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ChapterChapter 44
Completing theCompleting the
Accounting CycleAccounting Cycle
Accounting, 21st
Edition
Warren Reeve Fess
PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud
Professor Emeritus of Accounting
Pepperdine University
© Copyright 2004 South-Western, a division
of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this
electronic presentation is used with the permission of
NVTech Inc.
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1. Review the seven basic steps of the accounting cycle.
2. Prepare a work sheet.
3. Prepare financial statements from a work sheet.
4. Prepare adjusting and closing entries from a work sheet.
5. Explain what is meant by the fiscal year and the natural
business year.
6. Analyze and interpret the financial solvency of a
business by computing working capital and the current
ratio.
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
After studying thisAfter studying this
chapter, you shouldchapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
After studying thisAfter studying this
chapter, you shouldchapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
Seven Basic Steps of the
Accounting Cycle
Seven Basic Steps of the
Accounting Cycle
1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in the journal.
2. Transactions are posted to the ledger.
3. A trial balance is prepared, adjustment data are
assembled, and an optional work sheet is completed.
4. Financial statements are prepared.
5. Adjusting entries are journalized and posted.
6. Closing entries are journalized and posted.
7. A post-closing trial balance is prepared.
Assets are commonly divided into classes
and that two of these classes are current
assets and property, plant, and equipment.
Assets are commonly divided into classes
and that two of these classes are current
assets and property, plant, and equipment.
That’s correct. Cash and other
assets that are expected to be
converted into cash, sold, or
used up usually in less than a
year are current assets.
That’s correct. Cash and other
assets that are expected to be
converted into cash, sold, or
used up usually in less than a
year are current assets.
For example?For example?
Well… besides cash, there’s
notes receivable, accounts
receivable, supplies, and
other prepaid items.
Well… besides cash, there’s
notes receivable, accounts
receivable, supplies, and
other prepaid items.
So, assets that have a life
over a year are listed under
property, plant, and
equipment.
So, assets that have a life
over a year are listed under
property, plant, and
equipment.
There are some exceptions, but
that’s basically correct. Assets
such as office equipment,
machinery, buildings, and land
would appear under that heading.
There are some exceptions, but
that’s basically correct. Assets
such as office equipment,
machinery, buildings, and land
would appear under that heading.
Liabilities due usually within one
year or less and that are to be paid
out of current assets are called
current liabilities.
Liabilities due usually within one
year or less and that are to be paid
out of current assets are called
current liabilities.
√ Accounts payable
√ Wages payable
√ Interest payable
√ Unearned fees
Liabilities not due for
more than a year usually
are long-term liabilities.
Liabilities not due for
more than a year usually
are long-term liabilities.
Mortgage note
payable
Mortgage payable
Bond payable
The work sheet is a useful
device for understanding the
flow of accounting data from
the unadjusted trial balance to
the financial statements.
The work sheet is a useful
device for understanding the
flow of accounting data from
the unadjusted trial balance to
the financial statements.
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
Prepared from the general ledger.
Accounts are listed in the following
order: assets, liabilities, owner’s
equity, revenues, and expenses.
Prepared from the general ledger.
Accounts are listed in the following
order: assets, liabilities, owner’s
equity, revenues, and expenses.
Adjustments are entered here.
Two possibilities:
1. Deferrals – Existing balances are
changed.
2. Accruals – New information is
entered.
Adjustments are entered here.
Two possibilities:
1. Deferrals – Existing balances are
changed.
2. Accruals – New information is
entered.
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
Adjustments are combined with
the trial balance. Account
balances are now adjusted.
Adjustments are combined with
the trial balance. Account
balances are now adjusted.
Trial Balance
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Adjustments Adjusted TB
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted
Trial BalanceTrial Balance
The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted
Trial BalanceTrial Balance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
(a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of
$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of
the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand.
Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used
during the two-month period.during the two-month period.
(a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of
$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of
the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand.
Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used
during the two-month period.during the two-month period.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
(a) 1,240
(a) 1,240
(b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a
debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which
represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for
24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1.
Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this
month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).
(b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a
debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which
represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for
24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1.
Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this
month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Accounts are added as needed.
