Calculate the implied enterprise value of Rosetta Stone using the average EV/EBITDA multiple for all three categories of comparable firms provided in Exhibit 9 and Rosetta Stone EBITDA provided in Exhibit 6, a total of three multiples. Interpret what these numbers suggest regarding the value of Rosetta Stone. The market-multiples approach seems easy. What are the some pros and cons of using a market-multiples approach in valuation? Exhibit 9 EXHIBIT 6 Calculation PART 6 Global Logistics Johnathan Murry APUS November 4, 2021 Introduction Goods are typically produced from one region and transported to another region, where the consumers demand them. This is what is referred to as global logistics. It involves managing the flow of goods when they get transferred from the production region, which could be one part of the world, to the other where they are consumed. In essence, global logistics tends to connect vital components of the supply chain from the origin point of the products to the point where they are consumed by the consumers while ensuring time and efficient distribution is achieved throughout the supply chain process. The movement of goods is the primary aspect of global logistics, and it can be accomplished through several ways, including shipping, plane, truck, or train. The paper will analyze literature to show various authors' different perspectives regarding global logistics and its insights. Literature Review Hong and Vonderembse published the first article to review in 2011. The article is titled "Global logistics strategies and experiences: the case of Korea Express." The authors emphasize the impact that the rapid expansion of global trade is having on supply chain management. Based on the article, as the rate of expansion to the global trade increases, the need to have immediate, accurate, and more security to the content of shipment or logistic activities becomes crucial to the worldwide supply chain. The demand for modern ports, railway systems, and airlines have significantly increased over time, as shown by another article by Wong and Davison. The authors stipulate the importance of advancing ports to accommodate the international supply chain activities or logistics. Following the growth of globalization, countries must expand their ports since ports tend to act as the significant center of logistics activities in any economy. Moreover, Yang and Chen, 2016, talks about the major determinants of global logistics hub ports where they compare the port development strategy of three countries, including Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. The scope and scale of global logistics systems often lead to real-time visibility to the challenges that tend to incur the individual assets along the process way. According to Sellevold et al., 2020, many organizations' decision-makers and logistics managers typically aggregate global logistics data to a manageable level to antic ...

1. Calculate the implied enterprise value of Rosetta Stone using
the average EV/EBITDA multiple for all three categories of
comparable firms provided in Exhibit 9 and Rosetta Stone
EBITDA provided in Exhibit 6, a total of three multiples.
Interpret what these numbers suggest regarding the value of
Rosetta Stone. The market-multiples approach seems easy. What
are the some pros and cons of using a market-multiples
approach in valuation?
Exhibit 9
EXHIBIT 6
Calculation PART
6

2. Global Logistics
Johnathan Murry
APUS
November 4, 2021
Introduction
Goods are typically produced from one region and transported
to another region, where the consumers demand them. This is
what is referred to as global logistics. It involves managing the
flow of goods when they get transferred from the production
region, which could be one part of the world, to the other where
they are consumed. In essence, global logistics tends to connect
vital components of the supply chain from the origin point of
the products to the point where they are consumed by the
consumers while ensuring time and efficient distribution is
achieved throughout the supply chain process. The movement of
goods is the primary aspect of global logistics, and it can be
accomplished through several ways, including shipping, plane,
truck, or train. The paper will analyze literature to show various
authors' different perspectives regarding global logistics and its
insights.
Literature Review

3. Hong and Vonderembse published the first article to
review in 2011. The article is titled "Global logistics strategies
and experiences: the case of Korea Express." The authors
emphasize the impact that the rapid expansion of global trade is
having on supply chain management. Based on the article, as the
rate of expansion to the global trade increases, the need to have
immediate, accurate, and more security to the content of
shipment or logistic activities becomes crucial to the worldwide
supply chain. The demand for modern ports, railway systems,
and airlines have significantly increased over time, as shown by
another article by Wong and Davison. The authors stipulate the
importance of advancing ports to accommodate the international
supply chain activities or logistics. Following the growth of
globalization, countries must expand their ports since ports tend
to act as the significant center of logistics activities in any
economy. Moreover, Yang and Chen, 2016, talks about the
major determinants of global logistics hub ports where they
compare the port development strategy of three countries,
including Japan, Taiwan, and Korea.
The scope and scale of global logistics systems often
lead to real-time visibility to the challenges that tend to incur
the individual assets along the process way. According to
Sellevold et al., 2020, many organizations' decision-makers and
logistics managers typically aggregate global logistics data to a
manageable level to anticipate and evaluate possible
interruptions and disruptions that face the process of logistics
operations. Global logistics has helped the movement of goods
from one region to the other to be easy and faster. Based on the
new studies by Mangan and Lalwani, 2016, it is possible for
corporations to reach far consumers around the world within a
minimal frame of time with their products. Many companies are
becoming multinational organizations due to the growth
assistance and support of global logistics. Frazelle, 2020 talks
about the vital role played by global logistics in global supply
chain management. Based on his article, global logistics
operations act as a bridge between the supplies of goods from

