seminar on BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Department of Civil Engineering B.Tech. Seminar 2016
Universal Engineering College,Vallivattom.
A SHORT REVIEW ON BASALT FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE
A seminar submitted to the
University of Calicut
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
JERIN JOHNSON
UEAMECE048
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
THRISSUR 680123, KERALA
MARCH 2016

UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled
A SHORT REVIEW ON BASALT FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Submitted by
JERIN JOHNSON
UEAMECE048
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
to the University of Calicut is a record of bonafide work done by her under my supervision and
guidance and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree or diploma.

Mrs. Maya.T.M
Assistant Professor
Seminar Guide
Department of Civil Engineering
Mr. Jishnu.V.P
Assistant Professor
Seminar Coordinator
Department of Civil Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dedication and motivation are the two essential ingredients for the success of any endeavor.
This seminar report cannot be declared complete without a word of thanks to all those who
have contributed immensely to its successful completion.
I would express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Maya T. M (Assistant Professor) for his
guidance and support in realizing this seminar.
I’m indebted to DR. Syed Jalaludeen Shah (Professor and Head, Department of Civil
Engineering), Mr. Jishnu V P (Seminar coordinator) for their encouragement in carrying out
this seminar and also the facilities provided to me.
I’m deeply grateful to our principal DR. T. P. Ramachandran for providing all the facilities
to do this seminar.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to all my friends who were inevitable for the successful
presentation of my seminar.
Above all I thank the almighty for bestowing his grace and mercy upon me.
JERIN JOHNSON
UEAMECEO48

ABSTRACT
Concrete made with Portland cement has certain characteristics; it is relatively strong in
compression but weak in tension and tends to be brittle. These two weaknesses have limited
its use. Another fundamental weakness of concrete is that cracks start to form as soon as
concrete is placed and before it has properly hardened. These cracks are major cause of
weakness in concrete particularly in large onsite applications leading to subsequent fracture
and failure and general lack of durability. The weakness in tension can be overcome by the
use of conventional rod reinforcement and to some extent by the inclusion of a sufficient
volume of certain fibers. Glass, fiber, carbon fibers are commonly used in manufacturing of
reinforcing bars for concrete applications.
This seminar report present the art of knowledge of basalt fiber, it is relatively new material.
Basalt is an igneous rock, which is solidified volcanic lava basalt fiber is a high performance
non-metallic fiber made from basalt rock melted at high temperature. In the last decade,
basalt has emerged as a contender in the fiber reinforcement of composites. Basalt fiber
reinforced concrete offers more characteristics such as light weight, good fire resistance and
strength. In future it is very beneficial for construction industry. Many applications of basalt
fiber are residential, industrial, highway and bridges etc.
Keywords: basalt fiber, concrete, fiber reinforcement of composites,

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................6
2. HISTORY................................................................................................................................7
3. BASALT FIBER BAR.............................................................................................................8
4. PROPERTIES OF BASALT FIBER..........................................................................................9
4.1 Physical Properties ..............................................................................................................9
4.2 Chemical Properties.............................................................................................................9
4.3 Thermal Properties ..............................................................................................................9
4.5 Mechanical Properties .......................................................................................................10
4.6 Corrosion and fungi resistance ...........................................................................................10
4.7 Abrasion property..............................................................................................................10
4.8 Ecological friendliness.......................................................................................................10
5. EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE OF ADDINGBASALT
FIBRES OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND PROPORTIONS ......................................................10
5.1 Workability.......................................................................................................................11
5.2 Compressive Strength........................................................................................................11
5.3 Tensile strength.................................................................................................................12
5.4 Flexural strength ...............................................................................................................12
5.5 Elastic Modulus ................................................................................................................13
5.6 Unit Weight ......................................................................................................................13
6. FIBER FORMINGPROCESS.................................................................................................14
7. THE ADVANTAGES OF BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE.............................16
7.1 Physical and technical advantages that can be achieved by adding basalt fiber into concrete
structure.................................................................................................................................17
8. APPLICATIONS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE........................................17
9. CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................18

