Lecture2.ppt

Computer Programming II
Functions in C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
void SquareArea()
{
double Side;
cout << "nEnter the side of the square: ";
cin >> Side;
cout << "nSquare characteristics:";
cout << "nSide = " << Side;
cout << "nArea = " << Side * Side << endl;;
}
int main(void)
{
SquareArea();
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Enter the side of the square: 5
Square characteristics:
Side = 5
Area = 25
Press any key to continue . . .
Function with no return value and no parameters
Standard Name Space
Function Heading
Function Body
Function Call
Output

Techniques of Returning a Value
void Functions: A function that does
not return a value is declared and defined
as void.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void Hello(void)
{
cout << "------------------------n"
<< "| Hello |n"
<< "-------------------------n" ;
}
int main(void)
{
Hello();
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
----------------------
| Hello |
--------------------------
Returning a Value: If you declare a function
that is returning anything (a function that is not void),
the compiler will need to know what value the function
returns. The return value must be the same type
declared. The value is set with the return keyword.
char Answer()
{
char a;
cout << “Quit (y=Yes/n=No)? ";
cin >> a;
return a;
}
double SquareArea (double Side)
{
return (Side * Side);
}
double SquareArea(double Side)
{
double Area;
Area = Side * Side;
return Area;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
int GetMajor(void)
{
int Choice;
cout << "n1 - Business Administration";
cout << "n2 - History";
cout << "n3 - Geography";
cout << "n4 - Education";
cout << "n5 - Computer Sciences";
cout << "nYour Choice: ";
cin >> Choice;
return Choice;
}
int main(void)
{
int Major;
cout << "Welcome to the student orientation program.";
cout << "Select your desired major:";
Major = GetMajor();
cout << "You select " << Major;
cout << "n";
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Call GetMajor and
when done return the
results to the variable
Major
Return Value but no
Parameters
#include <iostream>
double TotPrice(double ItemPrice, double TaxRate)
{
double Price;
Price = ItemPrice + (ItemPrice * TaxRate / 100);
return Price;
}
int main()
{
double ItemPrice, TaxRate;
cout << "Enter the price of the item: ";
cin >> ItemPrice;
cout << "Enter the tax rate: ";
cin >> TaxRate;
cout << "nThe final price is: "
<< TotPrice(ItemPrice, TaxRate);
cout << "nn";
return 0;
}
Enter the price of the item: 125.95
Enter the tax rate: 5.75
The final price is: 133.19

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
string GetName(void)
{
string FirstName, LastName, FN;
cout << "Employee's First Name: ";
cin >> FirstName;
cout << "Employee's Last Name: ";
cin >> LastName;
FN = FirstName + " " + LastName;
return FN;
}
double GetHours(string FullName)
{
double Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, TotalHours;
cout << endl << FullName << "'s Weekly Hoursn";
cout << "Monday: "; cin >> Mon;
cout << "Tuesday: "; cin >> Tue;
cout << "Wednesday: "; cin >> Wed;
cout << "Thursday: "; cin >> Thu;
cout << "Friday: "; cin >> Fri;
TotalHours = Mon + Tue + Wed + Thu + Fri;
return TotalHours;
}
int main(void)
{
string FullName;
double Hours;
FullName = GetName();
Hours = GetHours(FullName);
cout << "nEmployee's Name: "
<< FullName;
cout << "nWeekly Hours: "
<< Hours << " hoursnn";
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Employee's First Name: sharaf
Employee's Last Name: sami
sharaf sami's Weekly Hours
Monday: 2
Tuesday: 3
Wednesday: 4
Thursday: 5
Friday: 6
Employee's Name: sharaf sami
Weekly Hours: 20 hours
RUN

References in Functions
• Recall that the two primary motivations
for using references are related to their
use in functions:
– References are cleaner, and less error-
prone than pointers, especially when used
in functions
– Using references instead of pointers in
function prototypes will make their use
transparent to the calling program

Pass-By-Reference
• As an example, consider a function for
swapping the values contained in two integer
variables:
void swap (int* x, int* y)
{
int temp;
temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
}
void swap (int& x, int& y)
{
int temp;
temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
Using Pointers Using References

Pass-By-Reference
• However, the simplicity of references is realized not
only in a function’s implementation, but also in its use:
Using Pointers Using References
int var1 = 10;
int var2 = 20;
swap (&var1, &var2);
int var1 = 10;
int var2 = 20;
swap (var1, var2);
• The use of references is transparent to the user!