(b) 100
(c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit
balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the
receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning
with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue
for December is $120.for December is $120.
(c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit
balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the
receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning
with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue
for December is $120.for December is $120.
FOR
REN
T
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
(c) 120
Rent Revenue (c) 120
(d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at
the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250.
(d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at
the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
(d) 250
(e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of
December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded,
total $500.total $500.
(e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of
December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded,
total $500.total $500.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
(e) 500
(e) 500
(f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office
equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December.
(f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office
equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
Depreciation Expense (f) 50
Accum. Depreciation (f) 50
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Work Sheet
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
Depreciation Expense (f) 50
Accum. Depreciation (f) 50
To make more
space, let’s remove
the heading.
To make more
space, let’s remove
the heading.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
Depreciation Expense (f) 50
Accum. Depreciation (f) 50
2,260 2,260
SummedSummed
andand
ruledruled
SummedSummed
andand
ruledruled
31
Next, the unadjusted Trial
Balance columns and the
Adjustments columns are
combined to determine the
amounts displayed in the
Adjusted Trial Balance.
Next, the unadjusted Trial
Balance columns and the
Adjustments columns are
combined to determine the
amounts displayed in the
Adjusted Trial Balance.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240
Miscellaneous Expense 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense (b) 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120
Wages Payable (d) 250
Depreciation Expense (f) 50
Accum. Depreciation (f) 50
2,260 2,260
33
Cash 2,065 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 2,720
Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 760
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 2,300
Land 20,000 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800 1,800
Accounts Payable 900 900
Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 240
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000
Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 16,840
Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 4,525
Rent Expense 1,600 1,600
Utilities Expense 985 985
Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 2,040
Miscellaneous Expense 455 455
42,600 42,600
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense (b) 100 100
Rent Revenue (c) 120 120
Wages Payable (d) 250 250
Depreciation Expense (f) 50 50
Accum. Depreciation (f) 50 50
2,260 2,260 43,400 43,400
34
Revenue and expense balances in
the Adjusted Trial Balance column
are extended to the Income
Statement column.
Revenue and expense balances in
the Adjusted Trial Balance column
are extended to the Income
Statement column.
Adjusted TB
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Income State. Balance Sheet
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and
drawing balances in the Adjusted
Trial Balance column are extended
to the Balance Sheet column.
Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and
drawing balances in the Adjusted
Trial Balance column are extended
to the Balance Sheet column.
Adjusted TB
Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Income State. Balance Sheet
The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
To make room on the slides for
the Income statement and
Balance Sheet columns, the
Trial Balance and Adjustments
columns have been removed.
To make room on the slides for
the Income statement and
Balance Sheet columns, the
Trial Balance and Adjustments
columns have been removed.
Cash 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,720
Supplies 760
Prepaid Insurance 2,300
Land 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800
Accounts Payable 900
Unearned Rent 240
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000
Fees Earned 16,840
Wages Expense 4,525
Rent Expense 1,600
Utilities Expense 985
Supplies Expense 2,040
Miscellaneous Expense 455
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense 100
Rent Revenue 120
Wages Payable 250
Depreciation Expense 50
Accum. Depreciation 50
43,400 43,400
38
Now, let’s extend the balances
from the Adjusted Trial
Balance column.
Now, let’s extend the balances
from the Adjusted Trial
Balance column.
Cash 2,065 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,720 2,720
Supplies 760 760
Prepaid Insurance 2,300 2,300
Land 20,000 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800 1,800
Accounts Payable 900 900
Unearned Rent 240 240
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000
Fees Earned 16,840 16,840
Wages Expense 4,525 4,525
Rent Expense 1,600 1,600
Utilities Expense 985 985
Supplies Expense 2,040 2,040
Miscellaneous Expense 455 455
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense 100 100
Rent Revenue 120 120
Wages Payable 250 250
Depreciation Expense 50 50
Accum. Depreciation 50 50
43,400 43,400
40
These four
columns are
summed.
These four
columns are
summed.
