Conservation

1. Conservation of Biodiversity
By
Dr.Thirunahari Ugandhar
Asst Prof of Botany
Govt. Degree College
Mahabubabad-506101 (T.S.)

2.  Conservation of Biodiversity:
 Biodiversity can be conserved in two main ways, in-situ
conservation and ex-situ conservation.
• Way # 1. In-Situ Conservation Strategies:
In-situ or on site conservation is conservation of wild
animals and plants in their natural habitat.
 The aim of in-situ conservation is to allow the population
to maintain or perpetuate itself within the community
environment, to which it is adapted.
 In-situ conservation is the ideal method of conserving
wild plant genetic resources.
 In-situ conservation of plant genetic resources presents a
number of advantages as compared to ex-situ
conservation.

3. •జీవవైవిధ్య పరిరక్షణ: జీవవైవిధ్యయ న్ని రెండు ప్పధ్యన
మార్గ
ా ల్ల
ో సెంరక్షెంచవచ్చు , ఇన్-సిటు కన్
నర్వేష నన్
మరియు ఎక్స్ -సిటు కనర్వేష నన్. మారాెం
• 1. ఇన్-సిటు పరిరక్షణ వ్యయ హాలు: ఇన్-సిటు లేదా
సైట్ కనర్వేష నన్ అెంటే అడవి జెంతువులు మరియు
మొకక లను వాటి సహజ ఆవాసాలల్ల సెంరక్షెంచడెం.
ఇన్-సిటు పరిరక్షణ యొకక లక్షయ ెం ఏమిటెంటే,
•జనాభా అది స్వష కరిెంచబడిన కమ్యయ న్నటీ
వాతావరణెంల్ల తనను తాను కొనసాగెంచడాన్నకి
లేదా శాశ్ష తెంగా ఉెంచడాన్నకి అనుమతెంచడెం.
•అడవి మొకక ల జనుయ వనరులను సెంరక్షెంచడాన్నకి
ఇన్-సిటు పరిరక్షణ అనువైన పద్ధత. ఎక్స్ -సిటు
పరిరక్షణతో పోలిస్తే మొకక ల జనుయ వనరుల ఇన్-
సిటు పరిరక్షణ అనేక ప్పయోజనాలను అెందిన్
తేెంది.

4. Advantages of In-Situ Conservation of Plant
Resources:
a. It enables the conservation of a large range of
potentially interesting alleles.
b. This method is especially suitable for species,
which cannot be established or regenerated outside
the natural habitats.
c. This method allows natural evolution to continue
because of the existence of variation.
d. It facilitates research on species in their natural
habitats.
e. It assures protection of other species that are
dependent on the species under consideration

5. మొకక ల వనరుల ఇన్-సిటు పరిరక్షణ
యొకక ప్పయోజనాలు: a. ఇది సెంభావయ
ఆసకి ేకరమైన యుగ్మ వికల్పా ల యొకక
పెద్ద ప్ేణి పరిరక్షణను అనుమతతేెంది.
బి. ఈ పద్ధత జాతులకు ప్పత్యయ కెంగా
సరిపోతుెంది, ఇది సహజ ఆవాసాల వెలుపల
న్
సా
ప ింెంచబడు లేదా పునరుతా తే
చేయబడు.
సి. ఈ పద్ధత వైవిధ్య ెం యొకక ఉన్నకి
కారణెంగా సహజ పరిణామాన్ని
కొనసాగెంచడాన్నకి అనుమతతేెంది.
డి. ఇది వాటి సహజ ఆవాసాలల్ల జాతులపై
పరిశోధ్నను తలభతరెం చేతేెంది.
ఇ. ఇది పరిశీలనల్ల ఉని జాతులపై

6. Methods of In-Situ Conservation:
In-situ conservation is done by providing protection to
biodiversity rich areas through a network of protected
areas.
In India, the protected areas are of the following kinds –
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and
ecologically fragile and sensitive areas.
A protected area network of 85 national parks and 448
wildlife sanctuaries has been created.
The results of this network have been significant in
restoring viable population of large mammals such as tiger,
lion, rhinoceros, crocodiles and elephants.

7. • The main advantages and features of protected
areas are as follows:
• a. The genetic diversity of all species inhabiting
an area can be conserved.
• b. Species can be maintained in their natural
habitat.
• c. In protected areas, human intervention is
minimal.
• d. Pollution and poaching in the protected area
can be checked.

