1. 1
Total Word Count: 3,761 Student Number: STU34723
Tutor: Adrian Pullin
“Smart Cities and their use of 5G Communications”
Tendayi Mnemo
MSc Information Technology, Current Issues In Networking, Arden University, United Kingdom.
Email: tendayi.mnemo@gmail.com
Abstract
Mobile data communications and networks have evolved
tremendously since the introduction of 0G (Zero Genera-
tion) Technology, the great ancestor in the mobile tele-
phone service that became available just after World War
II. Then came 1G, 2G, 3G and the current and maturing
deployment of 4G/LTE networks seem to exacerbate the af-
finity for data hungry applications and devices. The antic-
ipated growth in smart city projects globally will further in-
tensify the demand for ultra-high speed sensor networks
and data centres to be able to seamlessly manage the inte-
grated infrastructure and services. Although no consensus
has been reached yet on what the next generation of mobile
networks will comprise in order to meet this looming de-
mand, researchers globally are currently engaged in defin-
ing the future of the inevitable 5G network which will re-
quire technologies that will deliver 1000x the current data
rate. The envisaged and much anticipated 5G communica-
tions network infrastructure, supported by the “Internet of
Things (IoT)” (Tei and Gurgen, 2014, p.369) and Cloud of
Things (CoT) technologies, will be able to deliver the ele-
ments required to support associated vertical industries,
and further enhance the realisation of the Smart City con-
cept. In reference to current research efforts, this paper will
discuss the envisaged applications of 5G enabled use cases
within the Smart City concept, the supporting technologies,
and the recent experimental achievements in European 5G
research.
Keywords - 5G, Internet of Things, Cloud of Things, Smart
home, Smart city, WSN, vertical industries
1. Introduction
There is substantially concerted global effort in the research
on 5G, the fifth generation of future mobile data and com-
munications networks, which is envisaged to provide the req-
uisite infrastructure and services to cater for the massive
growth and ubiquitous proliferation of pervasive and always-
connected devices anticipated by the year 2020. The rapid
growth and demand for connectivity bandwidth has fuelled
the adoption of the connected Internet of Things (IoT)
(Parwekar, 2011) and hence the evolution of the “Smart
home” concept globally. Fuelled by the IoT, the Smart home
concept has subsequently seen unprecedented growth over
the years, with the USA, Japan, Germany, China and the
United Kingdom having an estimated 4.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3 and
0.2 million smart homes by October 2015 (Statistica, 2015,
p.1) respectively. These numbers are anticipated to grow an
average of five-fold by 2020 (Statistica, 2015, p.1). To add
to this paradigm, there is also a consequential rise in several
ambitious projects in the form of “Smart cities” around the
world. The European Union’s Smart Cities Stakeholder Plat-
form’s Roadmap Group (European Commission, 2013) is
one such project.
There are still obstacles and concerns to be overcome in the
adoption of these “smart” concepts however, chief among
them the interoperability of data between devices and sub-
systems, M2M communications, security, the homogenous
nature and mobility of nodes. In addition, devices (nodes)
and the associated subsystems produce huge amounts of data
that needs resources for processing and storage. The use of
Cloud-based Internet or Cloud of Things (CoT) could make
it possible for the devices “even with limited computational
capabilities, to perform intricate computations required for
effective performance of assigned task” (Parwekar, 2011,
p.330).
Considerable amounts of resources and funding are already
being channelled through the 5G Public-Private Partnership
(5G PPP) (5G-PPP, 2016) towards the research of the much
anticipated 5G networks that will enable the integration and
interoperability of nodes, Smart home, Smart city, IoT and
CoT and support of vertical industries such as healthcare
and, media and entertainment (5G-PPP, 2016), transport and
mobility, and environmental monitoring (Sanchez et al.,
2013), into pervasive, heterogeneous and always-connected
infrastructure and services.