Cash 2,065 2,065
Accounts Receivable 2,720 2,720
Supplies 760 760
Prepaid Insurance 2,300 2,300
Land 20,000 20,000
Office Equipment 1,800 1,800
Accounts Payable 900 900
Unearned Rent 240 240
Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000
Fees Earned 16,840 16,840
Wages Expense 4,525 4,525
Rent Expense 1,600 1,600
Utilities Expense 985 985
Supplies Expense 2,040 2,040
Miscellaneous Expense 455 455
Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit
Adjusted
Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Insurance Expense 100 100
Rent Revenue 120 120
Wages Payable 250 250
Depreciation Expense 50 50
Accum. Depreciation 50 50
43,400 43,400 9,755 16,960 33,645 26,440
42
The difference between the
Income Statement column
totals is the net income (or net
loss) for the period.
The difference between the
Income Statement column
totals is the net income (or net
loss) for the period.
The difference between the
Balance Sheet column totals
is also the income (or net
loss) for the period.
The difference between the
Balance Sheet column totals
is also the income (or net
loss) for the period.
9,755 16,960 33,645 26,440
7,205 7,205
16,960 16,960 33,645 33,645
Income Statement Balance Sheet
Net IncomeNet Income Net IncomeNet Income
NetSolutions
Income Statement
For Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
Fees earned $16,840
Rent revenue 120
Total revenues $16,960
Expenses:
Wages expense $ 4,525
Supplies expense 2,040
Rent expense 1,600
Utilities expense 985
Insurance expense 100
Depreciation expense 50
Miscellaneous expense 455
Total expenses 9,755
Net income $ 7,205
Every amount on this income statement was taken from the
Income Statement column of the work sheet.
NetSolutions
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005
Chris Clark, Capital, November 1, 2005 $ 0
Investment on November 1, 2005 $25,000
Net income for November and December 7,205
$32,205
Less withdrawals 4,000
Increase in owner’s equity 28,205
Chris Clark, Capital, December 31, 2005 $28,205Either from theEither from the
incomeincome
statement or thestatement or the
work sheet.work sheet.
Either from theEither from the
incomeincome
statement or thestatement or the
work sheet.work sheet.
From theFrom the
Balance SheetBalance Sheet
debit column ofdebit column of
the work sheet.the work sheet.
From theFrom the
Balance SheetBalance Sheet
debit column ofdebit column of
the work sheet.the work sheet.
NetSolutions
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005
Assets Liabilities
Current assets: Current liabilities:
Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900
Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250
Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240
Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390
Total current assets $ 7,845
Property, plant, and
equipment:
Land $20,000
Office equip. $1,800
Less accum.
depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity
Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205
and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and
Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595
Assets Liabilities
Current assets: Current liabilities:
Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900
Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250
Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240
Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390
Total current assets $ 7,845
Property, plant, and
equipment:
Land $20,000
Office equip. $1,800
Less accum.
depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity
Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205
and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and
Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595
From theFrom the
StatementStatement
of Owner’sof Owner’s
EquityEquity
From theFrom the
StatementStatement
of Owner’sof Owner’s
EquityEquity
Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
Adjusting entries are
recorded in the journal at the
end of the accounting
period.
Adjusting entries are
recorded in the journal at the
end of the accounting
period.
Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
If a work sheet has been
prepared, the data for
these entries are in the
Adjustments columns.
If a work sheet has been
prepared, the data for
these entries are in the
Adjustments columns.
OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Income Summary
11
Revenues are
transferred to
Income Summary22
Expenses are
transferred to
Income Summary
33 Net Income or Net Loss is
transferred to Owner’s Capital
44
Drawings are transferred to
Owner’s Capital
OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL
Income Summary
11
Revenues are
transferred to
Income Summary22
Expenses are
transferred to
Income Summary
33 Net Income or Net Loss is
transferred to Owner’s Capital
44
Drawings are transferred to
Owner’s Capital
TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary
account does not appear onaccount does not appear on
the financial statements.the financial statements.
TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary
account does not appear onaccount does not appear on
the financial statements.the financial statements.
Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Note:Note: TheThe
balances shownbalances shown
are adjustedare adjusted
balances beforebalances before
closing. Theclosing. The
followingfollowing
sequencesequence
demonstrates thedemonstrates the
closing process.closing process.