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................19
1. INTRODUCTION
Industry is always trying to find new, better and economical material to manufacture new
product, which is very beneficial to the industry. In the recent days, the various fibers
develop and used in the construction, industrial and highway engineering. The steel is mainly
used in that various application. Also fiber glass polythene fibers, carbon fibers, polyamide
fibers are now developed and also used in construction, industrial and infrastructure
development. In that list new one fiber is added, called, as basalt rock fibers. Today a
significant growth is observed in the manufacture of composite material. With this in mind
energy conservation, corrosion risk, the sustainability and environment are important when a
product is changed or new product is manufactures. Basalt fiber is a high performance non-
metallic fiber made from basalt rock melted at high temperature. Basalt rock can also make
basalt rock, chopped basalt fiber, basalt fabrics and continous filament wire. Basalt fiber
originates from volcanic magama and volcanoes, a very hot fluid or semi fluid material under
the earth’s crust, solidified in the open air. Basalt is a common term used for a variety of
volcanic rock, which are gray dark in colour. The molten rock is then extruded through small
nozzles to produce continuous filaments of basalt fiber. The basalt fibers do not contain any
other additives in a single producing process, which gives additional advantage in cost.
Basalt rock fibers have no toxic reaction with air or water, are non combustible and explosion
proof. When in contact with other chemicals they produce no chemical reaction that may
damage health or the environment. Basalt fiber has good hardness and thermal properties.
Basalt fibers have been successfully used for foundation such as slabs on ground concrete.
By industrial production of basalt fibers on the basis of new technologies their cost is equal
and even less than cost of glass fiber. The basalt fibers and materials on their basis have the
most preferable parameter a ratio of quality and the price in comparison with glass & carbon
fibers, and other types of fibers.

2. HISTORY
A French scientist in the US field the first patent revealing the technique of producing basalt
fiber in the year 1923 and subsequently the research was started in the United States of
Soviet Russia (USSR). The development of basalt continues fibers (BCF) technology was
conducted in the USSR; it had a status of closed scientific programs. Therefore, there were
no contacts with scientists and engineers from abroad. The main development efforts are
given by USSR for defense and aerospace applications. The first samples of BCF were
received at scientific research institute in Ukraine of USSR in 1956-61: but the initial
industrial equipment was very expensive and large energy consuming. After dismantling of
USSR in 1990’s .this research or technique made available to others. The recent efforts are
taken for this technology to lower the cost and commercial use.

3. BASALT FIBER BAR
Basalt composite bars are made by utilizing basalt fibers and a resin epoxy binder. They are
non-corrosive, consist of 80% fibers and have a tensile strength three times that of the steel
bar normally used in building construction. Wherever corrosion problems exist, basalt fiber
composite bars have the potential to replace steel in reinforced concrete. Currently there are
many FRP bar manufacturing companies which market their products. Most of these bars are
made of E-glass fiber and thermosetting resin. However FRP bars lack sufficient durability
under extreme conditions. These bars are costly and are also non-resistant to alkalis. Basalt
bars do not possess these disadvantages and can be effectively used in various applications
such as highway barriers, offshore structures, and bridge decks. The above mentioned
advantages alone could warrant a sufficient argument for substitution of steel bars with basalt
bars on a large scale. Other advantages of the basalt bar are that its weight is one-third of the
weight of steel and the thermal expansion coefficient is very close to that of concrete. The
high mechanical performance/price ratio of basalt fiber composite bar, combined with
corrosion resistance to alkaline attack, are further reasons for replacing steel in concrete with
basalt fiber composite bars.