The aim of this paper is to give a brief summary of what con-
stitutes a “Smart city”, followed by an overview of smart city
enabling components, IoT and CoT, and vertical industries
that will be enabled and supported by 5G technology with
the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) (Shelby and
Bormann, 2009, p.8). Reference is also made to the efforts
of the 5G PPP within the scope of the “Horizon 2020 Pro-
gramme, the world’s biggest research program on 5G, and
the future global communication network” (EURO-5G,
2016). An overview of recent experimental achievements in
European 5G research will also be discussed (Sanchez et al.,
2013). Finally as the 5G era encroaches as early as 2020, it
takes a brief look at issues around 5G that still have to be
resolved in order to achieve a coherent 5G enabled eco-
sphere.
2. What constitutes a Smart City?
Global rural to urban migration has presented unprecedented
challenges and strain on resources and services to many cen-
tral and local governments around the world, resulting in the

2. 2
deterioration, and in some cases total failure or shortages of
basic services and amenities like housing, sanitation, access
to health facilities, water, electricity and mobility for citizens
and businesses. In essence the main reason for human rural
to urban migration is in search of access to all these services
and a better quality of life.
Although there is no rule of thumb in what constitutes a
Smart city, some central Governments (Hassan et al., 2014)
and local authorities (Gascó, 2016; Lee et al., 2014; Mizuno
and Odake, 2015) around the world have begun to implement
ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) (Lee
etal.,2014, p.80) based “Smart city initiatives” (Lee et al.,
2014, p.86) that are meant to mitigate services provision con-
straints and make cities more efficient, economic, sustaina-
ble, more attractive to businesses to encourage economic
growth, and by encouraging citizens participation in the
adoption of liveable “Smart homes”.
In the context of ICT, the ITU’s (International Telecommu-
nications Union’s) FG-SSC (Focus Group on Smart Sustain-
able Cities) whose mandate is to “act as an open platform for
smart-city stakeholders – such as municipalities; academic
and research institutes; non-governmental organizations
(NGOs); and ICT organizations, industry forums and consor-
tia – to exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying
the standardized frameworks needed to support the integra-
tion of ICT services in smart cities” (ITU, 2015, p.1); defined
a Smart Sustainable City as:
“an innovative city that uses information and communi-
cation technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve
quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services,
and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the
needs of present and future generations with respect to
economic, social, environmental as well as cultural as-
pects”
- (ITU, 2015, p.1).
By the year 2020, 5G communications networks are antici-
pated to provide the standardised frameworks and capabili-
ties to support the ubiquitous integration of numerous ICT
enabled services and seamless connectivity and mobility of
billions of devices, employing the use of enabling compo-
nents such as IoT and CoT. The envisaged 5G communica-
tions technology and infrastructure will also provide a plat-
form for supporting vertical industries in the provision of,
e.g. “mHealth” (Mobile Health) (Hassan et al., 2014; 5G-
PPP, 2016; WHO, 2011), “Traffic Management and Mobil-
ity”, “Environmental Monitoring” (Sanchez et al., 2013) and
“Smart Homes” (Skouby and Lynggaard, 2014), just to men-
tion a few, that will to promote the creation and realisation
of smart services for Smart cities.
3. IoT Concept
Kevin Ashton, a British technology pioneer first used “The
Internet Of Things”, IoT, in 1999 “to describe a system in
which objects in the physical world could be connected to
the Internet by sensors” (Ashton, 2009, p.1), referring “to the
use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags used”
(Ashton, 2009, p.1) to count and track goods in corporate
supply chains over the Internet (Rose et al., 2015). Today the
Internet of Things, through Internet-based protocols like
IPv6, provides the opportunity and capability to facilitate the
ubiquitous connectivity of multitudes of devices and sensors
for Smart city concepts.
