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fragmentary, elusive
and confusing
modes of thoughts,
pedagogies, political as well
as cultural experiences
1
.
Traditional Point of View
Robert M. Hutchins
- Basic Education should emphasize the 3Rs and college
education should be grounded on liberal education.
Arthur Bestor
- Curriculum should focus on the fundamental intellectual discipline
of grammar, literature and writing.
Joseph Schwab
- Curriculum should consist only of knowledge which comes from
discipline which is the sole source.
2
.
Progressive Pointsof View
Curriculum is defined as
the total learning experiences of the individual.
This definition is attached on John Dewey’s definition
of experience and education. He believed that reflective
thinking is a means that unifies curricular. Thought is
not derived from action but tested by application.
Caswell and Campbell
- Curriculum includes “all experiences children have
under the guidance of teachers”.
Marsh and Willis
- Curriculum includes all the “experiences in the
classroom which are planned and entered by
the teacher, and also learned by the students.”
Smith, Stanley and Shores
- Curriculum is the “ sequence of potential experiences set
up in schools for the purpose of disciplining children and
youth in group ways of thinking and acting.”
Summary
Philosophical
Psychological Socia
l
Philosophy provides educators, teachers and
curriculum makers with framework for planning,
implementing and evaluating curriculum in schools.
The philosophy of a curriculum planner,
implementer or evaluator reflects his or her life
experiences, common beliefs, social and economic
background and education.
It helps in answering what school are for, what subjects are
important, how students should learn and what materials and
methods should be used. In decision making, philosophy
provides the starting point and will be used for the succeeding
decision making.
School
Purpose
s
Suggestion
s from
Subject
Specialists
Studies
of
Contemp
o
-rary Life
Use of
Psycholog
y of
Learning
Use
of
Philo-
soph
y
Studies
of
Learner
s
Perennialism Essentialis
m
Progressivism
Reconstructio
- nism
Four Educational Philosophies
Aim of
Education
• To educate the balanced person;
• To promote the understanding
Role of
Education
• Teachers help students think with reason
Focus in
the
Curriculum
• Classical subjects, literary analysis
and curriculum is constant
Curriculum
Trends
• Use of great books and return to liberal arts
Four Educational Philosophies
Aim of
Education
• To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and
educate a competent person
Role of
Education
• The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject
area or field of specialization.
Focus in
the
Curriculum
• Essential skills of the 3 R’s and essential subjects of
English, Science, History, Math and Foreign Language.
Curriculum
Trends
• Excellence in education, back to basics and
cultural literacy
Four Educational Philosophies
Aim of
Education
• To promote democratic and social living
Role of
Education
• Knowledge leads to growth and development of
lifelong learners who actively learn by doing
Focus in
the
Curriculu
m
• Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive.
Curriculum is focused on students’ interests, human
problems and affairs
Curriculu
m Trends
• School reforms, relevant and contextualizes curriculum,
humanistic education
Four Educational Philosophies
Aim of
Education
• To improve and reconstruct the society
• Education for change
Role of
Education
• Teachers act as agents of change and reform
in various educational projects including
research
Focus in
the
Curriculum
• Focus on present and future trends and
issues of national and international interests.
Curriculum
Trends
• Equality of educational opportunities in
education; access to global education
What kind of philosophical approach should
curriculum specialists adopt while planning
curriculum?
Philosophy provides the basis of curriculum
planning.
Curriculum specialists should adopt an
eclectic approach and base the curriculum on
a philosophy, which is feasible and serves the
interest of students and society.
Philosophical
Psychological Social
Learning should be organized in order that
students can experience success in the process
of mastering the subject matter.
The method is introduced in a step by step
manner with proper sequencing of task which is
viewed by other educational psychologist as
simplistic and mechanical.
- To the cognitive theorists, learning constitutes a logical
method for organizing and interpreting learning.
- Learning is rooted in the tradition of subject matter and
is similar to the cognitive development theory.
- Teachers use a lot of problem and thinking skills in
teaching and learning. These are exemplified by
practices like reflective thinking, creative thinking,
intuitive thinking, discovery learning and many more.
Humanist psychologist are concerned with
how learners can develop their human
potential; the process not the products;
personal needs not the subject matter;
psychological meaning and environmental
situations.
With which philosophy does humanist
psychology overlap?
It is based on EXISTENTIALIST
The psychological foundations will
help curriculum makers in
nurturing a
mor
e
a _ _ _ _ _ _
d
,
mor
e
c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ e
an
d
c _ _ _ _ _ _
e
human
learning.
advanced
comprehensive
complete
Philosophical
Psychological Socia
l
•Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) -
that emphasizes
curriculum as a
on
presented
science
students' need. Curriculum
prepares for adult life.