Note:Note: TheThe
balances shownbalances shown
are adjustedare adjusted
balances beforebalances before
closing. Theclosing. The
followingfollowing
sequencesequence
demonstrates thedemonstrates the
closing process.closing process.
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit each revenue
account for the
amount of its
balance, and credit
Income Summary
for the total
revenue.
16,840
120
16,960
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit Income
Summary for the
total expenses and
credit each expense
account for its
balance.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit Income
Summary for the
amount of its
balance (in this
case, the net
income) and credit
the capital account.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Debit the capital
account for the
balance of the
drawing account,
and credit drawing
for the same
amount.
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,840
120
16,9609,775
455
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
4,000
4,000
The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
Wages Expense
Bal. 4,525
Rent Expense
Bal. 1,600
Depreciation Expense
Bal. 50
Utilities Expense
Bal. 985
Supplies Expense
Bal. 2,040
Insurance Expense
Bal. 100
Miscellaneous Expense
Bal. 455
Chris Clark, Capital
Bal. 25,000
Chris Clark, Drawing
Bal. 4,000
Income Summary
Fees Earned
Bal. 16,840
Rent Revenue
Bal. 120
16,480
120
16,9609,775
445
100
2,040
985
50
1,600
4,525
7,205
7,205
4,000
4,000
Close RevenuesClose Revenues
Close ExpensesClose Expenses
Close Income SummaryClose Income Summary
Close DrawingClose Drawing
16,84016,840
120120
16,96016,960
4,5254,525
1,6001,600
5050
985985
2,0402,040
100100
455455
9,7759,775
7,2057,205
7,2057,205
4,0004,000
4,0004,000
Review of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing Process
After the closing entries
are posted, all of the
temporary accounts have
zero balances.
After the closing entries
are posted, all of the
temporary accounts have
zero balances.
Post-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial Balance
NetSolutions
Post-Closing Trial Balance
December 31, 2005
Cash 2 065 00
Accounts Receivable 2 720 00
Supplies 760 00
Prepaid Insurance 2 300 00
Land 20 000 00
Office Equipment 1 800 00
Accumulated Depreciation 50 00
Accounts Payable 900 00
Wages Payable 250 00
Unearned Rent 240 00
Chris Clark, Capital 28 205 00
29 645 00 29 645 00
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Working
Capital = $7,845 – $1,390
Working
Capital =
Current
Assets
–
Current
Liabilities
Working
Capital = $6,455
Current
Ratio =
Current
Assets
÷
Current
Liabilities
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Current
Ratio = $7,845 ÷ $1,390
Current
Ratio = 5.6
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
This ratio implies that
NetSolutions is able to pay
its current liabilities.
This ratio implies that
NetSolutions is able to pay
its current liabilities.
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Current
ratio = $7,845 ÷ $1,390
Current
ratio =
Current
Assets
÷
Current
Liabilities
Current
ratio = 5.6
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for
NetSolutionsNetSolutions
NetSolutions can use the current ratio
to make comparisons across
companies and with industry averages.
NetSolutions can use the current ratio
to make comparisons across
companies and with industry averages.
The EndThe End
Chapter 4Chapter 4

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Ch04 completing the accounting cycle, intro accounting, 21st edition warren reeve fess eng

  • 1. ChapterChapter 44 Completing theCompleting the Accounting CycleAccounting Cycle Accounting, 21st Edition Warren Reeve Fess PowerPoint Presentation by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University © Copyright 2004 South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Task Force Image Gallery clip art included in this electronic presentation is used with the permission of NVTech Inc.
  • 2. Some of the action has been automated, so click the mouse when you see this lightning bolt in the lower right-hand corner of the screen. You can point and click anywhere on the screen. Some of the action has been automated, so click the mouse when you see this lightning bolt in the lower right-hand corner of the screen. You can point and click anywhere on the screen.