Pass-By-Reference
• A nice side effect of the requirement that references
be initialized is that it removes the need to check for
null values in function calls
void myFunction(int* x) {…} // Must check that x != null
void myFunction(int& x) {…} // x cannot be null

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void swap(int &x, int &y);
int main()
{
int x=6, y=9;
cout << "Before the swap:n";
cout << "X: " << x << endl;
cout << "Y: " << y << endl;
swap(x, y);
cout << "nAfter the swap:n";
cout << "X: " << x << endl;
cout << "Y: " << y << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
void swap(int &x, int &y)
{
int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
Before the swap:
X: 6
Y: 9
After the swap:
X: 9
Y: 6

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
void change(int& a)
{
a = 33;
cout << "n2:" << a ;
}
void main()
{
int x = 100;
cout << "n1:" << x ;
change(x);
cout << "n3:" << x ;
}
1:100
2:33
3:33
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
void change(int* a)
{
*a = 33;
cout << "n2:" << *a ;
}
void main()
{
int x = 100;
cout << "n1:" << x ;
change(&x);
cout << "n3:" << x ;
}
Using Reference Using Pointer

Pass-By-Const-Reference
• One advantage of pass-by-value is that it prevents a
function from altering the original arguments (since it
operates on copies of those arguments)
• However, we have already pointed out that creating a
copy of a large object can be very time-consuming
• C++ allows us to get the best of both worlds, by using
pass-by-const-reference
int myFunction(const int& x);

Pass-By-Const-Reference
• Using pass-by-const-reference provides both
the speed advantage of pass-by-reference and
the safety of pass-by-value
• Of course, this is not something that a user can
affect, so it is up to you to see if a function you
will be using has pass-by-const-reference
• Instead, this is really away that you, as a
programmer, can be sure that you don’t
inadvertently alter input parameters and
advertise that fact to users

#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
double price, PriceAfterDiscount;
double computeDiscountedPrice (const double &price);
cout << "enter the price of the item";
cin >> price;
PriceAfterDiscount = computeDiscountedPrice(price);
cout << "the original price is $" << price << endl;
cout << "The final price after discount is $"
<< PriceAfterDiscount << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
double computeDiscountedPrice (const double &price)
{
double newPrice;
if (price > 100.0)
newPrice = price * .80;
else
newPrice = price * .90;
return newPrice;
}
enter the price of the item180
the original price is $180
The final price after discount is $144

Returning References
• As with other data types, we can return a
reference from a function
int& myFunction() {…}
• When choosing to return a reference, it is
imperative to remember the C++ scope rules
• The object to which the reference refers to had
better exist after the function exits

Returning References
• There are two primary ways that references are safely
returned
• Return a reference to an object that was passed into
the function
int& pickANumber(int& a, int& b, int& c);
• Return a reference to an object that was dynamically
allocated within the function using new
• An interesting side effect of returning references is
that we can use the assignment operator with
functions:
int& myFunction() {…}
myFunction() = 5; // This is a valid statement!

#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
const int SIZE = 6;
int &put_val(int a[], int n)
{
if (n >= SIZE || n < 0)
{
cout << " Out side of boundaries";
exit(1);
}
return a[n];
}
int main()
{
int Arr[SIZE];
for (int i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
put_val(Arr,i) = i*2;
for (int j=0;j<SIZE;j++)
cout << "Arr["<<j<<"]="<<Arr[j] <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Function call is on the left
Arr[0]=0
Arr[1]=2
Arr[2]=4
Arr[3]=6
Arr[4]=8
Arr[5]=10

Inline Functions
• The use of macros in C allows short
“functions” to be called without the normal
overhead associated with function calls
• There are several characteristics of macros
that makes their use unsuitable for C++
• Thus, C++ introduced the notion of inline
functions to allow users to avoid the overhead
of function calls
• With inline functions, the compiler controls the
process (as opposed to the preprocessor, as
was the case in C)

Inline Functions
• How function calls work
– Recall that the result of compiling a computer
program is a set of machine instructions (an
executable program)
– When the program is run, the OS loads the
instructions into memory (associating each
instruction with a memory address) and then
executes the instructions in order
– When a function call is encountered, the program
“jumps” to the address of the function and then
“jumps” back when the function has completed