According to the GSMA, there were a total of 14.8 billion
connected devices and 7.6 billion mobile devices as of 2015
globally. These numbers are anticipated to total 26 billion
connected devices and 10 billion mobile devices by 2020 re-
spectively (GSMA, 2016). These devices will produce huge
amounts of data that needs resources for processing and stor-
age. But IoT has limited capabilities in terms of storage, pro-
cessing capacity, security, reliability, performance and pri-
vacy (GSMA, 2016). By integrating with The Cloud-based
Internet or Cloud of Things (CoT), this could make it possi-
ble for these billions of devices, “even with limited compu-
tational capabilities, to perform intricate computations re-
quired for effective performance of their assigned task”
(Parwekar, 2011, p.330). Thus IoT will play a critical role in
integrating a massive “number of heterogeneous devices
connected to the Internet via a diversity of protocols” (Kaur
and Maheshwari, 2016, p.2].
4. CoT Concept
The CoT is a scalable and decentralised “pool of resources
accessible through the internet” (Skouby and Lynggaard,
2014, p.874) leveraging remote, networked computing, and
offering flexible on-demand resource access from anywhere,
at any time “to process, manage, and store data” (The Inter-
net Society, 2015, p.8), and allowing “small and distributed
devices” (The Internet Society, 2015, p.8) through IoT, “to
interact with powerful back-end analytic and control capa-
bilities” (The Internet Society, 2015, p.8). Moreover as a
pay-per-use model, the CoT will also provide a relatively
economic business model for users as this would mean no
upfront investments in pre-requisite infrastructure for entry
level service providers like SMEs for example (Tei and Gur-
gen, 2014). The CoT will therefore provide the ideal plat-
form for hosting and coordinating the resources, processing,
data storage and seamless connectivity for the envisaged bil-
lions of connected devices commensurate with the IoT and
the Smart city vision.
5. 5G as an Enabler of Vertical Industries
As the evolution of mobile and wireless communications
networks progress from legacy networks, future 5G commu-
nications networks will be designed to accommodate and en-
able efficient, reliable and safe operation of a diversity of
services and used by billions of devices.
Jointly funded by the European Union and industry and in
collaboration with researchers and vertical industries around
the world, the 5G-PPP METIS Project has developed usage
scenarios connected to societal challenges and related to new
vertical industry use cases and volume increases. (METIS,
2015). In view of these looming network demands, “Mobile
and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-

3. 3
twenty Information Society (METIS)” (Osseiran et al, 2014,
p.26) identified the overall technical goals that must be met
to increase the performance of mobile networks with:
“1000 times higher mobile data volume per area,
10 times to 100 times higher typical user data rate,
10 times to 100 times higher number of connected de-
vices,
10 times longer battery life for low power devices, and
5 times reduced End-to-End (E2E) latency”
- (Osseiran et al, 2014, p.28).
at “similar cost and energy consumption levels as today’s”
(Tullberg et al, 2014, p.1) system..
These goals are representative of enablers of the 5G, 2020
era communications network in support of vertical indus-
tries. 5G will present an entirely different communications
paradigm from which current legacy systems cannot evolve
to cater for the technical goals, and METIS has identified the
following test case scenarios that must be overcome to
achieve these technical goals:
“Amazingly fast” focuses on high data-rates for future
mobile broadband users,
“Great service in a crowd” focuses on mobile broadband
experience even in the very crowded areas and condi-
tions,
“Ubiquitous things communicating” focuses on efficient
handling of a very large number of devices (including
e.g. machine type of devices, and sensors) with widely
varying requirements,
“Best experience follows you” focuses on end-users on
the move with high levels of experience, and
“Super real-time and reliable connections” focuses on
new applications and use cases with very strict require-
ments on latency and reliability”
- (Metis2020, 2013, p.7-10).
6. mHealth
As of 2016, seven billion people or 95% of the global popu-
lation live in an area that is covered by a mobile-cellular net-
work, with mobile-broadband networks (3G or above) reach-
ing 84% of the global population (ITU, 2016, p.1). In a world
where the average spending on healthcare is around 10% of
GDP and “healthcare costs as percentage of GDP continues
to outpace the average GDP” in Europe (5G-PPP, 2015) for
example, these statistics present a phenomenal opportunity
to harness and leverage on existing and future communica-
tions technologies in the provision of mHealth (Mobile
Health) initiatives integration with eHealth services.