8. ఇన్-సిటు పరిరక్షణ పద్ధతులు:
రక్షత ప్రెంతాల నెట్వర్కక దాష ర్గ జీవవైవిధ్య ెం అధికెంగా
ఉని ప్రెంతాలకు రక్షణ కలిా ెంచడెం దాష ర్గ ఇన్-సిటు
పరిరక్షణ జరుగుతుెంది. భారతదేశ్ెంల్ల, రక్షత ప్రెంతాలు
ప్కిెంది రకాలు - జాతీయ ఉదాయ నవనాలు, వనయ ప్రణుల
అభయారణాయ లు, జీవావరణ న్నలష లు మరియు
పర్గయ వరణపరెంగా పెళుతగా మరియు తన్ని తమైన
ప్రెంతాలు. 85 జాతీయ ఉదాయ నవనాలు మరియు 448
వనయ ప్రణుల అభయారణాయ ల రక్షత ప్రెంత నెట్వర్కక
సృష్టెంచబడిెంది. పులి, సిెంహెం, ఖడామృగ్ెం, మొసళుో
మరియు ఏనుగులు వెంటి పెద్ద క్షీరదాల యొకక ఆచరణీయ
జనాభాను పునరుద్ధరిెంచడెంల్ల ఈ నెట్వర్కక ఫలితాలు
ముఖయ మైనవి.
రక్షత ప్రెంతాల యొకక ప్పధ్యన ప్పయోజనాలు మరియు
లక్షణాలు ప్కిెంది విధ్ెంగా ఉనాి యి:
a. ఒక ప్రెంతెంల్ల న్నవసిెంచే అన్ని జాతుల జనుయ వైవిధ్య ెం
సెంరక్షెంచబడుతుెంది.
బి. జాతులను వాటి సహజ ఆవాసాలల్ల న్నరష హెంచవచ్చు .

9. Eco-development programmes involving local
communities have been initiated recently for sustained
conservation of ecosystems.
The economic needs of the local communities are taken
care under this programme through provision of alternative
sources of income and a steady availability of forest and
related products.
Programmes have also been launched for scientific
management and wise use of wetlands, mangroves and
coral reef ecosystems.
Twenty-one wetlands and mangrove areas and four coral
reef areas have been identified for intensive conservation
and management purposes.

10. ఇటీవల న్
సా
ప న్నక సెంఘాలతో కూడిన పర్గయ వరణ-
అభివృదిధ కారయ ప్కమాలు ప్రరెంభిెంచబన్
డా
య యి.
 ప్పతాయ మాి య ఆదాయ వనరులను అెందిెంచడెం
మరియు అటవీ మరియు సెంబెంధిత ఉతా తుేల
న్
సిపరమైన లభయ త దాష ర్గ న్
సా
ప న్నక కమ్యయ న్నటీల ఆరిపక
అవసర్గలు ఈ కారయ ప్కమెం కిెంద్ ప్శ్ద్ధ వహన్
సా
ే యి.
 చితేడి నేలలు, మడ అడవులు మరియు పగ్డపు
దిబబ ల పర్గయ వరణ వయ వసపల శాస్త్స్వేయ న్నరష హణ
మరియు తెలివైన ఉపయోగ్ెం కోసెం కారయ ప్కమాలు
కూడా ప్రరెంభిెంచబడా
య యి.
ఇెంటెన్న్ వ్ కనర్వేష నన్ మరియు మేనేజ్మెంట్
ప్పయోజనాల కోసెం ఇరవై ఒకక చితేడి నేలలు
మరియు మడ ప్రెంతాలు మరియు నాలుగు పగ్డపు
దిబబ ప్రెంతాలు గురిేెంచబడా
య యి.

21. National Park:
A national park is a reserve of land, usually owned by a national
government.
It is a tract of land, which is declared public property to preserve and
develop for the purpose of recreation and culture.
It is protected from human development activities and pollution. National
parks are protected areas of IUCN category
 II. There are 10 existing national parks in India covering an area of
38,024.10 km2, which is 1.16% of the geographical area of the country.
Yellowstone National Park in California was established as the world’s first
protected area.
The first national park in India was Hailey National Park, now known as
Jim Corbett National Park, established in the year 1935.
Silent Valley – A Success Story:
Silent Valley National Park is a small National park in Palakkad district,
Kerala, India. It is located in the Kundali Hills of the Western Ghats.
The park is called the ‘silent valley’ because of the absence of the noisy
insects, cicadas. The forest however echoes with the sounds of teeming
wildlife.