  • 3. 1. Review the seven basic steps of the accounting cycle. 2. Prepare a work sheet. 3. Prepare financial statements from a work sheet. 4. Prepare adjusting and closing entries from a work sheet. 5. Explain what is meant by the fiscal year and the natural business year. 6. Analyze and interpret the financial solvency of a business by computing working capital and the current ratio. ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives After studying thisAfter studying this chapter, you shouldchapter, you should be able to:be able to: After studying thisAfter studying this chapter, you shouldchapter, you should be able to:be able to:
  • 4. Seven Basic Steps of the Accounting Cycle Seven Basic Steps of the Accounting Cycle 1. Transactions are analyzed and recorded in the journal. 2. Transactions are posted to the ledger. 3. A trial balance is prepared, adjustment data are assembled, and an optional work sheet is completed. 4. Financial statements are prepared. 5. Adjusting entries are journalized and posted. 6. Closing entries are journalized and posted. 7. A post-closing trial balance is prepared.
  • 5. Assets are commonly divided into classes and that two of these classes are current assets and property, plant, and equipment. Assets are commonly divided into classes and that two of these classes are current assets and property, plant, and equipment.
  • 6. That’s correct. Cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash, sold, or used up usually in less than a year are current assets. That’s correct. Cash and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash, sold, or used up usually in less than a year are current assets.
  • 7. For example?For example? Well… besides cash, there’s notes receivable, accounts receivable, supplies, and other prepaid items. Well… besides cash, there’s notes receivable, accounts receivable, supplies, and other prepaid items.
  • 8. So, assets that have a life over a year are listed under property, plant, and equipment. So, assets that have a life over a year are listed under property, plant, and equipment. There are some exceptions, but that’s basically correct. Assets such as office equipment, machinery, buildings, and land would appear under that heading. There are some exceptions, but that’s basically correct. Assets such as office equipment, machinery, buildings, and land would appear under that heading.
  • 9. Liabilities due usually within one year or less and that are to be paid out of current assets are called current liabilities. Liabilities due usually within one year or less and that are to be paid out of current assets are called current liabilities. √ Accounts payable √ Wages payable √ Interest payable √ Unearned fees
  • 10. Liabilities not due for more than a year usually are long-term liabilities. Liabilities not due for more than a year usually are long-term liabilities. Mortgage note payable Mortgage payable Bond payable
  • 11. The work sheet is a useful device for understanding the flow of accounting data from the unadjusted trial balance to the financial statements. The work sheet is a useful device for understanding the flow of accounting data from the unadjusted trial balance to the financial statements.
  • 12. The Work SheetThe Work Sheet Trial Balance Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Adjustments Adjusted TB Prepared from the general ledger. Accounts are listed in the following order: assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenues, and expenses. Prepared from the general ledger. Accounts are listed in the following order: assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenues, and expenses.
  • 13. Adjustments are entered here. Two possibilities: 1. Deferrals – Existing balances are changed. 2. Accruals – New information is entered. Adjustments are entered here. Two possibilities: 1. Deferrals – Existing balances are changed. 2. Accruals – New information is entered. Trial Balance Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Adjustments Adjusted TB The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
  • 14. The Work SheetThe Work Sheet Adjustments are combined with the trial balance. Account balances are now adjusted. Adjustments are combined with the trial balance. Account balances are now adjusted. Trial Balance Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Adjustments Adjusted TB
  • 15. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted Trial BalanceTrial Balance The UnadjustedThe Unadjusted Trial BalanceTrial Balance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
  • 16. (a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of $2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand. Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used during the two-month period.during the two-month period. (a) The(a) The SuppliesSupplies account has a debit ofaccount has a debit of $2,000. A count of supplies at the end of$2,000. A count of supplies at the end of the period reveals that $760 is on hand.the period reveals that $760 is on hand. Therefore, $1,240 in supplies was usedTherefore, $1,240 in supplies was used during the two-month period.during the two-month period.
  • 17. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 (a) 1,240 (a) 1,240
  • 18. (b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for 24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1. Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24). (b)(b)TheThe Prepaid InsurancePrepaid Insurance account has aaccount has a debit balance of $2,400, whichdebit balance of $2,400, which represents prepayment of insurance forrepresents prepayment of insurance for 24 months beginning December 1.24 months beginning December 1. Thus, the insurance expense for thisThus, the insurance expense for this month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).month is $100 ($2,400 ÷ 24).
