate
The first move to create Nguru Emirate was made during the reign of the
late Galadima Mai Kyari, who was then the ruler of Nguru in the early
1950s. This was during the period of Sir John MarcPherson, the then
Governor- General of Nigeria. The move was initiated in the late 1952,
when he was accompanied by Sir Bryan Shan Wood Smith, the then
Governor for Northern Nigeria, and many other colonial officers to Nguru
foratourtoeconomiccommercialcentresofnorthernregion.
Secondly, also between 1953 and 1963, attempt was made under nine-man
committee, but because of some issues that arouse from the mother Emirate
(Borno), things were not well for Nguru. That ambition was not fulfilled
until 30 years later when Yobe State was curved out Borno State in August
1991. Another attempt was made when after the eight-man committee
was assigned with the responsibility of spearheading the movement for the
Commodity Year (1946) Year (1947)
Potash 4.76tons 6160tons
DriedMeat 574tons 712tons
Hidesandskins 324tons 532tons
Groundnuts 4, 881tons 8, 956tons
Arabicgum 1, 789tons 1, 091tons
Cotton 24tons 24tons
Beans 2, 980tons 2, 080tons
Total 15,314tons 19,582tons
Source: BornoProvinceannual reports, 1947.

10
creation of Nguru Emirate in 1993. It was this tireless struggle that finally
paved way for Nguru to subsequently be granted the status of Emirate
together with eight other Emirates in Yobe State. But not very long, the
Emiratewas dissolvedbecauseofsomepoliticalintrigues.
However as history shall properly place Nguru in its rightful place, another
event turned the District into a first class Emirate with political and
economic structure reflecting the by-gone days of the Sayfawa Dynasty.
This was facilitated when the Federal Government established a National
Reconciliation Committee to look into the matters. The committee
recommended Nguru to become an Emirate in the year 2000, with
MustaphaIbnGaladimaMaiKyariasthefirstEmir.
Conclusion
From what has been discussed in this paper, the history of northern Nigeria
cannot be fully substantiated without discussing the political and economic
contribution of Nguru District. The formation of the town since 1630, its
potentialities and opportunities, political and military strength had all
contributed to the growth and development of the town from pre-colonial,
throughcolonialandpost-colonialperiodsrespectively.
The study reveals that the volume of economic activities in Nguru as
outlined, was increased as a result of the extension of railway line which
facilitated the influx of people into the area. Colonial economy had
exploited the fortunes of the area for more than thirty years. Within the
period, a lot of political and economic transformation had been realized
which were mostly pro-colonial policies. Development of feeder roads,
introduction of new seeds, construction of abattoir and ware houses,
taxation system were all among the colonial policies and strategic
economic exploitationapplied in colonial Nguru.The subsequent growth in
the volume of production had also paved way for expatriate firms to settle
and establishe bases in the area.All these are factors that could be combined
to justify the relevant and contributions of Nguru in the political and
economicdevelopmentofnorthernNigeria.
References
1. Abubakar, S. (1980), “The northern province under colonial rule
1900-1959”, in O. Ikimi (ed) Groundwork of Nigerian
History, Macmillan Ibadan, Nigeria.
2.Alkali,M.N. (1978),“TheKanemBorno undertheSayfawa: Astudyof
Origin,GrowthandCollapseofan Empire”.(Ph. DThesissubmittedto
thedepartmentofhistory,ABU Zaria)
3.Al-Mahram,JournalofTransSaharanStudies,UniversityofMaiduguri,

11
Nigeria.Maidenedition,November2004.
4.AAdelina(1997) “Colonisation,Commerceand Entrepreneurshipin
Nigeria1914-1960” SocietyandPoliticsinAfrica,Vol2NewYork.
5.AbdulrahmanA. M. andCanhamO. P(1978)“TheInkoftheScholar”
MacmillanIbadan,Nigeria.
6.Bala,U.(1991), in“TheGirgam's oftheGaladima'sofBorno.” ABU
ZariaPress, Nigeria.
th
7.Benishiek,A.K.(1983), “The19 centuryGaladimas ofBorno,”inB.
UsmanandN.Alkali(ed)“Studiesinthehistoryofpre-colonialBorno.”
N.N.P.C.ZariaNigeria.
8.Butcher, P.G. (1935), “Annual report on the province,” N.A.K. 25730
Vol.1
9.DoiA. I.andBakariA. (2009)“Land oftheBlack Muslims” Published
by S.M.H.Akbar,inHajjPublication.
10. Lawan,J.(1998), “Nguru Under Colonialrule:acasestudyofan
economy of North-eastern District state.” (final project submitted to
the
departmentofhistoryUniversityofMaiduguri.)
11.Oyewola,E.O.(1987) ColonialUrbanization inNorthern Nigeria:
Kaduna1913-1960.Ph.DThesisA. B.U. Zaria.Nigeria.
12. Okediji,F.A. B,(1970 )“AnEconomichistoryofHausa-Fulani
EmirateofNorthernNigeria1900-1939.”IndianaUniversity.
13. Shaw.F,(2010),EconomicresourcesofNorthernNigeria.Cambridge
Universitypress.(Cambridgebooks Online).
14. Shehu,M. M.(2015) “Socio-EconomicandPoliticalperspectivesof
Nguru 1630-Date.”PublishedbyAl-MumtazprintersKeffi,Nigeria.
15.Tyron.F,(2013) “Theprocess ofagriculturalmodernizationin
Northern Nigeria:AnOver-determinedanalysis.”U. K. Publishedby
ProQuest UMI Dissertation.

12
Impact of Terrorism in Taraba State and the Creation of IDP Camps:
Case Study ofJalingoLGA
Inalegwu Stephany Akipu, PhD
&
Habila Hassan
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
University of Jos
inalegwus@unijos.edu.ng; akeeps2014@gmail.com
hassanhabila01@gmail.com
Phone: 08036042234, 07030937779
Abstract
Terrorism can be said to have stemmed from differences, leading to conflict
of interests. Sadly, in Nigeria, terrorism can no longer be referred to as
news. This menace seems to have come to stay, as all efforts to curb or
eliminate it has proved futile. The aim of this study is to critically examine
the effect of terrorism in Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba State
and the creation of IDPs camp between 1999-2015. The paper starts with
an introduction to the onset of terrorism in Nigeria, causative factors
responsible for terrorism, the impact of Terrorism resulting in the creation
of IDPcamps and the challenges being faced by the occupants of these IDP
camps. The research adopts a multidisciplinary approach as it engages the
use of interviews, questionnaires and written materials in form of texts,
journals and reports from the National Archive, Kaduna. The paper
concludes by suggesting tentative solutions on ways of curbing or totally
eliminatingthismenace.
KeyWords:Impact,Terrorism,IDPCamps,Jalingo.
Introduction
Terrorism, though very frequently used, can be relatively hard to define. It
has been described variously based on the views of the person defining it.
The United States Department of defense defines terrorism as the calculated
use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear;
intended to coerce or to intimidate government or society in the pursuit of
goalsthataregenerallypolitical,religious,orideological.
The word terror has its political origin in the French revolution –in the sense
of terror carried out by the state. With the enlightenment, the idea of popular
sovereignty was born: it was in its name and in its defense that the revolution
justified state terror. Political terrorism was later used in the second half of
the nineteenth century, notably by the Russian Populists who were
influencedbyRomantictradition.
Okeke asserts that Terrorism shall be seen as organized violent attack on a

