1. Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Vertebrate Classification:Vertebrate Classification:
Amphibians and ReptilesAmphibians and Reptiles
Note Set 3Note Set 3
Chapter 3Chapter 3

2. ReptilesReptiles
 Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of ReptilesMesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of Reptiles
 Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with placodermsExtinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with placoderms
Figure 5.1:
Carboniferous
Period.

3.  Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles-Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- cotylosaurscotylosaurs
 Which gave rise to all reptiles and mammalsWhich gave rise to all reptiles and mammals
Figure 5.2: Cotylosuars, stem reptiles.

4. Phylogeny of Amniote GroupsPhylogeny of Amniote Groups
Figure 5.3

5. Reptile CharacteristicsReptile Characteristics
 True clawsTrue claws
 Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs
 NoNo metamorphosismetamorphosis
 12 pairs of cranial nerves12 pairs of cranial nerves
 Single occipital condyleSingle occipital condyle Figure 5.4: Dragon
Figure 5.5: Reptile egg.

6. Reptile Oral CavityReptile Oral Cavity
Tooth typeTooth type
 AcrodontAcrodont
 Tooth on surface of jawTooth on surface of jaw
 Ex: fish andEx: fish and SphenodonSphenodon
(tuatara)(tuatara)
 PleurodontPleurodont
 Tooth attached on medialTooth attached on medial
surface of jawsurface of jaw
 Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes
 ThecodontThecodont
 Teeth embedded in socket inTeeth embedded in socket in
jaw bonejaw bone
 Ex: crocodileEx: crocodile
Figure 5.6: Jaw cross section .

7. Skull TypeSkull Type
Reptiles are diversified by skull typeReptiles are diversified by skull type
 Anapsid- lack temporal fossaAnapsid- lack temporal fossa
 Diapsid- two temporal fossaDiapsid- two temporal fossa
 One dorsal and one ventralOne dorsal and one ventral
 Synapsid- single, lower temporalSynapsid- single, lower temporal
fossafossa
 Gives rise to mammal-like reptilesGives rise to mammal-like reptiles
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8: Sarcopterygii scull.

8. Reptilian SubclassesReptilian Subclasses
 AnapsidaAnapsida
 OrderOrder TestudinesTestudines ((ChelodinaChelodina))
 Ex: turtlesEx: turtles
 DiapsidaDiapsida
 Major reptilesMajor reptiles
 OrderOrder SquamataSquamata
 Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes
 SuborderSuborder SerpentesSerpentes;; SauriaSauria
 OrderOrder SphenodonSphenodon
 Ex: tuataraEx: tuatara
 OrderOrder CrocodilliaCrocodillia
 SynapsidaSynapsida
 Mammal-like reptilesMammal-like reptiles
 Suborder PelycosauriaSuborder Pelycosauria
 Suborder TherapsidaSuborder Therapsida

9. Stem ReptilesStem Reptiles
Figure 5.9.
Figure 5.10

10. Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups
Morphological character of pelvisMorphological character of pelvis
makes distinctionmakes distinction
 SaurischiansSaurischians
 Triradiate pelvisTriradiate pelvis
 Lizard-likeLizard-like
 OmithischiansOmithischians
 Tetraradiate pelvisTetraradiate pelvis
 Bird-likeBird-like
Figure 5.11: Pelvic of two dinosaur groups.

11.  SaurischiansSaurischians
 Gives rise to dominantGives rise to dominant
reptilesreptiles
 Birds evolvedBirds evolved
 Parallel convergenceParallel convergence
Figure 5.12: Reptilia Cladogram.
Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups (cont.)(cont.)

12. BirdsBirds
 ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- bird fossil- bird fossil
recordrecord
 Feathers and teethFeathers and teeth
presentpresent
Figure 5.13: Archeopteryx fossil.

13. BirdsBirds (cont.)(cont.)
 Keeled sternum inKeeled sternum in
birds that flybirds that fly
Figure 5.14: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.

14. Literature CitedLiterature Cited
Figure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.htmlFigure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html
Figure 5.2-Figure 5.2-
http://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifhttp://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gif
Figure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htm
Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14
Figure 5.5-Figure 5.5-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html
Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812
Figure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htm
Figure 5.8- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlFigure 5.8- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.html
Figure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy ofFigure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of
the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 5.10-Figure 5.10-
http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlhttp://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.html
Figure 5.12- http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/Figure 5.12- http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/
Figure 5.13-Figure 5.13-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html