22.  The national park is rich in biodiversity, where new plant and animal species
are being discovered every year.
Many rare bird species are found, such as the Great Indian hornbill, Ceylon
frogmoth and the Nilgiri laughing thrush.
The lion tailed macaque is also found here. There is valuable resource of
herbs and rare paints.
The silent valley is a storehouse of medicinal plants. It is also a valuable
source of important genetic variants.
Large mammals such as the tiger, elephant, sloth bear and wild boar are also
found in the fringes of the forests.
The valley harbours 211 bird species and many varieties of butterflies and
moths.
The valley’s most famous resident is the lion tailed macaque, which is
endangered because of habitat fragmentation, reduced habitat size, isolation
of population leading to inbreeding depression and vulnerability to random
events.
In the late 1970 and early 1980, the park became the focal point of India’s
fiercest environmental debate when the Kerala state electricity board decided
to build a dam across the river Kunthi that runs through the valley. The silent
valley ecosystem has since then been under a long-term conservation
programme.

23.  In 1973, the Hydroelectric Project across the river was sanctioned. But there
was a lot of resistance against the project. The project was dropped due to
concern about its impact on the environment and endangered species.
Nongovernmental organisations like the Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad led
the conservation movement with the help of street plays, dramas, meetings,
etc.
The daily newspaper, The Hindu and The Mathrubhoomi supported the cause
of conservation of the tropical forests.
Botanists and zoologists who used to trek the valley in search of rare species
also supported the cause.
Dr. Salim Ali, Dr. Parthasarathy from World Wildlife Fund for nature and many
well-known personalities joined the movement.
Nature lovers, International organisations such as the IUCN and WWF, Mrs.
Indira Gandhi, the then prime minister and Dr. Swaminathan helped in taking
up the cause politically.
Finally in 1983 the project was abandoned and the valley was declared as a
National Park, which was inaugurated by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi in 1985.
It is interesting to think of how the government was forced to bow down to the
people’s opinion. The literacy and progressive attitude of the people in Kerala
must have played a major role in the success of the campaign.

24. Sanctuaries:
A sanctuary is a reserved area for the protection of wildlife. Collection of
forest products, cutting trees for timber are allowed provided they do not
affect the animals.
There are 448 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India. Another 217 sanctuaries
are proposed in the Protected Area Network report.
Biosphere Reserves:
Biosphere reserves are protected areas meant for preserving genetic
diversity in the various biomes.
The concept of biosphere reserves has been evolved by UNESCO’s Man and
Biosphere programme or MAB.
In the year 1976, the Man and Biosphere programme identified about 57
biosphere reserves. The numbers of such areas have increased since then.
The biosphere reserve has concentric areas zoned for different use.
a. The core zone is the innermost zone devoted to preserve biodiversity with
no human interference.
b. Around the core zone there is the buffer zone in which some settlement and
resource use is allowed. In this area, variety of educational programmes and
research activities are carried out, such as identification of endangered
species, artificial propagation of species, and application of tissue culture
techniques to enable rapid multiplication of threatened species.

26. Hot Spots:
According to Norman Myers, hot spots are areas that are extremely
rich in species, have high endemism, and are under constant threat.
 Biological hot spots include the Western Amazon (Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru), Madagascar, North and Eastern Borneo, North Eastern
Australia, West Africa, and the Brazilian Atlantic forest.
All of these areas have high biodiversity and many are threatened
by human activities.
Of the 25 hot spots in the world, two are located in India extending
into the neighbouring countries.
They are the Western Ghats and the Indo-Burma region that covers
the Eastern Himalayas.
These areas are particularly rich in floral wealth and endemism,
especially flowering plants. Reptiles, amphibians, swallow-tailed
butterflies, and some mammals are also found here.

27. a. Eastern Himalayas:
The Eastern Himalayas located in the North Eastern India is a region
rich in species diversity and endemism.
But due to human intervention the forest cover in the Eastern
Himalayas has dwindled from 340,000 sq. km to 110,000 sq. km.
Despite this loss, the North-Eastern region is home to some botanical
rarities.
One of these is the Sapria himalayana, a parasitic angiosperm that
has been sighted only twice since 1836.
The primitive angiosperm genera are Alnus, Magnolia, Betula, etc.
b. Western Ghats:
There are two main centres of diversity in the Western Ghats, the
Agastyamalai hills and the Silent Valley and New Amambalam reserve
basin.
The forest cover has declined between 1972 and 1985 at a rate of
loss of over 2.4% annually.