13
target with the aim of undermining a lawfully constituted authority and to
cause fear among the populace in furtherance of some socio-political
objectives. Furthermore, as stated by Aaron, Terrorism may be briefly
defined as coercive intimidation. It is the systematic use of murder and
destruction in other to terrorize individuals, groups, communities or
governmentsintoconcedingtotheterroristpoliticaldemands.
Terrorism is one of the oldest techniques of psychological warfare. A
primary target for terrorism is determined and credibility established by
convincing the target that the threat can actually be carried out .The victim
or victims of the actual terrorist violence may or may not be the primary
target and the effects of relatively small amounts of violence will tend to be
quite disproportionate in terms of the numbers of people terrorized. For
instance, in the words of an ancient Chinese proverb,'' kill one, frighten
thousands.
Nowadays, terrorism beats out guerrilla warfare as the preferred and
practically exclusive weapon of the weak against the strong. Its primary
target is the mind. In that sense, terrorism is the most violent form of
psychological warfare, and its psychological impact is commonly
understoodtobefargreaterthanitsphysicaleffects.
Brain Jenkins notes, the term “terrorism” has no precise or widely accepted
definition. If it were a mere matter of description, establishing a definition
would be simple; terrorism is violence or a threat of violence calculated to
create an atmosphere of fear and alarm-in a word, to terrorize-and thereby
bringaboutsomesocialorpoliticalchanges.
HistoryofTerrorisminNigeria
It is difficult to come to terms with the direction of terrorism in Nigeria as it
is has extended and has become enmeshed into political, religious and
ideological goals of the terrorists.Although tentatively, one can surmise that
it was ideological from the onset, and later became religious, then now it has
become political. But then again, the Chinese proverb can be said to
succinctly describe the situation in Nigeria. Fred Femi et-al, in a Journal
article titled; “Boko Haram and terrorism in northern Nigeria”, however,
categorized Boko Haram into three.They are the religious one, the criminal,
and the political. The religious one is the original one led by late
Mohammed Yusuf. The criminal Boko Haram are those individuals
harassing and extorting money from people, those that rob banks, etc. and
kill Nigerians in the name of religion. While the one; the political Boko
Haram, are the political rivals in the north who use arms to settle dispute
between themselves. They came about when local politicians sponsored
armed thugs to help disrupt the 2007 election and then abandoned them
creatingafertilerecruitmentfield.

14
No doubt, one of the greatest challenges to Nigeria's national security is
terrorism which has cascaded into other areas such as the economy, social
and psychological aspects of the country.Though Nigeria has witnessed, in
time past, isolated acts of violence and violent killings with the use of
Improvised Explosive Device (IED's) and other terroristic apparatus,
(Example of such is the killing of Mr. Dele Giwa, by letter bomb in
October, 1986, the hijacking of Nigeria airways aircraft in October, 1993,
following the annulment of Chief M.K.O Abiola's presidential election by
Movement for the advancement of Democracy). several other incidents
have occurred since then. For instance, between 1996 and 1998 there was
bomb attack on the car of the then chief security officer of FederalAviation
Authority of Nigeria ,Dr. Omoshola, which was followed by the attack on
the convoy of the former MilitaryAdministration of Lagos State, Brig Gen
Marwa(Rtd).
Acts amounting to terrorism have also been committed in the very many
ethno-religious conflicts that plagued the nation, especially the northern
part. There have been series of bombings and killings in the country, some
of which can be traced to the Movement for the Emancipation of Niger
Delta (MEND) and the 'Jama'atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda' Watiwal Jihad,
which means people committed to the propagation of the Prophet's
teachings and Jihad also known as Boko Haram (a term for western
educationisforbidden).
Zubainat Abdulhameed Jalingo reports in Nigeria Sunrise that terrorist
have now adopted new tactics. Taraba State police Public Relations
Officer, PPRO, Joseph Kwaji, has stated that the common Intelligence
Department revealed that terrorists have now adopted a new modus of
operation to attack and destroy lives and property of innocent citizens
through the application of a fire lighter to the exhaust of a parked vehicle to
cause explosion. According to a press statement issued by the command's
spokesman, another way of causing destruction by the suspected terrorists
was by throwing remote control explosive device into a car, especially
when parked far away from the owners. The statement further warned
vehicle owners/users to always ensure that their cars were parked closely
for easy monitoring. This plague seems to have waxed stronger over time
andcallsforseriousconcernbyallandsundry.
TheOriginofHokoHaramas aTerroristGroup
In order to understand the prevalence of terrorism in Nigeria, a brief
overview of the birth of Boko Haram is apt. The group was founded by as
self-proclaimed Nigerian spiritual leader, late Mohammed Yusuf, in 2002
in the city of Maiduguri, with the aim of establishing a Sharia government
in Borno state. Late Yusuf established an organization of youth, some of