The evolution of the 6LoWPAN (Shelby and Bormann,
2009; Touati et al., 2013) open communication standard,
complimentary to IEEE802.15.4, used in conjunction with
IPv6 (Jara et al., 2013) can promote the application of mobile
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for providing pervasive
mHealth solutions (Hassan et al., 2014), for example in mon-
itoring particularly Non Communicable Diseases such as
cardiovascular disorders e.g. heart disease, strokes, diabetes
etc. in a Smart city concept. Patients can then be tracked by
battery powered miniature wearable devices attached to their
bodies to monitor their blood pressure, heart rate and sugar
levels, with all the patient’s information embedded in the
node, i.e. their medical condition and history, doctor’s details
and contacts, last doctor’s visit, medication, emergency
numbers and the patient’s real-time location etc. to enable
swift rescue operations in cases of an emergency for in-
stance. Already mHealth solutions are being applied and
tested in diverse scenarios globally in support of health re-
lated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (WHO,
2011).
As of July 2015, the UK had a record number of 3.9 million
people suffering from diabetes, with 90% having “Type 2 di-
abetes, which is linked to people’s lifestyles and obesity”
(The Guardian 2015). Out of these a record 135 underwent
amputations every week due to inadequate health care from
the NHS. Between 2011 and 2014 “a total of 14,367 people
lost a toe or part of their foot in minor amputations, and 6,758
had a foot or part of a leg cut off” (The Guardian 2015). This
is a sad scenario considering “Britain has played a key role
in medical innovations such as IVF and organ transplants
whilst it has been too slow to adopt technology as a key
means of helping patients to manage illnesses and stay as
healthy as possible” (The Guardian 2016). In an effort to re-
duce unnecessary illnesses, hospital admissions, unneces-
sary amputations, patient mortality and ultimately the bal-
looning healthcare bill, the NHS has since embarked on an
ambitious mobile technology project to issue out free wear-
able devices using an App to monitor and “manage patient
ailments such as diabetes and heart disease” (Campbell
2016), and further enabling patient self-care.
In its white paper on 5G and e-Health, the 5G Infrastructure
Association lists the following “scenarios where the new ca-
pabilities offered by the 5G network can improve the right
execution of the use cases” (5G-PPP, 2015, p.7).
“Assets and interventions management in Hospitals
Assets tracking and management
Intervention planning and follow-up
Robotics
Remote surgery
Cloud Service Robotics for Assisted Living
Remote monitoring of health and wellness data
Ageing well
Life style and prevention
Follow up after acute events and assisted living in
chronic scenarios
Smarter medication
Beyond Monitoring: applying medication to the pa-
tient on a remote basis
Smart Pharmaceuticals
Algorithm supported theory-based health behaviour
change”
- (5G-PPP, 2015, p.7-11)

4. 4
7. Traffic Management and Mobility
The majority of urban cities around the world are grappling
with managing traffic congestion and road traffic accidents
daily. And in addition to this, the major concern globally is
the unprecedented levels of carbon emissions that are caus-
ing global warming resulting in the harmful effects of irre-
versible climate change (Solomona et al., 2009). For exam-
ple on 14 “March, the French capital Paris was forced to take
drastic action” (UITP, 2014, p.1) by banning traffic into the
city “based on a system of alternating number plates” (UITP,
2014, p.1), as well as offering free public transport when pol-
lution spiked, hitting health-threatening levels when “PM10
particles emitted by diesel exhausts, heating systems and
heavy industry were to blame for a peak of 180 micrograms
per cubic metre, more than double the safe limit of 80”
(UITP, 2014, p.1). The United Nations Framework Conven-
tion on Climate Change has since “adopted the “Paris Agree-
ment”” (UNFCCC, 2015, p.2) to tackle Climate Change as
soon as possible.
