2. Some of the action has been automated,
so click the mouse when you see this
lightning bolt in the lower right-hand
corner of the screen. You can point and
click anywhere on the screen.
Some of the action has been automated,
so click the mouse when you see this
lightning bolt in the lower right-hand
corner of the screen. You can point and
click anywhere on the screen.
3. 1. Review the seven basic steps of the accounting cycle.
2. Prepare a work sheet.
3. Prepare financial statements from a work sheet.
4. Prepare adjusting and closing entries from a work sheet.
5. Explain what is meant by the fiscal year and the natural
business year.
6. Analyze and interpret the financial solvency of a
business by computing working capital and the current
ratio.
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
After studying thisAfter studying this
chapter, you shouldchapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
After studying thisAfter studying this
chapter, you shouldchapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
4. Seven Basic Steps of the
Accounting Cycle
Seven Basic Steps of the
Accounting Cycle
1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in the journal.
2. Transactions are posted to the ledger.
3. A trial balance is prepared, adjustment data are
assembled, and an optional work sheet is completed.
4. Financial statements are prepared.
5. Adjusting entries are journalized and posted.
6. Closing entries are journalized and posted.
7. A post-closing trial balance is prepared.
5. Assets are commonly divided into classes
and that two of these classes are current
assets and property, plant, and equipment.
Assets are commonly divided into classes
and that two of these classes are current
assets and property, plant, and equipment.
6. That’s correct. Cash and other
assets that are expected to be
converted into cash, sold, or
used up usually in less than a
year are current assets.
That’s correct. Cash and other
assets that are expected to be
converted into cash, sold, or
used up usually in less than a
year are current assets.
7. For example?For example?
Well… besides cash, there’s
notes receivable, accounts
receivable, supplies, and
other prepaid items.
Well… besides cash, there’s
notes receivable, accounts
receivable, supplies, and
other prepaid items.
8. So, assets that have a life
over a year are listed under
property, plant, and
equipment.
So, assets that have a life
over a year are listed under
property, plant, and
equipment.
There are some exceptions, but
that’s basically correct. Assets
such as office equipment,
machinery, buildings, and land
would appear under that heading.
There are some exceptions, but
that’s basically correct. Assets
such as office equipment,
machinery, buildings, and land
would appear under that heading.
9. Liabilities due usually within one
year or less and that are to be paid
out of current assets are called
current liabilities.
Liabilities due usually within one
year or less and that are to be paid
out of current assets are called
current liabilities.
√ Accounts payable
√ Wages payable
√ Interest payable
√ Unearned fees
10. Liabilities not due for
more than a year usually
are long-term liabilities.
Liabilities not due for
more than a year usually
are long-term liabilities.
Mortgage note
payable
Mortgage payable
Bond payable
11. The work sheet is a useful
device for understanding the
flow of accounting data from
the unadjusted trial balance to
the financial statements.
The work sheet is a useful
device for understanding the
flow of accounting data from
the unadjusted trial balance to
the financial statements.
12. The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
Prepared from the general ledger.
Accounts are listed in the following
order: assets, liabilities, owner’s
equity, revenues, and expenses.
Prepared from the general ledger.
Accounts are listed in the following
order: assets, liabilities, owner’s
equity, revenues, and expenses.
13. Adjustments are entered here.
Two possibilities:
1. Deferrals – Existing balances are
changed.
2. Accruals – New information is
entered.
Adjustments are entered here.
Two possibilities:
1. Deferrals – Existing balances are
changed.
2. Accruals – New information is
entered.
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
14. The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
Adjustments are combined with
the trial balance. Account
balances are now adjusted.
Adjustments are combined with
the trial balance. Account
balances are now adjusted.
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
15. Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted
Trial BalanceTrial Balance
The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted
Trial BalanceTrial Balance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
16. (a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of
$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of
the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand.
Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used
during the two-month period.during the two-month period.
(a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of
$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of
the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand.
Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used
during the two-month period.during the two-month period.
18. (b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a
debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which
represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for
24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1.
Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this
month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).
(b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a
debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which
represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for
24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1.
Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this
month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).
19. Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Accounts are added as needed.
(b) 100
20. (c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit
balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the
receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning
with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue
for December is $120.for December is $120.
(c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit
balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the
receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning
with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue
for December is $120.for December is $120.
FOR
REN
T
22. (d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at
the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250.
(d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at
the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250.
24. (e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of
December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded,
total $500.total $500.
(e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of
December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded,
total $500.total $500.
26. (f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office
equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December.
(f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office
equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December.
30. Next, the unadjusted Trial
Balance columns and the
Adjustments columns are
combined to determine the
amounts displayed in the
Adjusted Trial Balance.
Next, the unadjusted Trial
Balance columns and the
Adjustments columns are
combined to determine the
amounts displayed in the
Adjusted Trial Balance.
33. Revenue and expense balances in
the Adjusted Trial Balance column
are extended to the Income
Statement column.
Revenue and expense balances in
the Adjusted Trial Balance column
are extended to the Income
Statement column.
Adjusted TB
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Income State. Balance Sheet
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
34. Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and
drawing balances in the Adjusted
Trial Balance column are extended
to the Balance Sheet column.
Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and
drawing balances in the Adjusted
Trial Balance column are extended
to the Balance Sheet column.
Adjusted TB
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Income State. Balance Sheet
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
35. To make room on the slides for
the Income statement and
Balance Sheet columns, the
Trial Balance and Adjustments
columns have been removed.