4. the producer to the consumer who might be on the other side of
the globe. Global logistics and management is the key driver to
international trade development, as shown by an article
published by Branch and Alan, 2018. It enables the primary
objective of the global supply chain that involves linking the
marketplace, manufacturing, and distribution network and
procurement activity.
Digital Equipment Corporation has played a crucial
role in global logistics. Based on Arntzen et al., 2015, Digital
Equipment Corporation evaluates alternatives related to the
worldwide supply chain and determines a global strategy for
effective manufacturing and distribution through GSCM. The
term global logistics is a topic that has continued to gain
interest in many multinational organizations around the globe.
According to Waters et al., 2013, logistics was a subject many
organizations did not consider mentioning in the long-term
plans. In the contemporary world of globalization, many
companies are using global logistics in the long term plan of
going global with their products.
Nevertheless, the advancement of global logistics benefits
supply chain management and comes with some significant
challenges. This is a concept that Rondinelli and Berry attempt
to bring to the table. They suggest that the continued integration
of transportation and logistics systems has introduced
significant complexities to the physical environment, including
land, water, and air resources. Moreover, it is essential to
consider several aspects for an effective international supply
chain process in dealing with globalization. Some of the
elements listed in the article by Huang et al., 2013, include
integration, communication, global perspective analysis, the
performance of financial analysis, maintenance of a promising
industry and customer relations, exhibition of strong personnel
skills, and the understanding of laws and regulations
surrounding the international supply chain process.
In a discussion about the formulation and
implementation of a global logistics strategy, Robert, 2009,

5. shows how ICL, which is an owned subsidiary of the four
billion dollars, was developed by being a Mainframe Computer
organization to become a full-range supplier of information
systems meant for departmental office, corporations and single-
user markets. Furthermore, numerous changes have been
implemented over the past decades, especially in the US and
European logistics, concerning the skills and knowledge that a
logistics manager should have before being recruited in the
field. This is a statement that Post et al., 2011, discuss whereby
they report and analyze a questionnaire administered to the
preference skills and background in the logistics management
field for both the United States and European supply chain
process. Also, Farahani, Asgari, and Davarzani, 2019 introduce
the term global logistics by defining it as an integral part of
everyday human life regarding the economy. They claim that
logistics has an essential role in effectively implementing the
international supply chain process, which different countries
depend on in the contemporary world of trade.
On the other hand, McKinnon, 2017 talks about the relationship
between integrated logistics strategies and supply chain
management. Integrated global logistics on its self, as he
claims, is a vital strategy that enables corporations to ensure
their international supply chains are flexible for changes that
may incur the process. Finally, Hernandez, 2020 analyzes how
global logistics operations have enhanced the environment in
which corporations and small businesses operate in the
contemporary world of business through globalization.
Regardless of their sizes, both big and small businesses can
efficiently market and sell their products and services to all
parts of the world through open markets.
Goods are typically produced from one region and transported
to another region, where the consumers demand them. This is
what is referred to as global logistics. It involves managing the
flow of goods when they get transferred from the production
region, which could be one part of the world, to the other where
they are consumed. In essence, global logistics tends to connect

