2. INFORMATION
Derived from the Latin word
“Informare” which means to give
form, shape or character to
something
Accdg. to
Borgmann(1999),Information
provides richness to reality
3. 2 FOLD PURPOSE OF INFORMATION
To name someone or something
To represent reality
Semiotic theory
• Theory by Roland Bathles which
centers on signs and how people
decode and interpret Information
4. INFORMATION FLUENCY
The ability to analyze information
needs and to move confidently
among media, information, and
computer literacy skills resulting in the
effective application of a strategy or
strategies that will best meet those
needs
5. TYPOLOGY OF INFORMATION
1. Factual vs. Analytical
2. Subjective vs. Objective
3. Current vs. Historical
4. Scholarly
(Academic/Professional/Technical) vs.
Popular
5. Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary
6. Stable vs. Unstable
6. 1.FACTUAL VS. ANALYTICAL
Factual Information – based on
evidences and findings provided
by reliable sources (books,
encyclopedias, periodicals, or
technical reports by agencies
and institutions)
7. 1.FACTUAL VS. ANALYTICAL
Analytical Information – analysis
or interpretation of facts by an
individual, usually expert on the
subject (feature articles,
commentaries or reviews)
8. 2. SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE
Subjective Information – when
you consult an expert opinion,
such as those found in the
editorial section of a newspaper
or in web log entries of prolific
writers.
9. 2. SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE
Objective Information –
unbiased and does not lead
you to judge the information
in a certain way(scientific
papers and news reports)
10. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Current Information – refers
to how up-to-date or how
recent the information is. The
more current the info, the
more reliable and useful it is.
11. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Historical Information – old
but are very helpful in
providing insights and
comparison of events.
12. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Current and Historical
Information provides a more
holistic picture and are used
to establish trends or patterns.
13. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Scholarly Information –
comes from academic
sources. It is a product of an
author’s expertise and study
on the subject matter, usually
peer-review.
14. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Popular Information – appeals
to general interest and is
usually found in general
circulation materials such as
magazines, coffee table books
or online feature articles.
15. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Scholarly Resources Popular Resources
Authors Written or reviewed by experts in the
discipline
Written by the publication’s staff
writers
Audience Written for researches or practitioners
in a particular discipline
Written for the general public or lay
person
Publisher Professional society or organization or
university
Commercial publisher
Content In-depth analysis of topic or report of
original research
Review of an event or research
project, highlighting key points
Language Use technical language which may
not be understood by a lay person
Understandable by a lay person
Appearance Illustrations include graph and tables
Articles are usually long
Often use slick paper and more color
Many advertisements and graphics
Articles are usually very short
References Almost always include a list of sources
consulted
Rarely include a list of sources
consulted
16. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
Information
Source
Characteristics Examples
Primary • Original, first-hand
information
• Hasn’t been
interpreted, analyzed,
condensed, or
changed
• May need to be
constructed with raw
data
• Creative work
• Diary
• Speech
• Letter
• Interview
• News film footage
• Autobiography
• Photograph
• Official record
• Historical document
• E-mail written by a researcher
to a colleague which includes
data from an experiment
17. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
News Characteristics Examples
Secondary • One or more steps
removed from a
primary source and
may interpret or
analyze a primary
source
• Usually written by
someone other than
the original researcher
or author
• News commentaries
• Articles in magazines and
newspapers
• Critical review of a literary
scholar
• Textbooks
• Encyclopedias
• Research papers
18. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
Information
Source
Characteristics Examples
Tertiary • Topic review; and
usually include
bibliographies of
primary and
secondary
sources
• Provide access to
materials on
specific topics
• Bibliography
(citation list) of
primary and
secondary sources
about a person or
topic
• Encyclopedias
• Databases and
indexes
19. 6. STABLE VS. UNSTABLE
Evaluating of information published over the
internet can be based on the ff. questions.
•Has it been around for a long time?
•Is it routinely updated?
•Are print versions of an online document
available?
•Is the site associated with a reputable
institution?
20. INFORMATION ETHICS
Branch of ethics that focuses on the
relationship between the creation,
organization, dissemination, and use of
information, and the ethical standards and
moral codes governing human conduct in
society.
Responsible handling of information from
access down to sharing is necessary to
promote a fair and just utilization of
information.
21. INFORMATION LITERACY
Refers to the abilities to
recognize when information is
needed and to locate, evaluate,
effectively use, and
communicate information in its
various formats
22. INDICATORS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
1. Determine the extent of information needed
2. Access the needed information effectively and
efficiently
3. Evaluate information and its sources critically
4. Incorporate selected information into one’s
knowledge base
5. Use information effectively to accomplish a
specific purpose
6. Understand the economic, legal and social issues
surrounding the use of information, and access
and use of information ethically and legally.
23. USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY
Proposed by Elihu Katz
States that people who consume media have
the right to choose whatever is convenient to
them.
Based on one’s interest and purposes
Whatever is needed for a particular situation is
under the discretion of the user himself or herself.
24. ASSESSING INFORMATION
Is it good or bad information?
Commonly used credible website domains
.org – advocacy website, such as not-for-profit
organization.
.com – business or commercial sites
.net – site from a network organization or an
internet service provider
.edu – site affiliated with a higher education
institution.
.gov – federal government site
25. OTHER BASES OF ASSESSING INFORMATION
1. Finding the page
2. Authority of the page
3. Accuracy and objectivity of the information
4. Updates of the page
5. functionality
27. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
On intellectual Property
Plagiarism – to steal and pass of (the
ideas and words of another) as one’s
own
To use (another’s product) without
crediting the source
To commit literary theft
To present as new & original an idea or
product derived from an existing source.
28. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•In U.S., legal guidelines are fairly strict and
unambiguous
•In the far East, Intellectual rights begin
from the social level, implying that
information must be shared with everyone
•In the Philippines, R.A. 8293 or intellectual
property code of the Philippines clearly
states the right of the authors to be
recognized
29. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•On security and Privacy
•Computer Hackers – perpetrators
who live and breath computers, who
know about computers, who can get
computer to do anything and are
responsible for doing such a crime
30. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•On Accuracy
•Exaggeration – has been equated
with advertisement and through
time, it has been already tolerated
by the public. However, this has
been regularly questioned due to
its lack of accuracy