However, research, experimentation and service provision
on transportation and mobility in a Smart City scenario is
taking centre stage in Santander, the capital city of the Can-
tabria region on Spain’s north coast. The SmartSantander
project main target is the creation of a European experi-
mental “test facility for the research and experimentation of
architectures, key enabling technologies, services and appli-
cations for the loT in the context of a smart city” (Smartsan-
tander, 2012, p.2).
Comprising over 3,000 IEEE 802.15.4 devices, “deployed
both at static locations (streetlights, facades, bus stops) as
well as on - board of mobile vehicles (buses, taxis)”, the
(Smartsantander, 2012, p.2) project provides a sophisticated
and citizen inclusive test bed and service provision platform
that brings the reality of a Smart City into practise. Moreover
5G capabilities will enable connectivity of up to 1million de-
vices per square kilometre.
“Traffic Intensity Monitoring: Around 60 devices
located at the main entrances of the city of Santander
have been deployed to measure main traffic parameters,
such as traffic volumes, road occupancy, vehicle speed
or queue length, as well as to get knowledge on how the
traffic is distributed over the main city avenues arising at
these main roads.
Outdoor parking area management. Almost 400 parking
sensors (based on ferromagnetic technology), buried un-
der the asphalt have been installed at the main parking
areas of the city centre, in order to detect parking sites
availability in these zones.
Guidance to free parking lots: Taking information re-
trieved by the deployed parking sensors, 10 panels lo-
cated at the main streets’ intersections have been in-
stalled in order to guide drivers towards the available
free parking lots”
- (Smartsantander, 2012, p.2-3)
8. Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is one of the most common appli-
cations of WSNs, whether as fixed (attached to buildings,
lamp posts, facades etc.) or mobile (attached to vehicles)
nodes. The most basic of these have been deployed time im-
memorial to measure outdoor temperature and temperature
values visibly displayed on electronic billboards in several
locations globally. But in Smart City applications as in the
case of Paris as mentioned above, these can also be deployed
to measure CO2 emissions in addition to helping in traffic
management.
In agriculture and city parks environments, “soil moisture
and temperature monitoring is one of the most important ap-
plication of WSNs” (Oliveira and Rodrigues, 2011, p.147).
Used in conjunction with automated irrigation systems, and
signals relayed via wireless communications technologies,
irrigation systems can be turned on and off remotely without
the need for human intervention, thereby contributing to la-
bour cost reductions for farmers and Smart City authorities
alike. Smart Cities can also use these nodes in monitoring
water quality and supply by deploying systems that monitor
water quality and levels at source and reservoir stage (PH
levels, pollution, salinity and quantity) in order to maintain
and supply clean water to citizens.
For example, along a 430 mile stretch of the Chattahoochee
River in Atlanta, USA, which supplies water to 4 million
people, two of the world’s largest communications compa-
nies, AT & T and Ericsson have installed LPWA (Low
Power Wide Area) sensors “to remotely and cost-effectively
monitor” (GSMA, 2016, p.4) water quality without the need
for human intervention, which previously would require
manually collecting water samples at 70 different locations
along the river on multiple occasions weekly (GSMA, 2016).
These pervasive technological innovations capacitated by fu-
ture mobile communications networks such as 5G will no
doubt enhance the sustainable management of water bodies
and provision of clean water to communities.
9. Media and Entertainment
Media and Entertainment will undoubtedly be one of the ver-
tical industries foreseen to consume massive amounts of
communications networks bandwidth. The Media and Enter-
tainment industry has seen unprecedented growth over the
years, from the analogue terrestrial television in the early
years to the present day digital television and game consoles.