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
inline int leap(int year);
int main()
{
int year;
cout << "Enter a year: ";
cin >> year;
if (leap(year))
cout << "The year " << year << " is a leap year" << endl;
else
cout << "The year " << year << " is not a leap year" << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
inline int leap(int year)
{
if (((year % 4) == 0) && (((year % 100) != 0) || ((year%400) == 0)))
return 1;
return 0;
}
Enter a year: 1999
The year 1999 is not a leap year
Enter a year: 2000
The year 2000 is a leap year

Inline Functions
• How functions work
– Each time the program “jumps” to execute a
function, there is associated overhead:
• “Loading” the function:
– The instruction immediately following the function call is
stored
– The function arguments are copied to a reserved region of
the stack
– Load the instruction referenced by the function call
• Terminating the function call:
– (Possibly) store a return value in a register
– Load the return instruction stored when the function was first
called

Inline Functions
• With inline functions, the compiler
replaces each instance of the function
call with the corresponding code

• The following example shows this insertion:
int main()
{
…
myFunction(2);
…
myFunction(5);
…
}
void myFunction(int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
cout << i << “ “;
}
cout << “n”;
}
int main()
{
{ int n = 2;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{ cout << i << “ “; }
cout << “n”;
}
…..
{ int n = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{ cout << i << “ “; }
cout << “n”;
}
}

Inline Functions
• The obvious overhead associated with
“jumping” to execute and return from a
function call is avoided
• However, there can be a significant memory
penalty for using inline functions
– Each time the compiler encounters an inline
function call, that call is replaced with the function
code
– Thus, if the inline function is called 20 times, 20
copies of it will be inserted into the program code

Inline Functions
• To define an inline function, insert the keyword inline
before the function definition
inline double square (double x) { return x * x; }
• Generally, inline function definitions should be placed
in a header file (for cleanliness and readability)
• When using inline functions, the function definition (or
the include statement if it’s in a header file) must be
placed before the first invocation of the function

Inline Functions
• Some notes on inline functions:
– You cannot inline recursive functions
– The keyword inline is only a suggestion to the
compiler, and may be ignore under certain
conditions, most notably if the function is
particularly large or complicated (such as functions
with frequent loops)
– Some functions that are not labeled with the inline
keyword may be inlined by the compiler

Inline Functions
• In general, using inline functions improves
program efficiency if:
– The function is small (so there is a measurable
savings realized by eliminating the function calling
overhead)
– The function is called often, but only occurs in a
small number of places in the program
• In other words, we want to realize these savings without
the memory cost associated with replicating the function
definition in many places
• An example would be a simple function that is called many
times in a loop

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void swap_int (int &a, int &b);
void swap_float (float &a, float &b);
void swap_char (char &a, char &b);
int main()
{
int i1 = 3, i2 = 5;
float f1 = 3.14159f, f2 = 1.23f;
char c1='A', c2='B';
cout << "Integers before swap:" << endl;
cout << i1 << ", " << i2 << endl;
swap_int(i1, i2);
cout << "Integers after swap:" << endl;
cout << i1 << ", " << i2 << endl;
cout << "Floating points before swap:" << endl;
cout << f1 << ", " << f2 << endl;
swap_float(f1, f2);
cout << "Floating points after swap:" << endl;
cout << f1 << ", " << f2 << endl;
cout << "Characters before swap:" << endl;
cout << c1 << ", " << c2 << endl;
swap_char(c1, c2);
cout << "characters after swap:" << endl;
cout << c1 << ", " << c2 << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
void swap_int(int &a, int &b)
{
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_float(float &a, float &b)
{
float temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_char(char &a, char &b)
{
char temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
Integers before swap:
3, 5
Integers after swap:
5, 3
Floating points before swap:
3.14159, 1.23
Floating points after swap:
1.23, 3.14159
Characters before swap:
A, B
characters after swap:
B, A
Press any key to continue . .
.

