This presentation will help you to understand about the natural fibre composite having matrix as epoxy resin

1. Synthesis and
Characterization of
Bagasse-Epoxy
Composites

2. MAJOR PROJECT - II
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Delhi College of
Engineering)
Under the supervision
of
Prof. Dr. MANISH JAIN
DEPARTMENT
OF
APPLIED CHEMISTRY
Submitted By :-
BHAGAT PAL SINGH – 2K17/PS/501
JASKARAN SINGH-- 2K17/PS/502
VIVEK MISHRA-- 2K17/PS/506

3. TABLE
OF
CONTENT
01
02
03
Characterization & Result
04
Conclusion & Bibliography
Objective & Introduction
Methodology

4. To review the different
scholars research
papers in the
completion of literature
survey
Secondary
Objective
Secondary
objective
Primary Objective
Synthesize and
charactrize the composite
based on the mechanical
and chemical testing To review and analyze
the cost effectiveness
of NFCs and its
compatibility in
different applications
PROJECT OBJECTIVES

5. Over the last thirty years composite materials, plastics and
ceramics have been the dominant emerging materials.
Composites have already proven their worth as weight-saving
materials, the current challenge is to make them cost effective.
Green composites are regarded as the next generation of
sustainable composite materials, gaining significant attention
from both academia and industry. The efforts to produce
economically attractive composite components have resulted in
several innovative manufacturing techniques currently being
used in the composites industry.
The volume and number of applications of composite materials
have grown steadily, penetrating and conquering new markets
relentlessly.
Global awareness of environmental issues has resulted in the
emergence of sustainable and environmentally friendly green
materials, which are renewable resources based, recyclable,
and biodegradable.
Why a Natural
Fibre
Composite

6. Project Literature Introduction
Definition of Composites
Components of Composite
Factors affecting
Material Used

7. Definitions
of
Composite
Van Suchetclan :- defines composite materials as heterogeneous materials
consisting of two or more solid phases, which are in intimate contact with each
other on a microscopic scale. They can be also considered as homogeneous
materials on a microscopic scale in the sense that any portion of it will have the
same physical property
Beghezan :- Defines as “The composites are
compound materials which differ from alloys
by the fact that the individual components
retain their characteristics but are so
incorporated into the composite as to take
advantage only of their attributes and not of
their short comings”, in order to obtain
improved materials
Definition 3
Jartiz :- Defines as “Composites
are multifunctional material
systems that provide
characteristics not obtainable
from any discrete material. They
are cohesive structures made by
physically combining two or more
compatible materials, different in
composition”
Definition 2Definition 1

8. Commonly composites consist of a bulk material(the
‘matrix’), and a reinforcement of some kind.
 Components of
Composite
A. Matrix
B. Reinforcement
C. Interface
 Matrix :- The matrix is basically a homogeneous and
monolithic material in which a fiber system of a
composite is embedded. It is completely continuous.
The matrix provides a medium for binding and holding
reinforcements together into a solid.
In this work epoxy is used as a matrix material.
 Reinforcement :-The role of the reinforcement in a composite
material is fundamentally one of increasing the mechanical
properties of the neat resin system. All of the different fibers
used in composites have different properties and so affect the
properties of the composite in different ways.
In this work natural fibre – bagasse fibre is used as a reinforcing
material. The physical & chemical properties of bagasse fibre are
mentioned below :-
Chemical component of bagasse fibre
Cellulose : 35-40%
Natural rubber : 20-30%
Lignin : 15-20%
Sucrose : 10-15%

9. To be continued
 Interface :- It has characteristics that are not depicted by any of the component in
isolation. The interface is a bounding surface or zone where a discontinuity occurs,
whether physical, mechanical, chemical etc. The matrix material must “wet” the
fibre. Coupling agents are frequently used to improve wettability. Well “wetted” fibres
increase the interface surfaces area. To obtain desirable properties in a composite,
the applied load should be effectively transferred from the matrix to the fibres via the
interface. This means that the interface must be large and exhibit strong adhesion
between fibres and matrix. Failure at the interface (called debonding) may or may
not be desirable.
Physical
properties of
bagasse fibre

10. Factors affecting the Mechanical Performance
of NFC
The main factors affecting mechanical performance of NFCs are
:-
Fibre selection – including type, harvest time, extraction
method, aspect ratio, treatment and fibre content,
Matrix selection,
Interfacial strength,
Fibre dispersion,
Fibre orientation,
Composite manufacturing process,
Porosity.