6. vital components of the supply chain from the origin point of
the products to the point where they are consumed by the
consumers while ensuring time and efficient distribution is
achieved throughout the supply chain process. The movement of
goods is the primary aspect of global logistics, and it can be
accomplished through several ways, including shipping, plane,
truck, or train. The paper will analyze literature to show various
authors' different perspectives regarding global logistics and its
insights.
Conclusion
In conclusion, global logistics plays a crucial role in
connecting vital components of the supply chain from the origin
point of product production to the endpoint of product
consumption. In particular, globalization has enabled open
markets to have free trade where the demand for products is
highly increasing. With such an increase, global logistics
management has enhanced the process of the supply chain by
making it to be efficient and safer for trade transactions. Due to
the rapid expansion of international trade, the need to have
immediate, accurate, and more security to the content of
shipment or logistic activities becomes crucial to the global
supply chain. This is the primary role of global logistics
management and where it plays in the supply chain process.
References
Arntzen, B. C., Brown, G. G., Harrison, T. P., & Trafton, L. L.
(1995). Global supply chain management at Digital Equipment
Corporation. Interfaces, 25(1), 69-93.
Branch, A. E. (2018). Global supply chain management and
international logistics. Routledge.
Farahani, R. Z., Asgari, N., & Davarzani, H. (Eds.).
(2009). Supply chain and logistics in national, international and
governmental environment: concepts and models. Springer
Science & Business Media.
Hong, P., & Vonderembse, M. (2011). Global logistics

7. strategies and experiences: the case of Korea
Express. International Journal of Logistics Systems and
Management, 9(2), 141-149.
Mangan, J., & Lalwani, C. (2016). Global logistics and supply
chain management. John Wiley & Sons.
McKinnon, A. (2017). Integrated logistics strategies.
In Handbook of logistics and supply-chain management.
Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Roberts, J. H. (2009). Formulation and Implementing a Global
Logistics Strategy. The International Journal of Logistics
Management, 1(2), 53-58.
Poist, R. F., Scheraga, C. A., & Semeijn, J. (2001). Preparation
of logistics managers for the contemporary environment of the
European Union. International Journal of Physical Distribution
& Logistics Management.
Rondinelli, D., & Berry, M. (2000). Multimodal transportation,
logistics, and the environment: managing interactions in a
global economy. European Management Journal, 18(4), 398-
410.
Sellevold, E., May, T., Gangi, S., Kulakowski, J., McDonnell,
I., Hill, D., & Grabowski, M. (2020). Asset tracking, condition
visibility and sustainability using unmanned aerial systems in
global logistics. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary
Perspectives, 8, 100234.
Waters, C. D. J., & Waters, D. (Eds.). (2013). Global logistics
and distribution planning: strategies for management. Kogan
Page Publishers.
Wong, L. H., & Davison, R. M. (2018). Knowledge sharing in a
global logistics provider: An action research
project. Information & Management, 55(5), 547-557.
Wu, Y. C. J., Huang, S. K., Goh, M., & Hsieh, Y. J. (2013).
Global logistics management curriculum: perspective from
practitioners in Taiwan. Supply Chain Management: An
International Journal.
Yang, Y. C., & Chen, S. L. (2016). Determinants of global
logistics hub ports: Comparison of the port development

8. policies of Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Transport Policy, 45,
179-189.
2
Project Outline
Johnathan Murry
APUS
TLMT498
October 11, 2021
Project Outline: Global Supply Chain
Abstract
The global supply chain has suffered from the impacts of
adverse international events. Significantly, the US-China trade
wars and the Covid-19 pandemic have negatively affected the
supply network. The movement of goods, raw materials, and
people across borders was adversely affected at the height of

9. the global pandemic. Recently, the international market has
experienced unprecedented shortages in essential goods,
including a chip that has derailed manufacturing. It is projected
that the production of vehicles in 2021 will dip by 10 percent
due to shortages in chip supply. The trade war between the US
and China has also affected the global supply chain. Although
these were considered protectionism strategies, they affected
the global supply chain. For instance, the import of steel and
other products from China to the US reduced significantly.
Moreover, American corporations were forced to relocate to
other countries not involved in the trade wars with the US.
Notably, there is a need among global companies to adopt
innovative solutions to avoid adverse impacts related to these
events.
Introduction
The global supply chain has suffered from the impacts of the
Covid-19 pandemic. The movement of goods, raw materials, and
people across borders was significantly affected at the height of
the global crisis. Ideally, most governments imposed lockdowns
and travel restrictions to curb the spread of the corona virus.
This is becoming a critical bottleneck to supply networks
worldwide. Even as the world recovers from the pandemic, there
are still glitches in the supply chain. The global market has
experienced substantial shortages in raw materials and finished
goods, leading to a surge in prices. The recent shortage of chip
supply in the international market threatens to curtail the
manufacturing industry. It is estimated that the global