•Werret Charters (1875-
1952) - considered curriculum
also as a science which is
based on students' need and
the teachers plan the
activities.
•Harold Rugg (1886-1960) -
Curriculum should develop the
whole child. He emphasized
social studies in the curriculum
and the teacher plans the lesson
in advance.
•William Kilpatrick (1871-1965)
– viewed curriculum as
purposeful activities which are
child-centered. The purpose of
curriculum is child development
and growth.
•Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)
- sees curriculum as
organized around social functions
of themes, organized knowledge
and learner's interests.
•Ralph Tyler (1902-1994)
- believes that curriculum is a science
and an extension of school's
philosophy.
Why is history considered as the foundation
of the modern curriculum?
The civil rights movement and technology
change the face of the 20th century
classroom.
In the 1990s, the computers invade
the classroom around the world and
now it the most important part of the
Philosophical
Psychological Socia
l
Schools exist within the social context .
Societal culture affects and shapes schools and
their curricula.
In considering the social foundations of curriculum, we
must recognize that schools are only one of the many
institutions that educates society.
The home, the family, community, likewise , educate the
people in the society.
But schools are formal institutions that address more
complex and interrelated societies and the world.
Society as ever dynamic is a source of a very fast changes
which
are difficult to cope with and to adjust to.
Thus, schools are made to help to understand these changes.
In order for schools to be relevant, schools curricula should
address diversity, explosion of knowledge, school reforms and
education for all.
The relationship of curriculum and society is mutual and
encompassing.
Hence, to be relevant, the curricula should reflect and preserve
the culture of society and its aspirations.
At the same time, society should also imbibe the changes
Considering the changes in contemporary society
which factors should be kept in mind while framing
a curriculum?
Considering the changing contemporary
society, we can consider:
Structure of Family
Cultural Diversity
Growth of
Technology
Identify what you consider to be changes in the kinds of
human needs students demonstrate in school today from
those recalled from your own experience as a student.
In what ways do you see the present day needs as similar
or different from those of your own youth.
In what ways do you see there is need for schools to
change or expand their roles in helping students to meet
their present day needs?
Explain the importance of basic human needs in the
planning and development of curriculum
Answer these
questions:

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Unit 2. Introduction foundation of curriculum.pptx

  • 1.
  • 2. fragmentary, elusive and confusing modes of thoughts, pedagogies, political as well as cultural experiences
  • 4. Robert M. Hutchins - Basic Education should emphasize the 3Rs and college education should be grounded on liberal education. Arthur Bestor - Curriculum should focus on the fundamental intellectual discipline of grammar, literature and writing. Joseph Schwab - Curriculum should consist only of knowledge which comes from discipline which is the sole source.
  • 5. 2 . Progressive Pointsof View Curriculum is defined as the total learning experiences of the individual. This definition is attached on John Dewey’s definition of experience and education. He believed that reflective thinking is a means that unifies curricular. Thought is not derived from action but tested by application.
  • 6. Caswell and Campbell - Curriculum includes “all experiences children have under the guidance of teachers”. Marsh and Willis - Curriculum includes all the “experiences in the classroom which are planned and entered by the teacher, and also learned by the students.” Smith, Stanley and Shores - Curriculum is the “ sequence of potential experiences set up in schools for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting.”
  • 8.
  • 10. Philosophy provides educators, teachers and curriculum makers with framework for planning, implementing and evaluating curriculum in schools. The philosophy of a curriculum planner, implementer or evaluator reflects his or her life experiences, common beliefs, social and economic background and education. It helps in answering what school are for, what subjects are important, how students should learn and what materials and methods should be used. In decision making, philosophy provides the starting point and will be used for the succeeding decision making.