15
whom were school dropouts and unemployed university graduates. They
were indoctrinated to believe that their state of hopelessness was caused by
the government which imposed western education on them and failed to
manage the resources of the country to their benefits. The group soon
believed that the only way out of their predicament was to attack the
government and its institutions, and that whoever died in the process will
go to heaven. Members of the sect always armed themselves with such
sophisticated modern weapons as rocket propelled grenades, RPGs, and
AK47 rifles; trained in guerrilla warfare and had support from rebels from
neighboringstatesandveryrichNigerianswithinthecountryandabroad.
In 2004, from its new location which was nick –named'' Afgha, the late
Yusuf established a religious complex that included a mosque and a school
where many poor families from across Nigeria and neighboring countries
enrolled their children. The Centre had ulterior political goals and soon was
also working as a recruiting ground for full Jihadists to fight the state.' More
attention has been given to the Boko Haram group even though other groups
such as MEND exist because this group seems to have caused more damage
than all others and cannot be tamed since its birth in 2002 till date, despite all
effortsmadebythegovernment.
Causes ofTerrorism
As stated earlier, clash of interest is often times, the reasons behind conflict
which inevitably leads to terrorism. Talla Ngarka states that, conflict is a
universal phenomenon. It is not a preserve of one region, group, and religion
or tribe. Such celebrated cases are the ethnic cleansing in Rwanda by the
Hutu against the Tutsi, Dafur in Western Sudan, the Tiv/Azara conflict,
Tiv/Jukun conflict, Jos (2001, 2004, 2008, 2010), Kafanchan/Kagaro
conflict,etc.
Conflict is defined simply as: “a struggle over values and claims to scarce
status, power and resources in which the aim of the opponents are to
neutralize injure, or eliminate their rivals”. Conflict has been divided into
five main stages; namely, emerging stage, escalating stage, severe stage, de-
escalatingstageandrebuildingandreconciliationstage.
Emerging Stage:- At this stage, sign and signals of all kind are being given
closeness between two friends, for example, closeness gradually giving way
to aloofness and disinterestedness. Frequent visitations are reduced
considerably. Emotional expressions of warmth and familiarity slowly will
bereplacedbycoldnessandsomeelementsofindifference.
Escalating Stage:- The time frame for this stage can be very short and at this
point all the parties to the conflict are quite aware that something is
fundamentally wrong in the relationship and if nothing is done to check the
situation,apointofno returnwillquicklysurfaceleadingtothethirdstage.

16
The Severe Stage:- At the most severe stage, nothing is sacred again.
Schools, hospitals, churches, mosques community property and so on may
be destroyed. Any human person could be attacked and killed including
those that are not members of the conflicting parties. When the conflicting
parties are now tired or there is no external intervention, the fourth stage of
theconflictbeginstoshow itsface.
The De-escalating Stage:- At this level, the disputants now involve their
elders, leaders, religious functionaries' and popular persons in the
environment to mediate or intervene and suggest the way forward in the
conflict.
Rebuilding and Reconciliation Stage:- This stage is concerned with
repairing relationships, institutions and social facilities and putting in place
schemes that can help the disputing communities or individuals to be united
once again. The question that comes to mind now is, where did the problem
arise? A conflict between the originator of the Boko Haram group and the
government? A psychological and emotional instability of the individual
whichmanifestedthroughthebirthofBokoHaram?
Impact ofTerrorism
As a result of conflict generated by Northern Nigeria is notorious for its
refugee flows and forced population displacements. These in turn created
nationalsecurityproblemsforstatesinNigeria.
The capital city of operation for the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria began in
Maiduguri before its spread to Yobe, Adamawa, and other states. Going by
proximity to its capital city in the North eastern region of Nigeria, locations
suchasJalingoinTarabaStateisnotsparedfromtheinfluxofrefugees.
At this juncture, a brief overview of the geographical location of Jalingo
would suffice in understanding the impact of terrorism in the
aforementioned area of study, especially as a result of geographical
proximitytoBorno.
Terrorismand RefugeeCamps inJalingo
Taraba state, otherwise known as “Natures Gift to the Nation” was created
on 27th August, 1991, by the administration of the then military president,
General Ibrahim Babangida. It was carved out of the defunct Gongola state
in fulfillment of the long nurtured aspiration of the different ethnic groups
thatinhabitthearea.
At creation, Taraba state was made up of nine (9) local government areas,
namely, Bali, Gashaka, Jalingo, Karim-lamido, Lau, Sardauna, Takum,
Wukari and Zing. This number was increased to twelve (12) in September,
1991, when three (3) additional local government areas; Yorro, Donga and
Ibi were created. Following yet another local government creation exercise
by theAbacha administration in 1996, the number of local government area

in the state increased to sixteen (16) as Ardokola, Gassol, Kurmi and Ussa
localgovernmentareawereadded.
Taraba state lies roughly between latitude 6.30o and 7.35o north and
longitude 9.10o and 11.50o. It is bordered on the north-east by Adamawa
and Gombe states and on the west and south east by Plateau and Benue states
respectively. On its eastern border lies the Republic of Cameroun. Based on
the release of the 2006 census figures by the National Population
Commission and subsequent endorsement by the federal government,
Taraba state has a provisional population figure of two million, three
hundredthousand,sevenhundredandthirtysix(2,300,736).
Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba state lies between latitudes 8o11
to 8o50 north and longitudes 11o05 to 11o25 east. It is bounded to the north
by Karim-Lamido and Lau Local Government Areas, to the east by Yorro
Local Government Area, to the south and west by Ardo-Kola Local
Government Area. It has a land mass of about 1380km square. In terms of
relative location, Jalingo is accessible from Benue and plateau states
through Wukari and Ibi Local Government Areas respectively and through
Gassol andArdo-kola Local GovernmentAreas from the southern axis. It is
also accessible from Adamawa state through Mayo-Belwa, Zing, Lau and
Yorro LocalGovernmentAreas on one hand and through Demsa and Numan
LocalGovernmentAreasontheotherhand.
Levinus Nwabughiogu reports (Vanguard Newspaper) that five days after
Boko Haram terrorists seized Mubi, the second largest town in Adamawa,
the insurgents help unto the town even as about 3,000 residents who
managed to escape joined other internally displaced persons at an NYSC
Camp in Yola. Some at the survivors of the invasion also recounted their
ordeals. Most of them who ran for safety were student of the Federal
Polytechnic,Mubi.
The concern for the problems of terrorist groups has led to the breakdown of
law and order, loss of thousands of lives, properties, and destruction of
places of worship, churches, mosques, markets, Beer Parlors, recreation
centers and schools. These properties are worth billions of naira. The
activities of these terrorist groups have led to mass fleeing of people to
neighboring states for safety and protection, and that led to the creation of
IDPs campsinJalingoanditenvirons.
Refugees are persons who have fled their original homes due to one crisis or
the other. They are popularly referred to as displaced people. Today,
refugees make the most coherent and the systematic impact of forced
migration on national security. Although the international refugees' regime
has its roots in the 1920s, the current refugee norms, laws and institutions
werecreatedafterWorldWarII.
17