  • 19. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Accounts are added as needed. (b) 100
  • 20. (c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue for December is $120.for December is $120. (c) The(c) The Unearned RentUnearned Rent account has a creditaccount has a credit balance of $360, which represents thebalance of $360, which represents the receipt of three-months’ rent beginningreceipt of three-months’ rent beginning with December 1. Thus, the rent revenuewith December 1. Thus, the rent revenue for December is $120.for December is $120. FOR REN T
  • 21. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 (c) 120 Rent Revenue (c) 120
  • 22. (d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250. (d) Wages accrued but not paid at(d) Wages accrued but not paid at the end of December total $250.the end of December total $250.
  • 23. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 (d) 250
  • 24. (e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded, total $500.total $500. (e) Fees accrued at the end of(e) Fees accrued at the end of December, but not recorded,December, but not recorded, total $500.total $500.
  • 25. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 (e) 500 (e) 500
  • 26. (f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December. (f) Depreciation of the office(f) Depreciation of the office equipment is $50 for December.equipment is $50 for December.
  • 27. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 Depreciation Expense (f) 50 Accum. Depreciation (f) 50
  • 28. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance NetSolutions Work Sheet For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 Depreciation Expense (f) 50 Accum. Depreciation (f) 50 To make more space, let’s remove the heading. To make more space, let’s remove the heading.
  • 29. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 Depreciation Expense (f) 50 Accum. Depreciation (f) 50 2,260 2,260 SummedSummed andand ruledruled SummedSummed andand ruledruled 31
  • 30. Next, the unadjusted Trial Balance columns and the Adjustments columns are combined to determine the amounts displayed in the Adjusted Trial Balance. Next, the unadjusted Trial Balance columns and the Adjustments columns are combined to determine the amounts displayed in the Adjusted Trial Balance.
  • 31. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 Miscellaneous Expense 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense (b) 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 Depreciation Expense (f) 50 Accum. Depreciation (f) 50 2,260 2,260 33
  • 32. Cash 2,065 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,220 (e) 500 2,720 Supplies 2,000 (a) 1,240 760 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 (b) 100 2,300 Land 20,000 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 900 Unearned Rent 360 (c) 120 240 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000 Fees Earned 16,340 (e) 500 16,840 Wages Expense 4,275 (d) 250 4,525 Rent Expense 1,600 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 985 Supplies Expense 800 (a) 1,240 2,040 Miscellaneous Expense 455 455 42,600 42,600 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense (b) 100 100 Rent Revenue (c) 120 120 Wages Payable (d) 250 250 Depreciation Expense (f) 50 50 Accum. Depreciation (f) 50 50 2,260 2,260 43,400 43,400 34
  • 33. Revenue and expense balances in the Adjusted Trial Balance column are extended to the Income Statement column. Revenue and expense balances in the Adjusted Trial Balance column are extended to the Income Statement column. Adjusted TB Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Income State. Balance Sheet The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
  • 34. Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and drawing balances in the Adjusted Trial Balance column are extended to the Balance Sheet column. Asset, liability, owner’s equity, and drawing balances in the Adjusted Trial Balance column are extended to the Balance Sheet column. Adjusted TB Accounts Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Income State. Balance Sheet The Work SheetThe Work Sheet
  • 35. To make room on the slides for the Income statement and Balance Sheet columns, the Trial Balance and Adjustments columns have been removed. To make room on the slides for the Income statement and Balance Sheet columns, the Trial Balance and Adjustments columns have been removed.
  • 36. Cash 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,720 Supplies 760 Prepaid Insurance 2,300 Land 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 Unearned Rent 240 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 Fees Earned 16,840 Wages Expense 4,525 Rent Expense 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 Supplies Expense 2,040 Miscellaneous Expense 455 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense 100 Rent Revenue 120 Wages Payable 250 Depreciation Expense 50 Accum. Depreciation 50 43,400 43,400 38
  • 37. Now, let’s extend the balances from the Adjusted Trial Balance column. Now, let’s extend the balances from the Adjusted Trial Balance column.