To make room on the slides for
the Income statement and
Balance Sheet columns, the
Trial Balance and Adjustments
columns have been removed.
41. The difference between the
Income Statement column
totals is the net income (or net
loss) for the period.
The difference between the
Income Statement column
totals is the net income (or net
loss) for the period.
42. The difference between the
Balance Sheet column totals
is also the income (or net
loss) for the period.
The difference between the
Balance Sheet column totals
is also the income (or net
loss) for the period.
43. 9,755 16,960 33,645 26,440
7,205 7,205
16,960 16,960 33,645 33,645
Income Statement Balance Sheet
Net IncomeNet Income Net IncomeNet Income
44. NetSolutions
Income Statement
For Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
Fees earned $16,840
Rent revenue 120
Total revenues $16,960
Expenses:
Wages expense $ 4,525
Supplies expense 2,040
Rent expense 1,600
Utilities expense 985
Insurance expense 100
Depreciation expense 50
Miscellaneous expense 455
Total expenses 9,755
Net income $ 7,205
Every amount on this income statement was taken from the
Income Statement column of the work sheet.
45. NetSolutions
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
Chris Clark, Capital, November 1, 2005 $ 0
Investment on November 1, 2005 $25,000
Net income for November and December 7,205
$32,205
Less withdrawals 4,000
Increase in owner’s equity 28,205
Chris Clark, Capital, December 31, 2005 $28,205Either from theEither from the
incomeincome
statement or thestatement or the
work sheet.work sheet.
Either from theEither from the
incomeincome
statement or thestatement or the
work sheet.work sheet.
From theFrom the
Balance SheetBalance Sheet
debit column ofdebit column of
the work sheet.the work sheet.
From theFrom the
Balance SheetBalance Sheet
debit column ofdebit column of
the work sheet.the work sheet.
46. NetSolutions
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005
Assets Liabilities
Current assets: Current liabilities:
Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900
Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250
Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240
Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390
Total current assets $ 7,845
Property, plant, and
equipment:
Land $20,000
Office equip. $1,800
Less accum.
depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity
Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205
and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and
Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595
Assets Liabilities
Current assets: Current liabilities:
Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900
Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250
Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240
Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390
Total current assets $ 7,845
Property, plant, and
equipment:
Land $20,000
Office equip. $1,800
Less accum.
depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity
Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205
and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and
Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595
From theFrom the
StatementStatement
of Owner’sof Owner’s
EquityEquity
From theFrom the
StatementStatement
of Owner’sof Owner’s
EquityEquity
47. Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
Adjusting entries are
recorded in the journal at the
end of the accounting
period.
Adjusting entries are
recorded in the journal at the
end of the accounting
period.
48. Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
If a work sheet has been
prepared, the data for
these entries are in the
Adjustments columns.
If a work sheet has been
prepared, the data for
these entries are in the
Adjustments columns.
49. OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Income Summary
11
Revenues are
transferred to
Income Summary22
Expenses are
transferred to
Income Summary
33 Net Income or Net Loss is
transferred to Owner’s Capital
44
Drawings are transferred to
Owner’s Capital
50. OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL
Income Summary
11
Revenues are
transferred to
Income Summary22
Expenses are
transferred to
Income Summary
33 Net Income or Net Loss is
transferred to Owner’s Capital
44
Drawings are transferred to
Owner’s Capital
TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary
account does not appear onaccount does not appear on
the financial statements.the financial statements.
TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary
account does not appear onaccount does not appear on
the financial statements.the financial statements.
Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
51. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Note:Note: TheThe
balances shownbalances shown
are adjustedare adjusted
balances beforebalances before
closing. Theclosing. The
followingfollowing
sequencesequence
demonstrates thedemonstrates the
closing process.closing process.
Note:Note: TheThe
balances shownbalances shown
are adjustedare adjusted
balances beforebalances before
closing. Theclosing. The
followingfollowing
sequencesequence
demonstrates thedemonstrates the
closing process.closing process.
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
52. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit each revenue
account for the
amount of its
balance, and credit
Income Summary
for the total
revenue.
16,840
120
16,960
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
53. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit Income
Summary for the
total expenses and
credit each expense
account for its
balance.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
54. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit Income
Summary for the
amount of its
balance (in this
case, the net
income) and credit
the capital account.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
55. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit the capital
account for the
balance of the
drawing account,
and credit drawing
for the same
amount.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
4,000
4,000
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
56. Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,480
120
16,9609,775
445
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
4,000
4,000
Close RevenuesClose Revenues
Close ExpensesClose Expenses
Close Income SummaryClose Income Summary
Close DrawingClose Drawing
16,84016,840
120120
16,96016,960
4,5254,525
1,6001,600
5050
985985
2,0402,040
100100
455455
9,7759,775
7,2057,205
7,2057,205
4,0004,000
4,0004,000
Review of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing Process
57. After the closing entries
are posted, all of the
temporary accounts have
zero balances.
After the closing entries
are posted, all of the
temporary accounts have
zero balances.
59. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Working
Capital = $7,845 – $1,390
Working
Capital =
Current
Assets
–
Current
Liabilities
Working
Capital = $6,455
61. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
This ratio implies that
NetSolutions is able to pay
its current liabilities.
This ratio implies that
NetSolutions is able to pay
its current liabilities.
62. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Current
ratio = $7,845 ÷ $1,390
Current
ratio =
Current
Assets
÷
Current
Liabilities
Current
ratio = 5.6
63. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
NetSolutions can use the current ratio
to make comparisons across
companies and with industry averages.
NetSolutions can use the current ratio
to make comparisons across
companies and with industry averages.