The definition of a refugee adopted by the international community in the
1951 UN Convention Relating to the status of refugees centered on
individual persecution rather than on a threat to life or freedom due to
generalized violence and was limited to the events occurring before 1951.
In a 1967 Protocol, the time limitation was dropped and the refugee regime,
which was essentially European in nature, was expanded to all corners of
theworld.
As more refugee emerged in the Developing World, often as a result of
colonial independent struggles, it became clear that the 1951 definition of
refugees was inadequate. Only some of the persons seeking asylum feared
individual persecution. Many other fled simply to avoid death, injury and
devastation. Their plight was equally intolerable. Hence, in 1969, the
Organisation of African Unity (OAU), now African Union (AU), adopted
its own convention. It defined a refugee as person fleeing from violence in
hisher country. Similarly, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration of Refugees in
LatinAmericarecognizedthosethreatenedby violence.
Definition of the analytical report of the Secretary-General of UN on
Internally Displaced Persons of 14 February, 1992, sees IDPs as; “persons
who have been forced to flee their homes suddenly or unexpectedly in large
number, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violation of
human right or natural or manmade disasters; and who are within the
territory of their own country”. By defining an internally displaced person
as one who is forced from his home, the 1992 definition needlessly
complicatedthesearchforacceptable-notideal-solution.
The IDP definition, unlike the refugee definition, does not mention a
government's willingness or ability to protect displaced persons. By
making location, the essence of the IDP definition, and not the rights to be
protected, it does not offer the restoration of one's rights in another location
asadurablesolutionforinternallydisplacedpeople.
The advent of terrorism in Taraba State, Jalingo to be precise, can be traced
back to 30th April, 2012, and subsequently, to other series of attacks and
terrorist activities in the state. The advent of IDPS in Jalingo, on the other
hand, can be traced back to 2013 when the terrorist activities engulfed the
North Eastern region of the country. Following the attacks, many people
from neighboring states ran to Taraba, Jalingo in particular, for safety. Find
below a list of some of the IDP camps in Jalingo and their years of
establishment.
i. MalumIDPin2014.
ii. KofaiIDPin2014.
iii. AbujaPhase2 IDPin2014.
18

iv. MayoDasaIDPin2014.
v. Sabon GariIDPin2015.
From the above, it can be seen that within two years five IDP camps were
established in Jalingo alone. The number kept increasing in these
designated camps, in addition to other unofficial camps within Taraba State
in search of safety.Today, Jalingo and, indeed,Taraba State at large, serve as
placeofrefugefornumerousdisplacedpeople.
Amidst the deteriorating security situation in north east Nigeria is also
confronted with daunting developmental challenges such as endemic rural
and urban poverty, high rate of unemployment, debilitating youth
unemployment, low industrial output, unstable and deteriorating exchange
rate in the state and the country, high inflation rate, inadequate physical and
social infrastructure, very large domestic debt and rising stock of external
debt.
The areas affected by the Boko haram insurgency have been devoid of
virtuallyalleconomic,politicalandsocialactivities.
ChallengesofIDPCamps inJalingo
The foregoing scenarios are replicated in IDP camps in Jalingo and in other
camps within Taraba State. The social effects in the camps stretch across
educational, health, cultural and psychological spheres of life of the
displacedpeople.
i. In the area of education, many displaced children or people have
their educational pursuit terminated or disrupted due to either lack
offunds ordistance;
ii. Culturally, values, beliefs and tradition no longer matter to the
refuges in their new environment thereby affecting producing
psychologicaleffects;
iii. Politically, the dreams and aspirations of some the refugees are
truncated. Ironically, while the presence of the migrants in a
particular area increases the political strength of that area, the place
theymigratedfromlosesitspoliticalstrength;
iv. Economically, the refugees live in pitiable conditions resulting
from the lost of property worth million of naira, in addition to their
dislocation from their sources of livelihood. Their dependence on
charity for survival does not give them satisfaction and happiness
inlife.
v. On the part of government, a lot of money is expended in
organizing the IDP camps and fixing the much needed
19

infrastructure,nomatterhow temporary.
vi. Going by the influx of persons into Jalingo, other factors come to
play such as population increase, leading to traffic gridlock,
scarcity of resources as a result of high demand, introduction of
negative social vices such as kidnapping, criminality, prostitution,
new values and culture which are alien to the host community, to
mentionafew.
vii. Generally, after the initial attacks and emotions that follow, there is
a lot of clamour for help for the displaced people. Unfortunately,
after a while, this passion of the call for help dies down and they are
left to their fate. Consequently, the IDP camps are faced with not
only the challenges of space and basic amenities which are usually
missing in these camps, but also even adequate food supply for their
feeding. In addition, the camps are found wanting in areas of health
and much needed attention of the social and psychological
wellbeingofanyhumanbeing.
Terrorism is certainly a threat to economic prosperity and development
.This is because until peace and order is restored in the society, viable
economic activities cannot thrive successfully and both domestic and
foreign investors will not feel confident or save to invest in such areas. For
instance, re-occurring attacks by the Islamic terrorist group known as Boko
Haram in Taraba State has eventually led to a standstill in economic
activities of various communities in the state as a result of its attendant
effects.
Recommendations
Nigeria's current security challenges, especially the one posed by Boko
Haram insurgency, can be resolved if a pragmatic approach is used. This is
connected to the fact that, in Nigeria, usually government approaches to
national issues are defective due to wrong diagnosis of the real problems at
hand. Though the cause of Boko Haram insurgence is contrary to the value
of democracy, civilization and humanity, the Movement is being influenced
by both internal and external factors, and largely concerned with the socio
political order under which the members live and a struggle for change in
line with their doctrinal assumption. The recurring problems of bad
leadership at all levels of government and other related or attendant factors
have contributed to the lingering of terrorism in north east Nigeria. The
followingrecommendationsarethereforeprofferedforthewayforward.
i. Good leadership as well as the use of counter ideology are believed
20

to be the possible long lasting solution to Boko Haram insurgency
in Nigeria .Critical here is the role of religious leaders of both
Christianity and Islam alike to educate their followers that the
insurgency is not targeted at any religious groups, but a common
threat to the peaceful corporate existence of Nigeria.To counter the
Boko Haram insurgency, the government and other stakeholders
mustatalllevelssynergisetogetherforthewayforward.
ii. It is imperative that everybody should know that the issue of
security is not only the concern of security service and the
government alone but all and sundry. It requires the efforts of
everybody to effectively deal with it. Security is therefore no
longer an arcane subject that must be left only in the domain of the
security personnel. If Nigeria must remain safe and secure, its
people must be involved in fighting Boko Haram and any other
formofinsurgency.
iii. Related to the above is the need for re-training of the security
agents not in terms of the use of military hard ware, but in
intelligence gathering .The government needs to develop the
intelligence gathering mechanism through adequate training of
security agents. Efforts should be made to give more priority to
securityagencies,atleastatthiscriticalmoment.
iv. Government should also focus on factors responsible for
insecurity in the country. Issues of poverty, unemployment, bad
governance should be tackled seriously if the government wants to
see the end to Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. Government
should approach security through the development of
infrastructure such as roads, health, housing, water, employment
generation, economic empowerment and the education of the
people, particularly the youth. If this is done, the level of insecurity
imposed by Boko Haram in the country will be reduced to barest
minimum.
v. The government should adopt a more friendly people-centered
approach to national issues rather than self –tendencies of the
politicians. The government should provide basic welfare for the
people in the forms of employment, housing, electricity and
adequate food security. When this is done the activities of Boko
21