  • 38. Cash 2,065 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,720 2,720 Supplies 760 760 Prepaid Insurance 2,300 2,300 Land 20,000 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 900 Unearned Rent 240 240 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000 Fees Earned 16,840 16,840 Wages Expense 4,525 4,525 Rent Expense 1,600 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 985 Supplies Expense 2,040 2,040 Miscellaneous Expense 455 455 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense 100 100 Rent Revenue 120 120 Wages Payable 250 250 Depreciation Expense 50 50 Accum. Depreciation 50 50 43,400 43,400 40
  • 39. These four columns are summed. These four columns are summed.
  • 40. Cash 2,065 2,065 Accounts Receivable 2,720 2,720 Supplies 760 760 Prepaid Insurance 2,300 2,300 Land 20,000 20,000 Office Equipment 1,800 1,800 Accounts Payable 900 900 Unearned Rent 240 240 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing 4,000 4,000 Fees Earned 16,840 16,840 Wages Expense 4,525 4,525 Rent Expense 1,600 1,600 Utilities Expense 985 985 Supplies Expense 2,040 2,040 Miscellaneous Expense 455 455 Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Insurance Expense 100 100 Rent Revenue 120 120 Wages Payable 250 250 Depreciation Expense 50 50 Accum. Depreciation 50 50 43,400 43,400 9,755 16,960 33,645 26,440 42
  • 41. The difference between the Income Statement column totals is the net income (or net loss) for the period. The difference between the Income Statement column totals is the net income (or net loss) for the period.
  • 42. The difference between the Balance Sheet column totals is also the income (or net loss) for the period. The difference between the Balance Sheet column totals is also the income (or net loss) for the period.
  • 43. 9,755 16,960 33,645 26,440 7,205 7,205 16,960 16,960 33,645 33,645 Income Statement Balance Sheet Net IncomeNet Income Net IncomeNet Income
  • 44. NetSolutions Income Statement For Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 Fees earned $16,840 Rent revenue 120 Total revenues $16,960 Expenses: Wages expense $ 4,525 Supplies expense 2,040 Rent expense 1,600 Utilities expense 985 Insurance expense 100 Depreciation expense 50 Miscellaneous expense 455 Total expenses 9,755 Net income $ 7,205 Every amount on this income statement was taken from the Income Statement column of the work sheet.
  • 45. NetSolutions Statement of Owner’s Equity For the Two Months Ended December 31, 2005 Chris Clark, Capital, November 1, 2005 $ 0 Investment on November 1, 2005 $25,000 Net income for November and December 7,205 $32,205 Less withdrawals 4,000 Increase in owner’s equity 28,205 Chris Clark, Capital, December 31, 2005 $28,205Either from theEither from the incomeincome statement or thestatement or the work sheet.work sheet. Either from theEither from the incomeincome statement or thestatement or the work sheet.work sheet. From theFrom the Balance SheetBalance Sheet debit column ofdebit column of the work sheet.the work sheet. From theFrom the Balance SheetBalance Sheet debit column ofdebit column of the work sheet.the work sheet.
  • 46. NetSolutions Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Liabilities Current assets: Current liabilities: Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900 Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250 Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240 Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390 Total current assets $ 7,845 Property, plant, and equipment: Land $20,000 Office equip. $1,800 Less accum. depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205 and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595 Assets Liabilities Current assets: Current liabilities: Cash $ 2,065 Accounts payable $900 Accounts receivable 2,720 Wages payable 250 Supplies 760 Unearned rent 240 Prepaid insurance 2,300 Total liabilities $ 1,390 Total current assets $ 7,845 Property, plant, and equipment: Land $20,000 Office equip. $1,800 Less accum. depreciation 50 1,750 Owner’s Equity Total property, plant Chris Clark, Capital 28,205 and equipment 21,750 Total liabilities and Total assets $29,595 owner’s equity $29,595 From theFrom the StatementStatement of Owner’sof Owner’s EquityEquity From theFrom the StatementStatement of Owner’sof Owner’s EquityEquity
  • 47. Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries Adjusting entries are recorded in the journal at the end of the accounting period. Adjusting entries are recorded in the journal at the end of the accounting period.
  • 48. Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries If a work sheet has been prepared, the data for these entries are in the Adjustments columns. If a work sheet has been prepared, the data for these entries are in the Adjustments columns.