4. PROPERTIESOF BASALT FIBER
4.1 Physical Properties
 Color: It is available in golden brown in color.
 Diameter: It is available in different diameter like 5.8 micron. Length:- Available in
6mm,8mm,12mm etc.
 Density: density of basalt fiber is 2.75 g/cm˄3
 Coefficient of friction: The coefficient of friction may be between 0.42 to 0.50.
4.2 Chemical Properties
 Basalts are more stable in strong alkalis.
 Weight loss in boiling water, Alkali and acid is also significantly lower.
 Basalt fibers have very good resistance against alkaline environment, with the
capability to withstand pH up to 13-14. It also has good acid and salt resistance
4.3 Thermal Properties
With a thermal range of –260 ◦C to 982 ◦C and melt point of 1450◦C as well as low thermal
conductivity 0.031 – 0.038w/mk, the basalt fibers are ideal for fire protection and insulation
applications. Basalt fibers are most cost effective than the other high-temper Materials
including E-glass, silica, ceramics, stainless steel and carboby preventing rapid overheating
and improving brake life. Offer three times the thermal efficiency of asbestos with no Mental
and heat hazards. Basalt fiber is the best solution for asbestos replacement. Basalt fiber is
non- combustible and explosion proof. After exposition less than 400 ◦C the basalt fibers loss
on their initial strength, while the E-glass loss more 50%.

4.5 Mechanical Properties
The specific tenacity (rupture stress to density ratio) of basalt fibers exceeds that of steel,
many times. Basalt fibers are non-capillary and non-hygroscopic, giving good moisture
resistance. Basalt has shot content generally less than 3%.
4.6 Corrosion and fungi resistance
Basalt fiber has better corrosion resistance. It does not undergo any toxic reaction with water
and air or gases also. Moisture regain and moisture content of basalt fibers exist in the range
of less than 1%. Basalt materials have strong resistance against the action of fungi and micro-
organisms.
4.7 Abrasion property
Basalt material is extremely hard and has hardness values between 5 to 9 on Mohr’s scale,
which results in better abrasion property. Even continuous abrasion of the basalt fiber-woven
fabrics over the propeller type abraders do not result in the splitting of fiber by fracture and
results only in breaking of individual fibers from woven structure which eliminates
possibility of causing hazards.
4.8 Ecological friendliness
Basalt fibers have natural raw material, which is basalt rock it does not cause any damage to
the health. Basalt fiber has no biological hazards and solves waste disposal problems. It does
not clog incinerator as glass. Hence, it is incinerator friendly.
5. EFFECTON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
OF ADDING BASALT FIBRES OF DIFFERENTLENGTHS AND
PROPORTIONS
The principal effects of basalt fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete are: they can
react chemically with the cement, producing more CSH which is required to increase the

concrete strength. They are capable of reducing crack propagation, thus enhancing the tensile
strength of concrete. And they also have high thermal and alkaline resistance, which
improves the durability of concrete. Therefore, the effects on the mechanical properties of
using basalt fibres of different lengths and proportions are as presented below.
5.1 Workability
Workability is the ease with which a fresh mix of concrete or mortar can be handled and
placed. It is also defined as the ability of the concrete mix to fill in the shape of a form/mould
with the desired work, and without reducing the concrete quality. Several factors affect the
workability of fresh concrete: water content, aggregate shape, mix proportions, grading of
aggregates, and the use of fibres. Workability of concrete is measured using a slump test; the
addition of fibres can change the water cement ratio and, as a result, reduce its slump. The
influence of pre-soaked basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of concrete, found that the
slump of concrete reinforced with basalt fibre is reduced with an increase in the content and
length of the basalt fibre. Different basalt fibre lengths of 10mm, 20mm and 30mm were
used with different dosages of 3, 5 and 7kg/m3. The decrease in slump occurred for two main
reasons: the increase of the coefficient of friction between fibres and cement during mixing;
and the absorption of certain moisture by the basalt fibre, causing the slump to reduce. And
the influence for workability of reinforcing concrete with different basalt fibre contents (0%,
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%). The results showed that increasing the percentage volume
of fibres leads to a decrease in slump. This is because basalt fibres affect the flow ability of
fresh concrete, which results in a decrease in workability.
5.2 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance measure used by
civil engineers in designing buildings. Compressive strength is defined as the capacity of
materials to withstand load that reduces its size. In general, concrete is strong in compression
and can exhibit high strength. However adding different basalt fibre lengths and content has

an effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The concrete using cubic and cylindrical
tests to determine the average compressive strength of three samples, mixed with and without
basalt fibres, at 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that the average compressive strength
for the basalt fibre concrete samples was higher than the compressive strength of the normal
concrete samples at 7, 14 and 28 days. The variation of concrete compressive strength mixed
with different basalt fibres content. The compressive strength of concrete increases with
increasing basalt fibre content up to 0.3%: after this, the concrete compressive strength tends
to decrease gradually by 12%. This is due to the cohesive decrease between the cement paste
and the aggregate that plays a significant role in the compressive strength of concrete. The
basalt fibre length that was used was 24.3 mm, with a diameter of 13 µm.
5.3 Tensile strength
Although concrete is weak in tension, the knowledge of concrete tensile strength is essential
to determine the load under which cracks will develop. This load has an influence on the
formation of cracks and their propagation to the tension side of the concrete and other
concrete members. Reinforcing concrete with basalt fibres reduces the crack width, thus
improving concrete strength and durability. The tensile strength of concrete reinforced with
basalt fibres increases with the age of curing. Concrete tensile tests were carried out on
concrete samples reinforced with and without basalt fibres. The specimens were kept in water
for curing for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days, and on removal were tested by spraying water on
the concrete. The tensile strength of concrete increases as the length of the pre-soaked basalt
fibres increases. The effect of using different basalt fibre lengths of 10mm, 20mm and 30mm
on the tensile strength of concrete. Using 30mm basalt fibre achieved the highest tensile
strength. Using 12mm basalt fibre with 1-2% content results in achievingHigher concrete
tensile strength of the b20 class; in addition, reinforcing concrete with basalt fibre 24mm and
50mm in length, with 1-3% content, increases the tensile strength significantly by 1.79 times.
Although most fibre lengths achieved higher tensile strength, there was not a significant
difference when using 24mm and 50mm fibre lengths.
5.4 Flexural strength
In the construction and engineering field, knowing some terms such as the flexural strength
of the material is essential in order to make sure that the material is strong enough to be used

in structures. The flexural strength is defined as the material’s ability to resist deformation
under load. The flexural concrete strength tests using prisms for different samples, The
results showed that the flexural strength of concrete increases for all concrete mix
proportions with age. This shows that the contribution made by mixing basalt fibres with
concrete increases its flexural strength.
5.5 Elastic Modulus
The elastic modulus is a measure of the material stiffness and its tendency to deform
elastically. From Hook’s law, the modulus of elasticity (or Young’s modulus) is defined as
the ratio of the stress to the strain, and can be represented by the slope of the stress strain
diagram. Various researchers have investigated the influence of adding basalt fibres with
different proportions and lengths to the elastic modulus of concrete. To increasing the basalt
fibre content from 0.1% to 0.3% increases the modulus of elasticity of concrete significantly.
In particular, the highest modulus of elasticity was achieved when the basalt fibre content
was 0.3%, and it started to decrease as the basalt fibre content reached 0.5%. The addition of
basalt fibres to concrete enhances the elastic modulus of concrete. The slope of the stress
strain curve of the control mix is steeper than those curves reinforced by basalt fibres. Three
different proportions of basalt fibre content were used in these experiments: 1%, 2% and 3%.
The results indicate that basalt fibres were fully active and showed excellent resistance to the
crack propagation of concrete. the effect of adding different basalt fibre content of 0.06%,
0.2% and 0.8% into the concrete stress strain curves, and found that adding basalt fibre
content of 0.2% achieves the highest stress strain resistance values.
5.6 Unit Weight
The unit weight of concrete, or density, is a measure of volume per unit weight and is
expressed in kg/m3. The significance of measuring the unit weight of concrete is that it is an
effective indicator of the uniformity of raw materials during mixing, batching, placing,
sampling and testing. A significant change in the unit weight signals a change somewhere in
the process. Experimental results obtained that, as the basalt fibre content increases in the