Haram terrorists will remain tenuous and fragile in Nigeria.
Alternatively, the federal government through its security
agencies, should flush out within the agencies backers or
supporters of Boko Haram sect. such security personnel should be
made to face the law for appropriate disciplinary measures or
actions.
In conclusion, this paper has looked at the origin of Boko haram in Nigeria,
causative factors responsible for the birth of terrorism, the ensuing impacts
of terrorism such as the creation of IDP camps. It further attempted a
cursory overview of the challenges faced by the occupants in the IDPcamps
within specific emphasis on Jalingo camps. It finally suggests ways of
curbing or totally eliminating this menace that terrorism has become in
Nigeria as a whole and in Jalingo in particular. It is hoped that if these
recommendations are critically looked and implemented into by the stake
holders,then,therecanbehopeforNigeriainthefightagainstterrorism.
References
Elizabeth IhughYecho.Historical Discourse of Terrorism. A Journal of the
Department of History and Archaeology.Taraba State University.Vol
2,No.182.p.4
O.A.H Lar.Terrorism and Human Rights in Nigeria .A Journal of the
DepartmentofPoliticalScienceandInternationalRelations.p.139
DailyTrust,Tuesday,March9,2010.p.4
DailyTrust,Tuesday,March9,2010.p.4
Gerard Ckilliand and ArmaudBlin .The History of Terrorism from
Antiquity toAl-Qaeda University of California Press Berkeley LosAngelis
London.p.16
. Advance Systems and concept office Defense Threat Reduction
Agency.Terrorismconcepts,causes and conflicts Resolution
.Virginia,January,2003.p.22
Fred Femi Akinfola,GabrielAundeAkinbode ,Ibi-AgiobuKemmer.Boko
Haram and Terrorism in Northern Nigeria .British Journal
Publishing.2014.p.119
O.A.H Lar.TerrorismandHumanRightsinNigeria.p.139
Vanguard.Monday,November3,2014.p.9
O.A.H Lar.TerrorismandHumanRightsinNigeria.p.139
TallaNgarkaSunday,AparaS.E.A,Aliyu
Mohammed,DawoodOmolumenEgbefo.Peace Studies and Conflicts
Resolutions.SmartPrintProductionsBauchiRd,Jos.p.16
Taraba State Government of Nigeria, Natures Gift to the Nation, Diary
22

2012.DesignedbyMinistryofInformation,CultureandTourism.p.5
Vanguard.Monday,November3,2014.p.9
U.S Committee for Refugees (USCR),CF WWW.Refugees.org.p7
December2016
AbiodunAfolabi. Terrorism and its effects on the Socio-Economic
Development in Nigeria. A case Study of Boko Haram in Borno State.
March2012.p.15
23

APanoramicAnalysis of Causes and Effects of Herdsmen Invasion of
Communities In NigeriaSince2015
Ngah, Louis Njodzeven Wirnkar,
Audu, Tanko Garba
&
Maimolo, Talatu Emmanuel
Department of History,
College of Education, zing,
Taraba State, Nigeria.
Email: ngahlouis72@gmail.com, ydconsul@yahoo.com,
tankoaudu602@gmail.com
Phone No: 08037131250, 08033667107/ 08027980493
Abstract
Since 2015, the phenomenon of armed Fulani Herdsmen invasion,
especially their nature and the root causes have been a bone of
contention. Too many interpretations or views have been expressed in
attempts to explain cause of the phenomenon. The Fulani Herdsmen
invasion of some communities in Nigeria, especially the BenueValley, is
an example that can be used to x-ray the influence of historic, social,
political and economic aspects in the inoculation of the belligerency, as
well as in analyzing intercourse of causes and aftermath of the
perpetuation of Fulani Herdsmen Invasion. This Paper is therefore an
attempt to analyze the antecedence that gave rise to the invasion and to
proffer the way forward. To attain this, a multi dimension has been
adoptedtoincorporateawiderangeof sources inthedatacollection
KeyWords:Analysis, Causes, Effects,HerdsmenandInvasion
Introduction
.Primordialist postulations have often emerged to try to explain
armed Fulani herdsmen invasion of Nigeria. These analyses considered
violence a mere internal issue, based on atavistic confrontations between
and among ethnic groups. Contrary views have also emerged in favour of
interpreting causes of upheavals as consequences of competing claims and
counter claims over resources. This view has been widely accepted by
mass media and even some sectors of the civil society and the academia.
Consequently, an interpretation of armed Fulani herdsmen invasion of the
Middle-Belt region or the Benue Valley of Nigeria, especially after the
inauguration of Mohammadu Buhari as the elected democratic president
th
on the 29 May 2015 must take into account the various spheres and
dimensions, including local, regional, international and transnational
levels. These levels are deeply rooted in the historical, social, economic
24

andpoliticalcontextofeachconflict.
The Genesis of the incessant attacks on communities in the Middle Belt
RegionofNigeria
Since after the 2015 general elections, attacks on Middle Belt
communities by Fulani herdsmen intensified. These attacks have taken
place in Nasarawa, Benue, Plateau, Kogi, Kwara, Adamawa, Taraba,
Kaduna states, including the FCT, all in the Middle Belt. The media label
them “attacks by Fulani herdsmen or armed bandits”. The regularity,
discipline and weapons used in the attacks lead us to conclude that there is
more attached to the causes of the attacks more than mere cattle rustling or
vengeance. The Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, the umbrella
body of Fulani cattle rearers has openly drummed up support for the cattle
breeders, attributing the actions of the dreaded herdsmen, also to incidents of
1
cattlerustlingandblockadeofcattleroutesbyfarmers.
The questions that readily come to mind in connection with the
unfortunate development are; When and why have the Fulani become blood
thirsty vampires? And why is it that only Middle Belt blood is a solution to
their lust?We have heard from leading Fulani politicians that the 'North' will
not forgive the Middle Belt for siding with a Southerner (Goodluck
Jonathan) to defeat a Northerner (Muhammadu Buhari) in the 2011
2
Presidential Election. Our deduction, therefore, is that these attacks on
communities by the murderous gangs of the Fulani have much to do with the
effects of the results of the 2011 elections during which the Middle Belt
communities turned up enmass to vote for former President Goodluck
JonathanagainstMohammaduBuhari,aFulanikinsman.
No matter justification the herdsmen may have for their organized
attacks, the persistent attacks by herdsmen without doubt have become the
most fearful threat to national security in the last couple of years. What
makes the attacks by herdsmen very disturbing are, the frequency, the level
of unimaginable destruction and brutality being exhibited.The development
in almost all cases is characterized by high casualty rate and massive
displacement of communities. One can say with certainty that never has the
country experienced this level of destruction and social dislocation where
cows are more cherished and valued than human beings. What however, is
so disturbing about the development is how the attacks in some cases tare
allegedly persecuted under the watchful eyes of security agencies and
amidstthisseemingsupportivebody languageofthePresident.
It is imperative to note that the incessant attacks by the herdsmen are
25

