Its about the basics of the spring being used in our daily life. Their production, their application usage, covering the major topics in form of bullets. Hope you like it. Comment about it without any hesitation. Thank you.

1. -:SPRINGS:-
ALI RAZAK(IM-303)
JUNAID JAWAID(IM-301)
UBAID UR REHMAN(IM-303)
SAAD SAJID (IM-305)

2. Abstract:-
To familiarize you with the daily used
item spring in terms of its constituent
materials, manufacturing processes
and its different types.

3. Introduction:-
• Spring is an elastic object used to store
mechanical energy as elastic potential energy
and subsequently release it.
• Works on the principle of Hooke’s law.

4. • Our lives are encircled by springs
from the working of our ball pen to
achieving our comfort zone.
• Types of springs: Some major types
of springs are illustrated in the
diagram bellow

6. Materials Used for
Manufacturing:-

7. General Properties of Materials used
For Manufacturing of Springs:-
• Should have high fatigue strength
• Should have high ductility
• Should have high resilience
• Should be creep resistant

8. Materials Used for Springs:-
• Music wire.
• Oil tempered steel wire.
• Hard drawn spring wire.
• Annealed high carbon wire.
• Hot wound carbon steel.
• Stainless steel(18/8).
• Chrome vanadium steel.

9. Music Wire(ASTM A228):-
• High quality carbon steel.
• It contains 0.70 to 1% carbon, 0.20-0.60%
manganese , 0.30% phosphorous, 0.3% sulfur
and 0.12-0.30% silicon.
• Has high tensile strength about 255,000psi to
440,000 psi and its elastic limit is 60-75% of
Tensile strength.
• Used for making small size helical springs
particularly those subjected to severe stress.

10. Oil Tempered Steel Wire (ASTM A229):-
• It is a high carbon steel.
• It is composed of 0.55-0.75% carbon, 0.80-
1.20% Manganese, 0.45% Phosphorous ,0.50%
sulfur and 0.10-0.30% silicon.
• Used where high tensile strength and sag
resistance is required.
• It has a tensile strength of 170,000 to 310,000
psi and its elastic 70-85% of the total tensile
strength.

11. Hard Drawn Steel wire (ASTM A227):-
• It is a high carbon steel.
• It is composed of 0.60-1.20% carbon, 0.45%
Manganese, 0.45% phosphorous 0.050%
sulfur and 0.10-0.30% silicon.
• The tensile strength of this material is 160,000
psi to 310,000 and its elastic limit is about
60% of the total tensile strength.
• It is used in places where work stress is low.

12. Annealed High Carbon wire:-
• It has high ductility
• Compose of 0.85-0.95% Carbon 0.50(max)
manganese 0.30%, 0.30%(max) Phosphorous,
0.03% sulfur (max).
• It has a tensile strength of 250,000-300,000
psi and elastic limit is 200,000 psi to 275,000
psi.
• Used where severe forming actions are
required during manufacturing because of
high ductility for example torsion spring.

13. Hot Wound carbon Steel(ASTM A68):-
• It is composed of 0.90-1.50% Carbon 0.25-
0.50% Manganese 0.50% Phosphorous 0.50%
Phosphorous 0.50% Sulfur 0.15 Silicon.
• Its tensile strength is 175,000 to 195,000psi
and 75 to 85% elastic limit of the total tensile
strength.
• Used for manufacturing helical springs about
more than 1/2 inch wire diameter.

14. 18/8 Stainless Steel:-
• This steel is composed of 18% chromium and
8% Nickel.
• It is used for manufacturing of springs
subjected to corrosion and elevated
temperatures.

15. Chrome-Vanadium Steel
wire(ASTM A232):-
• Previously it was used for making springs
where high quality material and temperature
is somewhat higher from the normal.
• This alloy is composed of 0.45-0.55% Carbon,
0.60-0.90% manganese, 0.03% phosphorous
0.03% sulfur 0.12-0.30% silicon 0.80-1.10%
chromium and 0.15%-0.25% Vanadium.
• Its tensile strength is 21,000psi to 300,000psi
and it has elastic limit of about 80-90% of
tensile strength.