10. production of vehicles will drop by 10 percent in 2021 due to
chip shortages (Yap et al., 2021). The problem is exacerbated
by extended lockdowns and the closure of factories in China,
Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia. As a result, the outbreak of
the Covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected the global supply
chain.
Literature Review
A supply chain refers to a network between companies and their
suppliers involving production and product distribution.
Muysinaliyev and Aktamov (2014) define a supply chain as a
network of facilities, processes, and distribution options that
facilitate sourcing raw materials, transformation to intermediate
and finished goods, and delivery of final products to customers.
The supply chain network aims to promote the movement of
goods to the final consumer. Generally, the network entails
different resources, actors, activities, and people. For instance,
some of the entities involved in the supply chain include
manufacturers, vendors, warehouses, retailers, and distribution
centers. Companies develop supply chain networks to reduce the
cost of production and operation and gain a competitive edge in
the business landscape.
On the other hand, the global supply chain describes networks
that span across multiple countries and continents. According to
CIPS (2021), the global supply chains involve sourcing and
supplying goods and services across borders. It also faci litates
the smooth flow of resources, information, and processes. The
mechanism of the global supply chain is that multination
corporations (MNCs) utilize low-cost countries, where they
source cheap labor and raw materials. Usually, MNCs come
from developed economies, and the flow of finished goods is
directed to the home country. One of the advantages of the
global supply chain is that it reduces the cost of production due
to reduced labor rates and operation expenses (CIPS, 2021). It
also enhances innovation by facilitating knowledge sharing and
technology transfer. Furthermore, the global supply chain
increases competition, promoting new supply routes and

11. competent suppliers.
Background of the Global Supply Chain
The global supply chain has undergone tremendous growth since
its inception. Blume Global (2021) indicates that the global
supply chain started more than 100 years ago when companies
started sourcing raw materials and supplying goods and services
across the globe. Before the industrial revolution in the United
States and Europe, the supply chain was localized and restricted
to small regions. However, the introduction of machines
increased the ease of production, transportation, and
distribution of goods. The invention of cars and internal
combustion engines in the 20th century enhanced the global
supply chain. Over the decades, the supply network has been
improved by the introduction of containerization, which moved
the transportation of goods across borders from railroads to
trucking (Blume Global, 2021). The emergence of modern
technologies and computerization gave rise to globalization
which has intensified the global supply chain. World Trade
Organization (n.d) suggests that globalization has increased the
need to establish companies within the proximity of the
production process. This is because proximity reduces
production costs and risks. Today, most producers and suppliers
of goods and services are located in major economies in Asia
and other parts of the world.
Discussion
The global supply chain has been a crucial component of
international trade for decades. Big manufacturing corporations
in the United States and other developed economies have
embraced offshore production. It also led to the development of
a consumer-driven supply chain. Gereffi and Lee (2021)
contend that the demand for offshore suppliers of consumer
goods among US retailers in the 1980s led to a shift from
producer-driven to customer-driven supply chains. This
facilitated the development of the global supply chains, which
have intensified in East and South Asia. Today, most
manufactured goods come from Asian countries, including

12. China, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore. For instance, Apple’s
iPhone products are assembled in China and shipped to the
United States for sale (Gereffi & Lee, 2021). This demonstrated
the flow of goods in the global chain network.
However, recent global events have affected the global supply
chain. For instance, the trade wars between the United States
and China in 2018 disrupted the supply chain network. In an
attempt to offset trade imbalances, the US imposed up to 25
percent tariffs on imports from China (Dollar, 2020). The
Chinese government also retaliated by imposing more taxes on
imports from the United States. Although this was considered a
protectionist strategy, it affected the global supply chain. For
instance, the import of steel and other products from China to
the US reduced significantly. Moreover, American corporations
were forced to relocate to other countries not involved in the
trade wars with the US. Electronics, garment, and footwear
manufacturers shifted to Mexico, Vietnam, and Indonesia
(Dollar, 2020). The US government also offered tax incentives
to American companies to bring back their production
operations.
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has also affected the
global supply chain. When governments across the globe
imposed social distancing rules, lockdowns, and travel
restrictions, the supply network came to a standstill. The
pandemic exposed the vulnerabilities of overdependence on
global suppliers (Meyer et al., 2021). Covid-19 disruption
brought supply shortages of raw materials and finished
products. The most recent challenge has been the shortage of
semiconductor products, including a chip in the global market
(Yap et al., 2021). The automobile industry also faces scarcity
in the supply of resin and steel. This has negatively affected the
manufacturing sector in the US and other countries. It has also
increased the cost of goods and services. Essentially, the global
supply chain is facing numerous challenges that beg for
immediate solutions.