  • 11. School Purpose s Suggestion s from Subject Specialists Studies of Contemp o -rary Life Use of Psycholog y of Learning Use of Philo- soph y Studies of Learner s
  • 13. Four Educational Philosophies Aim of Education • To educate the balanced person; • To promote the understanding Role of Education • Teachers help students think with reason Focus in the Curriculum • Classical subjects, literary analysis and curriculum is constant Curriculum Trends • Use of great books and return to liberal arts
  • 14. Four Educational Philosophies Aim of Education • To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a competent person Role of Education • The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of specialization. Focus in the Curriculum • Essential skills of the 3 R’s and essential subjects of English, Science, History, Math and Foreign Language. Curriculum Trends • Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy
  • 15. Four Educational Philosophies Aim of Education • To promote democratic and social living Role of Education • Knowledge leads to growth and development of lifelong learners who actively learn by doing Focus in the Curriculu m • Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum is focused on students’ interests, human problems and affairs Curriculu m Trends • School reforms, relevant and contextualizes curriculum, humanistic education
  • 16. Four Educational Philosophies Aim of Education • To improve and reconstruct the society • Education for change Role of Education • Teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational projects including research Focus in the Curriculum • Focus on present and future trends and issues of national and international interests. Curriculum Trends • Equality of educational opportunities in education; access to global education
  • 17. What kind of philosophical approach should curriculum specialists adopt while planning curriculum? Philosophy provides the basis of curriculum planning. Curriculum specialists should adopt an eclectic approach and base the curriculum on a philosophy, which is feasible and serves the interest of students and society.
  • 19.
  • 20. Learning should be organized in order that students can experience success in the process of mastering the subject matter. The method is introduced in a step by step manner with proper sequencing of task which is viewed by other educational psychologist as simplistic and mechanical.
  • 21. - To the cognitive theorists, learning constitutes a logical method for organizing and interpreting learning. - Learning is rooted in the tradition of subject matter and is similar to the cognitive development theory. - Teachers use a lot of problem and thinking skills in teaching and learning. These are exemplified by practices like reflective thinking, creative thinking, intuitive thinking, discovery learning and many more.
  • 22. Humanist psychologist are concerned with how learners can develop their human potential; the process not the products; personal needs not the subject matter; psychological meaning and environmental situations.
  • 23. With which philosophy does humanist psychology overlap? It is based on EXISTENTIALIST
  • 24. The psychological foundations will help curriculum makers in nurturing a mor e a _ _ _ _ _ _ d , mor e c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e an d c _ _ _ _ _ _ e human learning. advanced comprehensive complete
  • 26. •Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) - that emphasizes curriculum as a on presented science students' need. Curriculum prepares for adult life. •Werret Charters (1875- 1952) - considered curriculum also as a science which is based on students' need and the teachers plan the activities.
  • 27. •Harold Rugg (1886-1960) - Curriculum should develop the whole child. He emphasized social studies in the curriculum and the teacher plans the lesson in advance. •William Kilpatrick (1871-1965) – viewed curriculum as purposeful activities which are child-centered. The purpose of curriculum is child development and growth.
  • 28. •Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) - sees curriculum as organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and learner's interests. •Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) - believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of school's philosophy.
  • 29. Why is history considered as the foundation of the modern curriculum? The civil rights movement and technology change the face of the 20th century classroom. In the 1990s, the computers invade the classroom around the world and now it the most important part of the
  • 30.
  • 32. Schools exist within the social context . Societal culture affects and shapes schools and their curricula. In considering the social foundations of curriculum, we must recognize that schools are only one of the many institutions that educates society. The home, the family, community, likewise , educate the people in the society. But schools are formal institutions that address more complex and interrelated societies and the world.
  • 33. Society as ever dynamic is a source of a very fast changes which are difficult to cope with and to adjust to. Thus, schools are made to help to understand these changes. In order for schools to be relevant, schools curricula should address diversity, explosion of knowledge, school reforms and education for all. The relationship of curriculum and society is mutual and encompassing. Hence, to be relevant, the curricula should reflect and preserve the culture of society and its aspirations. At the same time, society should also imbibe the changes
  • 34. Considering the changes in contemporary society which factors should be kept in mind while framing a curriculum? Considering the changing contemporary society, we can consider: Structure of Family Cultural Diversity Growth of Technology
  • 35.
  • 36. Identify what you consider to be changes in the kinds of human needs students demonstrate in school today from those recalled from your own experience as a student. In what ways do you see the present day needs as similar or different from those of your own youth. In what ways do you see there is need for schools to change or expand their roles in helping students to meet their present day needs? Explain the importance of basic human needs in the planning and development of curriculum Answer these questions:

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. hat is the difference between traditional and progressive curriculum? In the progressive approach however, learning is something that students themselves must experience through the guidance of their teachers and the environment. ... Traditional schools focus on the teacher and what they teach while progressive schools focus on the students and how they can learn
  2. Intellectual Discipline is the practice of obtaining specific information to achieve a very specific purpose
  3. Dewey (1933) suggests that reflective thinking is an active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge, of the grounds that support that knowledge, and the further conclusions to which that knowledge leads.