Function Overloading
• Function overloading (aka function polymorphism)
allows functions in C++ to share the same name
• For example, imagine that we have a sorting algorithm
that we wish to use to implement functions for several
types, such as int and char
• Traditionally, we would have to use different names for
these functions
void mySortInt(int array[ ]) {…}
void mySortChar(char array[ ]) {…}

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void swap (int &a, int &b);
void swap (float &a, float &b);
void swap (char &a, char &b);
int main()
{
int i1 = 3, i2 = 5;
float f1 = 3.14159f, f2 = 1.23f;
char c1='A', c2='B';
cout << "Integers before swap:" << endl;
cout << i1 << ", " << i2 << endl;
swap(i1, i2);
cout << "Integers after swap:" << endl;
cout << i1 << ", " << i2 << endl;
cout << "Floating points before swap:" << endl;
cout << f1 << ", " << f2 << endl;
swap(f1, f2);
cout << "Floating points after swap:" << endl;
cout << f1 << ", " << f2 << endl;
cout << "Characters before swap:" << endl;
cout << c1 << ", " << c2 << endl;
swap(c1, c2);
cout << "characters after swap:" << endl;
cout << c1 << ", " << c2 << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
void swap (int &a, int &b)
{
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap (float &a, float &b)
{
float temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap (char &a, char &b)
{
char temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
Integers before swap:
3, 5
Integers after swap:
5, 3
Floating points before swap:
3.14159, 1.23
Floating points after swap:
1.23, 3.14159
Characters before swap:
A, B
characters after swap:
B, A

• C++ allows us to reuse function names,
provided that certain requirements are
met
void mySort(int array[]) {…}
void mySort(char array[]) {…}
• Overloaded functions are distinguished
by their argument list
void myFunction(int a) {…}
void myFunction(char a) {…}
void myFunction(int x) {…} // Not permitted
void myFunction(int x, int y) {…}

• Note that the return type of a function is not taken into account
when determining valid function overloading
void myFunction(int a) {…}
int myFunction(int a) {…} // Not permitted
• There are several reasons for this, including:
• If return type is the only distinguishing aspect, how would
we determine which function to use when return type is
ignored?
myFunction(13); // Which one to use?
• If both return type and argument lists differ, determining
how to resolve overloaded functions is not straight-
forward

Operator Overloading
• Operators, such as +, -, && and ++, can be
thought of as
• another type of function in C++
– As such, they can also be overloaded (and, in fact,
already are in many cases)
• For example, there is no difference in the syntax when you
add two integers vs. when you add two floating point
numbers
– We will discuss operator overloading in more detail
after we have introduced classes

Default Arguments
• C++ allows you to define default arguments for
parameters in your function prototype
void myFunction(int x = 5); // Default value of 5 for x
• The default value is used if an actual argument
is not provided for a function call
myFunction(37); // Called with argument 37
myFunction(); // Called with default argument 5

Default Arguments
• Default arguments must be added from right to
left in a function prototype
– Examples of valid default arguments:
void myFunction(int x, int y = 5, int z = 10);
void myFunction(int x = 2, int y = 5, int z = 10);
• Examples of invalid default arguments:
void myFunction(int x, int y = 5, int z);
void myFunction(int x = 2, int y = 5, int z);

Default Arguments
• Similarly, default arguments must be used
from right to left when the function is called
void myFunction(int x = 2, int y = 5, int z = 10);
• Examples of valid calls:
myFunction(); // Uses all default arguments
myFunction(5); // Uses defaults for y(5) and z(10)
myFunction(5, 3); // Uses default for z(10)
myFunction(5, 3, 7); // Uses no default arguments
• You cannot “skip over” default arguments:
myFunction(5 , , 7); // Invalid – this will not use the
// default argument for y(5)

Default Arguments
• Using default values can reduce the number of
overloaded functions
– Consider a function which calculates your travel
time based on a distance and average speed,
which we want to default to 65 mph
float getTime(int distance); // Default speed of 65 mph
float getTime(int distance, int speed);
• Clearly, we can rewrite this using default
arguments
float getTime(int distance, int speed = 65);

Default Arguments
• Generally, default arguments should only be
used when there is an obvious (and frequently
used) default value
– Oftentimes, the use of a default value will not be
the only thing that differentiates the
implementations of overloaded functions
– Avoiding using a default argument as a “flag” to be
fed to conditional statements

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
double test (double a, double b = 7)
{
return a - b;
}
int main ()
{
cout << test (14, 5) << endl;
cout << test (14) << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
9
7

Lecture2.ppt

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Lecture2.ppt

Similaire à Lecture2.ppt (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Lecture2.ppt