  • 49. OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process Income Summary 11 Revenues are transferred to Income Summary22 Expenses are transferred to Income Summary 33 Net Income or Net Loss is transferred to Owner’s Capital 44 Drawings are transferred to Owner’s Capital
  • 50. OWNER’S CAPITALOWNER’S CAPITAL Income Summary 11 Revenues are transferred to Income Summary22 Expenses are transferred to Income Summary 33 Net Income or Net Loss is transferred to Owner’s Capital 44 Drawings are transferred to Owner’s Capital TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary account does not appear onaccount does not appear on the financial statements.the financial statements. TheThe Income SummaryIncome Summary account does not appear onaccount does not appear on the financial statements.the financial statements. Adjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing EntriesAdjusting and Closing Entries
  • 51. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Note:Note: TheThe balances shownbalances shown are adjustedare adjusted balances beforebalances before closing. Theclosing. The followingfollowing sequencesequence demonstrates thedemonstrates the closing process.closing process. Note:Note: TheThe balances shownbalances shown are adjustedare adjusted balances beforebalances before closing. Theclosing. The followingfollowing sequencesequence demonstrates thedemonstrates the closing process.closing process. The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
  • 52. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Debit each revenue account for the amount of its balance, and credit Income Summary for the total revenue. 16,840 120 16,960 The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
  • 53. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Debit Income Summary for the total expenses and credit each expense account for its balance. Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 16,840 120 16,9609,775 455 100 2,040 985 50 1,600 4,525 The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
  • 54. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Debit Income Summary for the amount of its balance (in this case, the net income) and credit the capital account. Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 16,840 120 16,9609,775 455 100 2,040 985 50 1,600 4,525 7,205 7,205 The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
  • 55. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Debit the capital account for the balance of the drawing account, and credit drawing for the same amount. Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 16,840 120 16,9609,775 455 100 2,040 985 50 1,600 4,525 7,205 7,205 4,000 4,000 The Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing ProcessThe Closing Process
  • 56. Wages Expense Bal. 4,525 Rent Expense Bal. 1,600 Depreciation Expense Bal. 50 Utilities Expense Bal. 985 Supplies Expense Bal. 2,040 Insurance Expense Bal. 100 Miscellaneous Expense Bal. 455 Chris Clark, Capital Bal. 25,000 Chris Clark, Drawing Bal. 4,000 Income Summary Fees Earned Bal. 16,840 Rent Revenue Bal. 120 16,480 120 16,9609,775 445 100 2,040 985 50 1,600 4,525 7,205 7,205 4,000 4,000 Close RevenuesClose Revenues Close ExpensesClose Expenses Close Income SummaryClose Income Summary Close DrawingClose Drawing 16,84016,840 120120 16,96016,960 4,5254,525 1,6001,600 5050 985985 2,0402,040 100100 455455 9,7759,775 7,2057,205 7,2057,205 4,0004,000 4,0004,000 Review of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing ProcessReview of the Closing Process
  • 57. After the closing entries are posted, all of the temporary accounts have zero balances. After the closing entries are posted, all of the temporary accounts have zero balances.
  • 58. Post-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial BalancePost-closing Trial Balance NetSolutions Post-Closing Trial Balance December 31, 2005 Cash 2 065 00 Accounts Receivable 2 720 00 Supplies 760 00 Prepaid Insurance 2 300 00 Land 20 000 00 Office Equipment 1 800 00 Accumulated Depreciation 50 00 Accounts Payable 900 00 Wages Payable 250 00 Unearned Rent 240 00 Chris Clark, Capital 28 205 00 29 645 00 29 645 00
  • 59. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Working Capital = $7,845 – $1,390 Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities Working Capital = $6,455
  • 60. Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Current Ratio = $7,845 ÷ $1,390 Current Ratio = 5.6
  • 61. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions This ratio implies that NetSolutions is able to pay its current liabilities. This ratio implies that NetSolutions is able to pay its current liabilities.
  • 62. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Current ratio = $7,845 ÷ $1,390 Current ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities Current ratio = 5.6
  • 63. Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions Financial Analysis forFinancial Analysis for NetSolutionsNetSolutions NetSolutions can use the current ratio to make comparisons across companies and with industry averages. NetSolutions can use the current ratio to make comparisons across companies and with industry averages.