11. Classification
Based on the
type of matrix
material
Based on the
Geometry of
reinforcements
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
Carbon/Carbon Composites (C/Cs)
 Particulate reinforced composites
 Whiskers/Flakes reinforced
composites
 Fibre reinforced composites

12. Bagasse fibre :-The sugar cane bagasse is a residue
widely generated in high proportions in the agro industry. It
is a fibrous residue of cane stalks left over after the crushing
and extraction of juice from the sugar cane. Bagasse is
generally gray-yellow to pale green in colour. It is bulky and
quite non uniform in particle size. The sugar cane residue
bagasse is an underutilized, renewable agricultural material
that consists of two distinct cellular constituents. The first is
a thick walled, relatively long, fibrous fraction derived from
the rind and fibro-vascular bundles dispersed through out
the interior of the stalk. The second is a pith fraction derived
from the thin walled cells of the ground tissue
Materials Used
A. Bagasse fibre
B. Epoxy Resin
C. Hardner

13.  Epoxy Resin
To be Continued …….
Epoxy is the thermosetting matrix or resin
materials, having at least one or more epoxide
groups in the molecule. Epoxy resin is known for
its versatility and acceptable properties that have
taken credit for a wide variety of applications. To
make epoxy resins cross-linked, one needs the
use of a proper curing agent. Depending on the
functionality of epoxy resins and curing agents the
curability changes.
The epoxy resin used in this
work was Ambhuti Bond
Guru(classic epoxy)
manufactured by Punam Paint
Chem India Private Limited
 Hardner
In this work bond guru hardener is used, it have a viscosity of 10-2 MPa at
room temperature and also have low moisture-sensitivity, high reactivity.

14. To be continued ……….
Some of the Important properties of bond guru
epoxy provided by the manufacturer :-
Excellent adhesion to metals and thermoset
composites
High strength and high stiffness
High creep resistance
High fatigue resistance
Free from internal stresses.
Joints are heat and water proof
High resistance to chemical and atmospheric
attack
Negligible shrinkage

15. METHODOLOGY USED
Bagasse Fibre Preparation
Following procedure is deployed while preparing the raw fibre :-
• Initially fresh fibers were collected after they were crushed for extracting
juice by using a hand crushing machine at the local shop.
• These fibers were then dried on a water proof sheet to reduce the water
or moisture content.
• After approximately three weeks, the long bagasse fibers were
shortened into a length of 10mm or even less than, breadth of 1mm and
width of 1mm with a pair of scissors.
• Small size fibers were selected in order to design a composite with
consistent properties.
• Due to the low moisture content of the bagasse samples, no fungi grew
during the storage.
• The bagasse samples were then cleaned via pressurized water under
the tap for about one hour.

16. To be continued ……..
 Composites Sample Preparation :-
• A silica mold of 3 group sample was used for casting the
composite specimen.
• The samples were prepared in two groups with 5, 10, 20,
30, 40 % volume fraction of fibers.
• For different volume fraction of fibers, a calculated amount
of epoxy resin and hardener (ratio of 2:1 by weight) was
thoroughly mixed with gentle stirring to minimize air
entrapment.
• After mixing the resin, fibre was quickly added and mixed in
the system.
• The above procedure was repeated for 5 times.
• For quick and easy removal of composite specimens, a
mold release spray was applied at the inner surface of the
mold. After 72 hrs the samples were taken out of the mold,
kept in container for further experimentation.
Standard Specimen

17. SAMPLE VIEW
1st Group 2nd Group

18. PROJECT
SCHEDULE
Mar 6- Mar 10
Collection of crushed sugar cane fibre, and converted the crushed fibre into bagasse
fibre of sufficient size
Mar-13
Formation of next 3 specimen with large variation in volume fraction
Mar 11
Formation of 3 specimen in a group on silica mold
Feb 12-Mar 2
Literature survey and analysis of different research paper of different
authors