13. Solution
s
There is a need to implement innovative solutions to overcome
challenges currently being experienced in the global supply
chain. Ideally, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
that combines descriptive and predictive analytics will help
provide better forecasting and improved order management
(Blume Global, 2021). Similarly, global corporations should
best inventory management practices to avoid unexpected
shortages during adverse events like the Covid-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
Overall, the Covid-19 pandemic and US-China trade wars have
had a significant effect on the global supply chain. These events
have exposed the consequences of overreliance on internatio nal
suppliers. The bottlenecks of the supply chain have caused
shortages of essential goods and services in the global market,
leading to an increase in prices. They have also led to a shift in
supply routes.

14. References
Blume Global. (2021). The History and Evolution of the Global
Supply Chain. https://www.blumeglobal.com/learning/history-
of-supply-chain/
CIPS. (2021). Global Supply Chains. Chartered Institute for
Procurement and Supply,
https://www.cips.org/knowledge/procurement-topics-and-
skills/supply-chain-management/global-supply-chains/

15. Dollar, D. (2020). The future of global supply chains: What are
the implications for international trade. Brookings,
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-future-of-global-
supply-chains-what-are-the-implications-for-international-trade/
Gereffi, G. & Lee, J. (2021). Why the World Suddenly Cares
about Global Supply Chains. World Economic Forum,
https://reports.weforum.org/manufacturing-growth/why-the-
world-suddenly-cares-about-global-supply-chains/
Meyer, A., Walter, W., & Seuring, S. (2021). The impact of the
coronavirus crisis on supply chains and their sustainability: A
text mining approach. Frontiers in Sustainability, 2, 3.
https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2021.631182
Muysinaliyev, A., & Aktamov, S. (2014). Supply chain
management concepts: literature review. IOSR Journal of
Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 15(6), 60-66.
https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol15-
issue6/I01566066.pdf
World Trade Organization. (n.d). Supply Chain Perspecti ves.
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/aid4tradesupplycha
in13_part1_e.pdf
Yap, C.W., Boston, W., & McDonald, A. (2021). Global
Supply-Chain Problems Escalate, Threatening Economic
Recovery. The Wall Street Journal,
https://www.wsj.com/articles/supply-chain-issues-car-chip-
shortage-covid-manufacturing-global-economy-11633713877

16. 2
Brief Report
Johnathan Murry
APUS
TLMT498
October 23, 2021

17. Project Outline: Global Supply Chain
Abstract
The global supply chain has suffered from the impacts of
adverse international events. Significantly, the US-China trade
wars and the Covid-19 pandemic have negatively affected the
supply network. The movement of goods, raw materials, and
people across borders was adversely affected at the height of
the global pandemic. Recently, the international market has
experienced unprecedented shortages in essential goods,
including a chip that has derailed manufacturing. It is projected
that the production of vehicles in 2021 will dip by 10 percent
due to shortages in chip supply. The trade war between the US
and China has also affected the global supply chain. Although
these were considered protectionism strategies, they affected
the global supply chain. For instance, the import of steel and
other products from China to the US reduced significantly.
Moreover, American corporations were forced to relocate to
other countries not involved in the trade wars with the US.
Notably, there is a need among global companies to adopt
innovative solutions to avoid adverse impacts related to these
events.

18. Introduction
The global supply chain has suffered from the impacts of the
Covid-19 pandemic. The movement of goods, raw materials, and
people across borders was significantly affected at the height of
the global crisis. Ideally, most governments imposed lockdowns
and travel restrictions to curb the spread of the corona virus.
This is becoming a critical bottleneck to supply networks
worldwide. Even as the world recovers from the pandemic, there
are still glitches in the supply chain. The global market has
experienced substantial shortages in raw materials and finished
goods, leading to a surge in prices. The recent shortage of chip
supply in the international market threatens to curtail the
manufacturing industry. It is estimated that the global
production of vehicles will drop by 10 percent in 2021 due to
chip shortages (Yap et al., 2021). The problem is exacerbated
by extended lockdowns and the closure of factories in China,
Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia. As a result, the outbreak of
the Covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected the global supply
chain.