16. Phosphor Bronze(ASTM B159):-
• It is used in making springs are required with
good electrical conductivity and corrosion
resistance is required.
• It is composed of 4.2-5.8% Tin, .03-0.35%
Phosphorous 0.10% iron 0.05% Lead 0.30%
zinc and the remainder part in composed of
copper.
• Its use is very limited because of high tin
content.

17. Beryllium Copper(ASTM B197):-
• It is possible substituent of phosphorus bronze.
• It contains Beryllium 1.8-2% , 0.2-0.6%
Cobalt+Nickel, 0.2-0.6% lead and 97.5%
copper.
• It is more widely used because it does not
require tin in its manufacturing.

18. Spring Brass:-
• It has good electrical conductivity and
corrosion resistance .
• It is composed of 70% copper and 30% zinc.
• It is used in places where stresses are
moderate.

19. K-Monel:-
• This is a copper nickel alloy.
• It is a composed of 2.75% aluminum, 29%
copper and 66% nickel.
• It is used in springs where corrosion is a factor
and the spring is subjected to high
temperatures.

20. Z-Nickel:-
• It is composed of about 98% nickel
• It has good mechanical properties.
• It is used for making springs subjected to high
temperatures.

21. Copper Clad Steel:-
• This material is composed of low carbon steel
covered with thin layer of copper.
• it is corrosion resistant and good conductor of
electricity.
• It is used in places springs subjected to static
loading.

22. Fabrication
Process of
Spring:-

23. Drawing:-
Process of making wire for the spring by
pulling out from the die of less cross-section.

24. Winding:- twisting movement or course
spiral formation.

25. Grinding:-
Flatting the
ends of the
spring.

26. Annealing:- Softening the metal after
work hardening by removing residual
stresses.

27. Quenching:- Hardening and strengthen the
material by rapid cooling.

28. Tempering:- Reducing brittleness if
material is excessively hard.

29. Carburizing:- It is the addition of
carbon in low carbon steel to harden it
only on surface.

30. Shot Peening:- Process of inducing the
residual compressive stresses on the
surface of the material.

33. Spring Hooks:-

34. Buckling:- Fracture by non-axially applied
load.

35. Prevention:- insert rod or add same
spring with opposite winding.

36. Setting:- To permanently fix to desired
length and pitch of the spring, it is fully
compressed so that all the coils touch each
other repeatedly to make sure the spring’s
stiffness remains constant or if varying
then what will be its varying rate.

37. Spring Testing Machine:-

38. Coating:- Prevent it from corrosion
and strengthen it.

39. Spring
Separator:-

40. Finishing:-

41. Packing:-

42. Applications:-

45. Market Research:-

46. After a brief market research done by our group
locally we concluded:
• The leading companies in the manufacturing of
spring are
• 1. Pakistan Spring and Engineering Co. (Pvt.) Ltd.
• 2. M.B Spring Manufacturing Company
• 3. Gandhara Spring Manufacturing
• Pakistan Spring and Engineering Co. (Pvt.) Ltd,
Established in 1948 and located in Lahore and
Sheikhupura, is the leading coil spring and metal
parts manufacturer mainly dealing in automotive
parts. It receives technical assistance for material
selection and machinery selection from the
Institute of Spring Technology (IST) UK.

47. • M.B Spring Manufacturing Company,
Established in 1936 and started with making springs by
hand. M.B was the first to buy an automatic spring
machine and spring steel wire in Pakistan.
• Gandhara Spring Manufacturing,
Established in 1980 in Lahore is a prominent exporter and
manufacturer of suspension parts and mainly for trucks
and heavy vehicles. They specialize in leaf springs.
• Local Rates:
i. Coil springs: 1000-2000 Rs per piece
ii. Leaf springs: 500-1500 Rs per piece
iii. Clips: 25 Rs per box
iv. Torsion spring: 2-20Rs for specific applications
Note: Prices vary from applications to applications.

48. Natural Spring
Conclusion:- „
•Springs produce a large deflection and used for a
number of applications.
•Most springs are made of steel.
•There are a number of other spring configurations
used in engineering.
• An energy storing device.

49. References:-
• Machine design by R.S Khurmi.
• Mechanical springs by A.M Wahl.
• Madison steel.
• Windpowerengineering.com
• Material science and engineering and
introduction by William D. Callister.
• ASTM Int.
• Wikipedia.
• Yahoo.
• Google Images.
• YouTube.
• Material Science and Metallurgy by O.P Khanna.