19. Mechanical Characterization :-There is a large amount of
literature detailing the mechanical performance of NFCs.
Many author have provided the graphical overview of the
range of strength, stiffnesses, specific stiffnesses and
specific strengths.
Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and
identify material. Most structural materials are anisotropic,
which means that their material properties vary with
orientation.
Mechanical characterization proposed to perform in the
work are listed below ;
1. Tensile Strength
2. Flexural Strength
3. Impact Strength
4. Hardness
 RESULT & CHARACTERIZATION

20. Mechanical Characterization
 Tensile Strength :- The tensile properties of the NFC(epoxy resin filled with bagasse fiber)
materials were proposed to be determined by Universal testing machine at 2mm/min crosshead
speed under displacement control mode.
This test results will provide the modulus of elasticity, the ultimate tensile strength and percentage
elongation for strain rate of 2mm/min.
 Flexural Strength :- The flexural strengths of the specimen
were also proposed to be determined by the UTM with three
point bend test at the room temperature. All the
specimens(composites) were of rectangular shape having
length varied from 100-125 mm, breadth of 100-110 mm and
thickness of 4-6 mm.
The flexural shear strength of the composite which is
additionally the utmost shear stress that a material can
withstand before it ruptures, was alleged to be calculated using
the equation.
σm = 3f/4bt
Where σm is that the flexural shear strength, f is that the load,
b is that the width and t is the thickness of the specimen under
test.
Flexural test specimen

21. To be continued …..
 Impact strength :- For impact strength we were going
to perform the charpy test to obtained the result for
different weight fractions of fibre in composite specimen.
And the data will be used in comparing the impact
strength, and the improvement will be marked for the
change in fibre weight fraction .
• According to authors like Maneesh Tewari and V. K.
Singh “bagasse fiber improve the impact strength when
added as filler material, and presence of bagasse fibers is
beneficial for the mechanical properties of composite”.
 Hardness Test :-As known, hardness means a resistance to
indentation, permanent or plastic deformation of material. In a NFC
material, filler weight fraction significantly affects the hardness value of
the composite material. It was proposed that this test will be carried
out by the “Rockwell hardness tester” and the hardness values were
proposed to be measured on the Rockwell M-Scale.

22. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
 Scanning Electron Microscopy :- The state of dispersion of bagasse fiber
into the resin matrix plays a vital role on the mechanical properties of the
composite and SEM can be used to evaluate the fiber dispersion in the composite.
• In the present work SEM investigation was proposed to be carried out for broken
composite specimen for different weight percentage of Bagasse fiber in the
epoxy resin matrix.
• SEM investigation will provide the high-resolution, three-dimensional images, which
will helpful in gathering morphological and compositional information of the
composites.
 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) :-Thermal analysis tests are used to
evaluate chemical, physical and structural changes occurring in the composite
material under an imposed change in temperature, as a general concept, any
scientific or technological characterization of a material, in which temperature is
varied as an experimental parameter, could be considered as thermal analysis.

23. Applications of NFCs
NFCs are
gaining
interest day
by day in
automotive
sector
because of
its cost
effectivenes
Eco-friendly bagasse composites
plates
Indian railway is using the
decomposable plates to serve
meal to passenger Organic Chair

24. The purpose of this work was to show that NFCs has the superior properties over
the artificial fiber due to the degradation property of bagasse fiber so it is convent
to use natural fiber composite for low strength and low cost product manufacturing.
CONCLUSION
The uses of natural fiber as reinforcing agent in composites was proposed to be reviewed from
the point of view of status, structure, performance, surface treatments, and applications. The
field of natural fiber reinforced composites research has experienced an explosion of interest,
particularly with regard to its comparable properties to glass fibres within composites material
Many authors have mentioned that natural fiber reinforced composite
materials are gaining increasing importance in automotive,
construction, aerospace, and other industrial applications due to their
lighter weight, competitive specific strength and stiffness, improved
energy recovery, ease and flexibility of manufacturing, and
environmental friendliness as well as their renewable nature; but still
need much focus from research point of view.
This work was also aimed to
take this aspect one step
ahead.