19. Literature Review
A supply chain refers to a network between companies and their
suppliers involving production and product distribution.
Muysinaliyev and Aktamov (2014) define a supply chain as a
network of facilities, processes, and distribution options that
facilitate sourcing raw materials, transformation to intermediate
and finished goods, and delivery of final products to customers.
The supply chain network aims to promote the movement of
goods to the final consumer. Generally, the network entails
different resources, actors, activities, and people. For instance,
some of the entities involved in the supply chain include
manufacturers, vendors, warehouses, retailers, and distribution
centers. Companies develop supply chain networks to reduce the
cost of production and operation and gain a competitive edge in
the business landscape.
On the other hand, the global supply chain describes networks
that span across multiple countries and continents. According to
CIPS (2021), the global supply chains involve sourcing and
supplying goods and services across borders. It also facilitates
the smooth flow of resources, information, and processes. The
mechanism of the global supply chain is that multination
corporations (MNCs) utilize low-cost countries, where they
source cheap labor and raw materials. Usually, MNCs come
from developed economies, and the flow of finished goods is
directed to the home country. One of the advantages of the

20. global supply chain is that it reduces the cost of production due
to reduced labor rates and operation expenses (CIPS, 2021). It
also enhances innovation by facilitating knowledge sharing and
technology transfer. Furthermore, the global supply chain
increases competition, promoting new supply routes and
competent suppliers.
Background of the Global Supply Chain
The global supply chain has undergone tremendous growth since
its inception. Blume Global (2021) indicates that the global
supply chain started more than 100 years ago when companies
started sourcing raw materials and supplying goods and services
across the globe. Before the industrial revolution in the United
States and Europe, the supply chain was localized and restricted
to small regions. However, the introduction of machines
increased the ease of production, transportation, and
distribution of goods. The invention of cars and internal
combustion engines in the 20th century enhanced the global
supply chain. Over the decades, the supply network has been
improved by the introduction of containerization, which moved
the transportation of goods across borders from railroads to
trucking (Blume Global, 2021). The emergence of modern
technologies and computerization gave rise to globalizati on
which has intensified the global supply chain. World Trade
Organization (n.d) suggests that globalization has increased the
need to establish companies within the proximity of the

21. production process. This is because proximity reduces
production costs and risks. Today, most producers and suppliers
of goods and services are located in major economies in Asia
and other parts of the world.
Discussion
The global supply chain has been a crucial component of
international trade for decades. Big manufacturing corporations
in the United States and other developed economies have
embraced offshore production. It also led to the development of
a consumer-driven supply chain. Gereffi and Lee (2021)
contend that the demand for offshore suppliers of consumer
goods among US retailers in the 1980s led to a shift from
producer-driven to customer-driven supply chains. This
facilitated the development of the global supply chains, which
have intensified in East and South Asia. Today, most
manufactured goods come from Asian countries, including
China, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore. For instance, Apple’s
iPhone products are assembled in China and shipped to the
United States for sale (Gereffi & Lee, 2021). This demonstrated
the flow of goods in the global chain network.
However, recent global events have affected the global supply
chain. For instance, the trade wars between the United States
and China in 2018 disrupted the supply chain network. In an
attempt to offset trade imbalances, the US imposed up to 25
percent tariffs on imports from China (Dollar, 2020). The

22. Chinese government also retaliated by imposing more taxes on
imports from the United States. Although this was considered a
protectionist strategy, it affected the global supply chain. For
instance, the import of steel and other products from China to
the US reduced significantly. Moreover, American corporations
were forced to relocate to other countries not involved in the
trade wars with the US. Electronics, garment, and footwear
manufacturers shifted to Mexico, Vietnam, and Indonesia
(Dollar, 2020). The US government also offered tax incentives
to American companies to bring back their production
operations.
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has also affected the
global supply chain. When governments across the globe
imposed social distancing rules, lockdowns, and travel
restrictions, the supply network came to a standstill. The
pandemic exposed the vulnerabilities of overdependence on
global suppliers (Meyer et al., 2021). Covid-19 disruption
brought supply shortages of raw materials and finished
products. The most recent challenge has been the shortage of
semiconductor products, including a chip in the global market
(Yap et al., 2021). The automobile industry also faces scarcity
in the supply of resin and steel. This has negatively affected the
manufacturing sector in the US and other countries. It has also
increased the cost of goods and services. Essentially, the global
supply chain is facing numerous challenges that beg for

23. immediate solutions.