concrete mixture, the unit weight remains constant. the effect of using different volume
fractions of basalt fibres on the concrete unit weight. Different failure modes were observed
for each volume fraction of fibres under compressive loading. The results showed that adding
more fibre content by volume to the concrete mixture increases slightly the density of the
concrete.
Table- 1
Mechanical and physical properties of basalt fiber comparing to other types of fibers.
Properties Continuous
Basalt fiber
Glass fiber
(E-glass)
Glass fiber
(S-glass)
Carbon fiber
Breaking
Strength(MPa) 3,000 – 4,840 3,100– 3,800 4,020–4,650 3,500– 6,000
Modulus of
Elasticity (GPa)
79.3 – 93.1 72.5 – 75.5 83 - 86 230 - 600
Breaking Extension
(%)
3.1 4.7 5.3 1.5 ~2.0
Fiber Diameter (μm) 6 - 21 6 - 21 6 - 21 5 - 15
Linear Density (tex) 60-4,200 40-4,200 40-4,200 60-2,400
Temperature
Withstand ()
-260 to +700 -50 to +380 -50 to +300 -50 to +700
6. FIBER FORMING PROCESS
In many ways, basalt fiber technology is similar to glass fiber technology, except only one
material, basalt rock. Basalt continues filaments are made from the basalt rocks in a single
step process melting and extrusion process. Technological process of manufacturing basalt
filament consists of melt preparation, fiber drawing (extrusion), fiber formation, application

of lubricants and finally winding. Basalt fibers are currently manufactured by heating the
basalt and extruding molten liquid through a die in the shape of fibers, as shown in plant
layout figure. Crushed rock material are charged into bath type melting furnace by a dozing
charger, which is heated using air gas mixture or electrically. Crushed rocks are converted
into melt under temperature 12850c to 14500c in the furnace bath. Molten basalt flows from
furnace to feeder through feeder channel and feeder window communicate to recuperate. The
feeder has a window with a flange connected o slot type bushing and is heated by furnace
waste gases or by electrically.
The melt flows through platinum-rhodium bushing with 200 holes which is heated
electrically. The fibers are drawn from melt under hydrostatic pressure and subsequently
cooled to get hardened filaments.
A sizing liquid with components to impart strand integrity, lubricity and resin compatibility
applied, and then filaments are collected together to form ‘strand’ and forwarded to take up
devices to wound on forming tube.
Fig.1 Plantlayoutof basaltfiberformation
(Vishal Pandurang Kumbhar -AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad,
India” An Overview: Basalt Rock Fibers - New Construction Material”)
1.batch silos: raw material supply,
2. weighing, dosing and mixing,
3. pneumatic transport,

4. batch box : charging,
5. melting furnace,
6. feeder,
7. bushings, (continuous filament formation),
8. sizing application,
9. draw plate feeder; strand formation,
10. lubricator,
11. automated winder
7. THE ADVANTAGES OF BASALT FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE
 The impact strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete increases in about 20 times.
 Basalt fiber provide a three-dimensional concrete reinforcement comparing to usual
rebar that provides two-dimensional reinforcement.
 Basalt fiber is not liable to galvanic corrosion, comparing to usual rebar that is an
electrical conductor and can have the cathode effect.
 Construction time reduces due to the needless to install wire mesh.
 The thickness of the concrete layer can be reduced to half.
 The fiber can be easily mixed.
 The fatigue strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete increases.
 The total cost of the construction work reduces.
 Reduces the width of cracks.
 You can forget about the difficulties with wire mesh installing.
 In reservoirs and underground water channels thickness of concrete cover
significantly reduces, and construction time becomes shorter.
 The cost of repairs and maintenance greatly reduces due to fiber reinforced concrete
long life term .