no doubt comparable to the insurgency in the North East region. This is the
reason why fears are being expressed that the nation is seemingly trading on
a very dangerous ground. As at date, there has being wanton killings by
herdsmen in Benue, Niger, Taraba, Kaduna and Plateau States that have
resulted in massive displacement of people and loss of lives.The attacks are
unprecedented when assessed on the basis of the frequency, the casualty
and sheer brutality. The fallout naturally is huge humanitarian crisis in
almostallthestatesaffected.
TheTheoreticalPerspectives
Even if the assertion to the debate on the root causes of the armed Fulani
herdsmen invasion have been varied and numerous which can be
segmented into one of the three is new barbarism, underdevelopment, and
politicaleconomyofwarandhostofothers.
New Barbarism: - The first postulation and, in fact, the starting
point in the debate, is what Paul Richards labeled the 'new barbarism',
with regard to Robert Kaplan's thesis. Kaplan explains African armed
conflict as chaotic and irrational confrontations, where demographic
pressure, environmental collapse, and societal stress are critical. He
empatheticallystatesthat:
West Africa is becoming the symbol of Worldwide
demographic, environmental, and societal stress, in which
criminal anarchy emerges as the real 'strategic' danger.
Disease, overpopulation, unprovoked crime, scarcity of
resources, refugee migrations, the increasing erosion of
nation states and international borders, and the
empowerment of private armies, security firms, and
international drug cartels are now most tellingly
4
demonstratedthroughaWestAfricanprism.
Kaplan underscores the fact that crisis emanates many factors among which
include from racial discourse and cultural determinism to cultural and
religiousbias.
Underdevelopment and Violence: -A second position regards
underdevelopment as the main cause of Armed Fulani's 'new wars'. While
one stream emphasizes internal factors, such as the increase of poverty,
environmental degradation, the rise of social exclusion and marginality,
elite corruption and the militarization of societies, a second stream focuses
on external factors, such as the legacy of colonialism, external dependence,
the impact of structural adjustment programmes (SAP) and the external
debt, or the growing marginalization ofAfrica in the global economy. Both
approaches, however, uphold the idea that enhanced modernization,
improved literacy, and increase investment in basic services are all
elementsthatdiminishtheoccurrenceofviolence.
26

Political Economy of War: -A third last narrative, called 'the
political economy of war', supports the idea that African armed conflicts are
the direct respond of certain elites to it unequal integration into the world's
economy. According to this view, the neo-patrimonial state built up since
independence started (after the end of the Civil War) to suffer a crisis of
4
accumulation and governance that prompted a crisis of legitimacy. In this
sense, elites started looking for new sources of authority, privileges and
material benefits, whether through the processes of democratization or
consolidating economy of war (exploitation of land, control of natural
resources,armsdealing,manipulationofhumanitarianaids,etc).
The axis of this issue is located in the 'greed and grievance' debate,
advertised mainly by World Bank theorists Collier and Hoeffler. This
discussion tries to ascertain whether personal will of enrichment (greed) or
historical, political and socio-economic injustice (grievances) have more
5
importance in the origin of those contexts of violence in Nigeria. Although
both approaches offer relevant contributions to understanding violence,
Collier and Hoeffler, as well as Keen, and Renner, among others, sacralised
economic agendas as the main (and sometimes unique) cause of war in
Africa.According to them, and quoting Clausewitz, 'these civil wars could be
6
betterunderstoodasthecontinuationof“economics”byothermeans'
In Nigeria's national politics, Christian anxieties about Muslim
domination of the national political space and the accompanying fear that
politically dominated Muslims will use their privileged perch to Islamize
national institutions and impose Islamic Sharia Laws on non Muslims date
back to colonial times. Muslims, especially those from Northern Nigeria, for
their part, have sought to fend off what they regard as unbridled
Westernization and have sporadically sought refuge in parochial religious
reforms. Subsequently, religion became a major topic of national political
debates with each religious community pushing increasingly adversarial
agendas.
In Northern Nigeria, clashes between Muslim groups-mainly
ethnic Hausa and Fulani and Christians and traditionalist communities have
become a regular affair, with devastating consequences. In this charged
environment where religion functions as the primary idiom of political
identity, conflicts over resources, cattle, land and political offices have often
takenonareligiouscolorationwithMuslimspittedagainstChristians
Actorsand theraisind'entrefortheherdsmen invasion
Some common features come to bare in the scrutiny of most
Nigerian Armed conflicts, especially the herdsmen terrorism. First of all,
they are mainly internal or intrastate (they take place within internationally
27

recognized borders); localized (violence does not affect the whole country);
regionalized; and internationalized (causes as well as consequences must be
7
dulycomprehendedwithinthegreaterregionalandinternationalcontext).
Secondly, all kinds of actors, each with a different agenda and
purpose, this 'net of actors' is made up of, primary, secondary and tertiary
actors,aswellasthepoliticaleconomyoftheconflictsashighlightedbelow:
Primary actors: Those who are directly engaged in armed violence
(governments, armed groups or guerrillas, militias, paramilitary forces,
warlords, organized criminal gangs, police forces, mercenaries, violent
fundamentalistgroups, regionalarmedgroups, regionaltroops,etc).
Secondary actors: Those who, although not directly participating in
the confrontation, are widely interested in its continuation (criminal
networks, regional governments, local and regional traders, international
governments, private security companies, business with interest in natural
resources,armsindustry,etc).
Tertiary actors: Those who try to intervene with or without a mandate to
do so, in order to manage the confrontation (the Diaspora, civil society
organizations, local and international mass media, regional and
international organizations, regional and international governments,
diplomatic organizations, international humanitarian organizations,
8
multilateralorganizationssuchasUnitedNations,Donor agenciesetc).
TheEffectsoftheArmedHerdsmenInvasion
The unending political tensions, wars, mayhems and conflicts of the
armed Fulani herdsmen invasion in the Middle Belt have had lasting
negative impact on the socio-economic development of Nigeria because
socio-economic development cannot be sustained in an environment riddled
.
withviolence,instability.Someofthese are brieflyexaminedbelow
1. TheHumanTragedy
Over the last three years, the Middle Belt Region has been the
most conflict-affected region in Nigeria. The Fulani herdsmen menace
has been responsible for more death and displacement than famine or
flood. The scale and nature of warfare have directly affected the lives of
9
many millions of Africans. The main elements of this tragedy are the
millions of uprooted people who have lost their homes and livelihood,
the increasing numbers of direct civilian casualties and increased levels
of violence, abuse and mutilation suffered by defenseless
noncombatants
Civiliancasualties
The incidents of Fulani Herdsmen invasion and war in Nigeria have
caused increasing suffering for civilians. The people suffer death and
28