The evolution of the mobile communications industry from
1G through to the present day 4G/LTE has further exacer-
bated the adoption and hence proliferation of voluminous,
any device, on-demand, anytime, anywhere, secure and qual-
ity media and entertainment on the go (5G-PPP, 2016). To-
day platforms like the App Store and Google Play provide
consumers access to pay-per download and free download
gaming and entertainment services. Even Hollywood big
names like Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and Sony
Interactive Entertainment have joined the hype in this lucra-
tive business and providing online video streaming and gam-

5. 5
ing services. Statistics reveal that global mobile gaming rev-
enues will rise from US$9.1 billion in 2012 to US$44.2 bil-
lion in 2018, and of this US$30.2 billion will be from
smartphones alone. The demand for reliable, efficient, robust
and extensive communications network infrastructure to pro-
vide the mobility and enough bandwidth for the on-the-go
and always-connected consumer cannot be underestimated.
The 5G-PPP lists the following “Critical requirements” of
the Media and Entertainment experience that will be ex-
pected by consumers and businesses and which 5G will ena-
ble (5G-PPP, 2016).
1. Data rate
2. Mobility (speed)
3. E2E latency
4. Density (devices per unit area)
5. Reliability
6. Position accuracy (location)
7. Coverage
10. Smart Homes
The evolution of the smart home has seen unprecedented
growth over the years with the USA, Japan, Germany, China
and the United Kingdom having an estimated 4.6, 0.4, 0.3,
0.3 and 0.2 million smart homes by October 2015 respec-
tively (Statistica, 2015, p.1). And with the rapid growth and
adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) (Parwekar, 2011,
p.329), these numbers are anticipated to grow an average of
seven-fold by 2020 (Statistica, 2015, p.1).
Smart homes are a result of incorporating the concept of IoT
(Parwekar, 2011, p.330) into sophisticated home automation
and having consumers being able to communicate with and
intrinsically manage household gadgets, appliances and sys-
tems that they use on a daily basis from wherever they are.
Compared to today’s ordinary household, the future smart
home will have utilities and appliances such as refrigerators,
washing machines, televisions, audio systems, air condition-
ers, electric kettles, lighting, blinds, security systems etc. in-
terconnected, managed and operated remotely using various
mobile communication protocols e.g. the 6LowPAN, which
is specialised for “IPv6 over low power” (Shelby and Bor-
mann, 2009, p.6) “Wireless Personal Area Network
(WPAN)” (Shelby and Bormann, 2009, p.2) through the 5G
communication network.
Communications Service Providers (CSPs) and in particular
Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) will be obliged to facil-
itate the provision of enabling technologies and the requisite
infrastructure and services to enable consumers to draw on
the benefits of this futuristic world. And in view of the antic-
ipated demand and device proliferation and mobility antici-
pated, mobile operators will require extremely fast, robust,
reliable and extensive communications networks to cope
with the demand. In addition to consumer infrastructure and
bandwidth requirements, communications networks will also
have to cater for the demands of vertical industries in
mHealth, Smart Energy Grids, Media and Entertainment,
Transportation, Appliance and Device manufacturers etc.,
for these will require an equally bigger share of the infra-
structure and bandwidth share to enable seamless integration
and connectivity of the Smart home amenities. 5G commu-
nications networks will have the capacity to provision for
these expectations. For without 5G “smart home services
will lack the reach and coverage required for the mass-mar-
ket, and an omnipresent interface for remote monitoring and
control” (GSMA, 2012, p.3).
11. Conclusion
With the rapid approach of the 2020 era, 5G is inevitably on
the horizon. In this paper we discussed technological inno-
vations that are currently enabled by emerging technologies
like the Internet and Cloud of Things, with the use of Wire-
less Sensor Networks playing a significant role in contrib-
uting to enabling the Smart Home and Smart City concept.
Vertical industries will stand to benefit tremendously as con-
sumers and authorities desire to acquire and attain elements
that will enhance sustainable and smarter lifestyles for every
citizen. On the other hand, global communications infra-
structure vendor groupings and stakeholders are racing to
avail the much anticipated 5G communications networks in
less than half a decade. And as they race to do so, issues sur-
rounding 5G spectrum harmonisation, infrastructure stand-
ardisation, air interface and radio resource management,
flexible deployment standards, and the incorporation and
support of vertical industries etc. must be resolved for the
achievement of a coherent 5G enabled ecosphere.
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