 The need for concrete floors reinforcement is eliminated because of basalt fiber use,
and construction time is cut in half.
7.1 Physical and technical advantages that can be achieved by adding basalt fiber into
concrete structure
 Low level of micro cracks (up to 90%);
 Increased flexural strength (up to 35%)
 Increased concrete fatigue strength and resistance (> 400%);
 Increased frost resistance (up to 35%)
 Increased water tightness (up to 50%);
 Increased surface endurance of concrete (up to 70%);
 Decreased slivering of corners and edges (up to 90%).
8. APPLICATIONS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Basalt-based materials, including basalt roving chopped basalt fibre strands and basalt
composite rebar can be used for enhancing radioactive waste isolation during the storage and
disposal phases and maintaining it during a significant portion of the post-closure phase.
Concrete reinforced with chopped basalt fibre strands has high durability, high abrasion
resistance, high shock resistance, high frost-resistance, high corrosion resistance, and high
water resistance. Another key advantage of basalt fibres is its low cost and its use does not
significantly affect the construction cost of nuclear power facilities. Basalt has high chemical
and thermal stability, good thermal, electrical, and sound insulating properties. Hence, it is
used in fire protection. Basalt has good electrical insulating properties and chemical
resistance, especially in strong alkalis. Hence, basalt composite pipes can be used to transport
corrosive liquids and gases. Field application of basalt fibre reinforcement include concrete
(molding blocks, beams, fire resistant concrete, and pre-stressed concrete), industrial
concrete floors, runways in airports, motorway, industrial floors in shops where heavy
equipment is used, internal reinforcement of tunnels and channels, slope stabilization, repair
and reconstruction of buildings, concrete water channels, fire retardant construction, and
military installations.

9. CONCLUSIONS
The basalt fiber is now being a popular choice for the material scientist for the replacement
of steel and carbon fiber due to its high rigidity and low elongation or extension at break. Its
supreme tenacity value makes it as a useful reinforcement material in the present and also for
the future era to come.

REFERENCES
1. Kunal Singha-“A Short Review on Basalt Fiber”,(International Journal of Textile Science
2012, 1(4): 19-28 DOI: 10.5923/j.textile.20120104.02 )
2. Nayan Rathod1-“ Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete”,International Journal of Science and
Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact
Factor (2013): 4.438
3. Vishal Pandurang Kumbhar ,-AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad,
India AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad, India-“ an overview:
basalt rock fibers - new construction material”
4. Fathima Irine I .A,- Civil Engineering Department
M.G University,Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,Kerala,India” Strength Aspects of
Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Volume 1 Issue 8 (September 2014) www.ijirae.com
5. Mustapha Abdulhadi#1- # 1(Civil Engineering & Architecture College, Liaoning
University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001，China)” A comparative Study of Basalt and
Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete on
Compressive and Tensile Behavior” International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Issue 6- March 2014

ISSN: 2231
6. sami elshafie1, gareth whittleston2-“ a review of the effect of basalt fibre lengths and
proportions on the mechanical properties of concrete”
ijret: international journal of research in engineering and technology eissn: 2319-1163 |
pissn: 2321-7308
7. Tumadhir M., Borhan-“ Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Basalt
Fibre Reinforced Concrete” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural
Engineering Vol:7, No:4, 2013
8. parvez imraan ansari1, rajiv chandak2,”
strength of concrete containing basalt fibre” parvez imraan ansari int. journal of engineering
research and applications www.ijera.com issn : 2248-9622, vol. 5, issue 4, ( part -6) april
2015, pp.13-17 www.ijera.com
9. ranjitsinh k. patil1, d. b. kulkarni2-“
comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive and flexural
strength of concrete” ijret: international journal of research in engineering and technology
eissn: 2319-1163 | pissn: 2321-7308
10. Nihat Morova, “Investigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mix asphalt concrete”,
Construction and Building Materials vol.47 (2013),175-178
11. C. Colombo, L. Vergani, M. Burman, “Static and fatigue characterisation of new basalt
fibre reinforced composites”, Composite Structures vol.94 (2012),1165-1170
12. Enrico Quagliarini , Francesco Monni , Stefano Lenci , Federica Bondioli “Tensile
characterization of basalt fiber rods and ropes: A first contribution”, Construction and
Building Materials vol.34 (2012),372-375

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