injuries and the indirect consequence of famine and epidemics that have
followed in the wake of war. The Global Burden of Disease study
established that since 1990, 6% of all death in the world was caused by
physical violence. In sub SaharanAfrica, the figure was 13% with one in six
males dying from violence causes. Almost 1 in 20 of all death in Africa are
11
clearly attributable to war. Epidemiological projection suggest that by
2020, injuries caused by war will have become the eighth most important
factor (after tuberculosis) incurring a disease burden on society. In Nigeria,
the number of civilian casualties has continued to increase year by year,
unlikeinotherpartsoftheworld.
Violence
The most disturbing aspect of the attacks is the increasing use of
extreme violence, especially over the last three years. Violence is now
deliberately targeted at civilians in their homes, churches, etc, rather than in
the farms and individuals directly involved in the conflicts. In Nigeria, the
violence has taken appalling forms such as killing, mutilation, torture of
women and children, rape, ritual, etc. In some instances, rituals are believed
12
to be the means of binding the militia groups together. Extreme violence in
some cases is used as means of humiliation and morbid fear. There is a
danger that extreme violence of this kind will erode the social fabric of the
Nigeriansocietiesandfurtherstatecollapse.
Child soldiers
Children have become one of the main targets of violence and, in
turn, are being used to perpetuate it. Children are deliberately indoctrinated
into a culture of violence and used as a specific instrument of war. Militia
groups and irregular armed forces such as the Boko-Haram and the Armed
Fulani Herdsmen Militia have adopted the practice of forcefully recruiting
children and initiating them through acts of violence against their own
13
communities.Theintentionistocreateafightingforcethatis separate.
2. TheEconomicImpact ofConflict
Nigeria's development is threatened by conflict. The effects of the
Fulani intrusions and attacks cut across all levels of the economy down to
the level of the household. War has a direct and immediate economic impact
through the physical disruption it causes, denying access to land, key
14
resources or markets. Some of the effect of conflict is less tangible.
Insecurity is the least conducive climates for domestic saving and internal or
external investment. Nor are the impacts of war limited to the area of
conflict. War damages regional infrastructure, market and investment
confidence across a wider region. The regional spreads of conflict
jeopardizesstableandsuccessfulinter-grouprelations.
29

Nationalimpactson production and livelihood
Nigerian, the most direct impact of war is on production and
household livelihood. War denies people access to their land at critical
growing or planning period, increases the costs of agricultural inputs
disrupts markets and restricts sales of produce. Agricultural produce and
15
familylivelihoodhavesuffereddramaticallyasaresultofherders'menace.
Loss ofinfrastructure
The Herdsmen attacks and unrelenting war has seriously damaged
Nigeria's infrastructure, schools, churches, and telecommunication has all
been affected. During and after the menace, there has been a dearth of
investment in and maintenance of infrastructure. States affected by the
herdsmen invasion also suffer from weak, fragmented and highly unstable
16
schools and markets which are often close. This in turn contributes to
another characteristic of war-affected economies: hyperinflation and a
volatilecurrency.
3. TheCost ofWar
Refugeesand InternalDisplacement
Internal displacement and refugee flows have a serious effect on the
economy and the environment. The denial of access to the land by herdsmen
17
has led displaced people to congregate in cities and surrounding area.
Uprooted population have lost access to any means of production which has
resultedinenormouspressureon governmentservice.
Effectson services
Recent onslaughts have led to the destruction of the basic social
infrastructures. Churches, Schools and health centers are increasingly the
targets of Fulani military activities. For instance now, over 40% of health
centers, churches, homes, farms and schools were destroyed. The situation
18
is similar in most conflict-affected countries. The provision of Social
amenities is also squeezed by increased military expenditure. A long term
consequence is reduced access to education and health care. The
displacement of large numbers of uneducated young men helped to create
thecircumstancetosustaintheconflict.
.
Solution totheMenaceofArmedFulaniHerdsmenInvasion
As a way out of the predicament of wars and conflicts that have
bedeviled Nigeria, it is apt to offer some valuable suggestions based on a
thorough analysis of the causes of the problem. In this wise, two major broad
solutions may be experimented to bail Nigeria out of recurrent conflicts and
wars. These are committed and sincere leadership and eradication of
poverty.
30

(a)Committedand SincereLeadership
Nigerian state need committed and sincere leaders who will lead by
example and act as good, responsible and responsive fathers to all the
component sections and peoples of the nation so as to promote peace and
harmony within the confines of their respective communities. This can be
doneinanumberofways:
(i)Evendistribution ofresources
Nigerian leaders must ensure an even distribution of resources
among the various geopolitical zones in the country. Marginalization of one
unit/group should not be allowed in order to win the support and cooperation
20
ofallandsundry andtoavoidanyfeelingofalienation.
(ii)Promotionofruleoflaw
Nigerian leaders should also endeavour to promote the rule of law.
This involves equal access to justice by all citizens irrespective of their
status, respect for court decisions by the government and conduct of free and
fair periodic elections among others. When and where leaders promote the
rule of law as indicated above, it guarantees peaceful coexistence among
21
people.
(iii)ProtectionofFundamental Human rights
Nigerian leaders should also promote, protect and guarantee the
fundamental human rights of every citizen irrespective of ethno-religious
and regional affiliations. Freedom of speech, association and religion should
be guaranteed. People should be free to assess and criticize the performance
of government without fear of persecution. Opposition must be tolerated
while the fourth realm of government, the press, must not be censured, in this
wise government would always be kept on her toes to provide qualitative
andsincereleadership.
(b) EradicationofPoverty
Without much controversy, one may boldly declare that poverty is
the root causes of all evils in Nigeria. A poor man, who has been
economically humiliated and financially traumatized may not be said to be
in his right senses. Hence, it may be apt to observe that a hungry man is a mad
man. He can steal, kill, maim and destroy. Poverty can demean a man and
affect his psychology negatively. Hence, a major policy instrument for peace
and stability is the eradication, or at worst, a reduction of the monster,
poverty.Thiscanbeachievedinanumberofways assuggestedbelow:
(i)Equal accesstoqualitativeeducation
Governments in Africa should give their citizens equal access to
qualitative education. The importance of education to the socio- economic
development of a nation has been well articulated in the Millennium
Development Goal. Education, no doubt, is a lever to human and societal
31

development. Apart from imparting skill and knowledge in the citizens, it
will also eliminate ignorance. Education will also empower citizens for
employment in the future. It makes labour more mobile across the globe.
Opportunitiesforsurvivalareverymuchavailabletotheeducatedpeople.
(ii)Provisionofgainfulemploymentfortheyouths
Governments in Nigeria should also strive to provide gainful
employment for all their citizens especially the youths. Dormant Industries
and factories should be resuscitated and new ones be established to absorb
the teeming graduates of higher institutions of learning. Government
should also encourage farming and grazing through mechanized
agriculture. Modem farm and husbandry implements and technology
should be provided for farmers and grazers at cheap prices. Apart from
eradicating the problem of hunger, this will no doubt equally enhance the
economicempowermentofyouths anderadicateidleness.
Conclusion
th
Since independence in the late 20 century, Nigeria has been
betting with the problem of civil wars and conflicts. This has taken its toll
on Nigeria's development in a number of ways, especially in death of her
illustrious sons and daughters and alienation of her peoples which, in turn,
has been hindering the process of integration and cohesion in country. This
paper set out to x-ray the Causes and Consequences of Herdsmen Invasion
of communities in Nigeria since 2015, and to proffer solution how the
menace of armed Fulani herdsmen invasion can be nib at the bud.
Conclusively, all hands must be on deck to halt this negative development
and chart a new course for peace in Nigeria. This will not only enhance
adequate security of life and property in the country, it will also attract
foreign investors to Nigeria for the adequate exploration of her numerous
naturalresourcesforgrowthanddevelopment.
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Independent African States Consciousness”, (Being a Ph.D
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18-22
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independent…,Pp.18-22.
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times. Discuss the nature and effects of selected conflict in the
different region of Africa”, (Being a Ph.D Seminar Paper
33

Presentation, Benue State University, Makurdi, 15/3/ 2018), Pp.14-
20
times…Pp.14-20
times…Pp.14-20
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5/7/2018
22. M.Wilson,AchantatCollegeofAgriculture,Jalingo,on7/4/2018
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(London, Development for International Development, 2001),
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Pp.10-30
34

Use of ICT For Effective Record Keeping In Grade-A Public
Secondary Schools In Jalingo Educational Zone of Taraba
State
Oyeniyi Solomon Olayinka,
Joseph Atumba
Faculty of Education,
Taraba State University, Jalingo
Email: solomon77790@gmail.com atumbajb@yahoo.com
Phone: 08167833189, 08062208589
&
Oyeniyi Titilayo Mercy
Post Primary School Management Board,
Taraba State
Email: solomon77790@gmail.com
Phone: 08068284089
Abstract
This study aimed at finding out the use of ICTfor effective record keeping
in grade-Apublic secondary schools in Jalingo educationalzone ofTaraba
state. The population of the study was hundred (100) administrative staff
from Grade A public secondary schools within Jalingo educational zone
of Taraba state, Nigeria. Thirty (30) staff were randomly selected from
three Grade A secondary schools within Jalingo educational zoneof
Taraba state, Nigeria based on purposeful sampling techniques. Two
variables were considered in the study.These variables are:Availability of
school records and Utilization of ICT for school record keeping. The data
collected was analyzed using Decision Rule, Mean, Standard Deviation
and Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) to enhance decision. Findings show
that GradeApublic secondary schools within Jalingo educational zone of
Taraba state, Nigeria are averagely equipped with some necessary school
records but limited in quantity, probably because of some obvious
limitations like funding, skilled personnel, etc; and that they scarcely use
ICT (computer) for school record keeping. The study suggests that
government should devote more money, time, materials and human
resources by providing sufficient computers for school record keeping in
order to back up and regulate teaching and learning process in Grade A
secondary schools in Jalingo educational zone of Taraba State. This will
enhance better teaching and learning process. At the same time, different
categories of learners ranging from fast learners to slow learners shall be
able to learn at ease, when instruction is aided with appropriate electronic
records.
35

Introduction
According to Ololube (2013), school records can be said to
comprise all existing and accessible records, books, files and other
documents containing useful information that relates to what goes on in the
school system. Osakwe (2011) defines school records as official
documents, books and files containing essential and crucial information of
actions and events which are kept and preserved in the school office for
utilization and retrieval as needed. Such records are kept by principals,
teachers,counselorsandadministrativestaff.
Ibara (2010) asserts that without records, there can be no
accountability. He further maintains that quality performance, task
accomplishment, and measurable outcomes are increasingly important
responsibilities, all of which depend on the accessibility of usable records.
Without access to records, it is virtually impossible to determine
responsibility for actions and to hold individuals accountable for their
actions. Record management on the other hand, involves the effective,
efficient and systematic control of the processes of creating, receiving,
maintaining and disposing valuable information about the organization
(IfediliandAgbaire2011).
` In the light of the foregoing, it is not arguable that records keeping
play a significant role in effective school management. As such, if records
are not well m anaged, the school management function suffers (Gama,
2010). Burden (2016) indicated that school records assist in
determining the financial position of a school. Therefore, a secured
processes and storage facilities are imperative, which necessitate the use of
ICT(computer)fordataprocessingandstorage
UNESCO (2003), in Ofoegbu (2011) defines Information
Communication Technology (ICT) as the range of technologies that are
applied in the process of collecting, storing, editing, retrieving and
transferring information in various forms, it comprises organized system
and can access, retrieve, store, organize, manipulate, produce, present and
exchangeinformationbyelectronicandotherautomateddevices.
This definition suggests that a wide range of telecommunication
equipment and facilities including computer, mobile telephone, iPods,
satellites and world wide web are used for the dissemination and exchange
of information among people and organizations.The most important service
to subscribe to, by the school management, is the electronic-mail (e-mail),
for communicating parents or guardians. The basic characteristic of ICT is
that it has the capacity to handle, manipulate and relay data or information at
anunimaginablespeedandaccuracyatourconvenience.
Denis (2014) observes that most transformations in school
36

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