This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and food insecurity on pastoral communities in Northern Kenya. It finds that livestock production is the main source of livelihood and food security in the region. However, climate change is projected to negatively impact livestock production through changes in rainfall patterns and drought. The study assessed perceptions of and vulnerability to climate change among women and men in the Turkana and Mandera districts. It found that women are more vulnerable due to reproductive roles and limited decision making power and access to resources. Current coping strategies are insufficient to deal with increasing climate risks. Diversification of livelihoods and support for existing strategies were recommended.

1. Gender, Food Insecurity & Climate Change among Pastoral Communities: Mandera and Turkana Northern Kenya NANCY A. OMOLO UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL – DURBAN , SOUTH AFRICA

5. Death of Animals Due to Drought in Mandera

6. Summarize future rainfall scenarios for Turkana and Mandera districts.

8. Women Fetching Water in Turkana

10. Project Sites & Sample Size This was determined by types of ecological livelihoods zones : Agro-pastoralism and Primary pastoralism PROJECT SITES SAMPLE SIZE MANDERA Rhamu 345 Khalalio 423 TURKANA Namoruputh 104 Katilu 275 Kapua 273 TOTAL 1420

11. Methodology TRIANGULATION TRIANGULATION QUATITATIVE DATA Structured questionnaires Climate data (rainfall &temperature) QUALITATIVE DATA Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Key indepth interviews (KIIs) SECONDARY DATA SOURCES Government of Kenya development reports Journals, Published books, Research reports Peer reviewed journal, internet databases

12. Women Focus Group Discussion in Turkana

13. Men Focus Group in Turkana

14. Women FGD in Mandera

16. Factors Contributing to Climate Related Vulnerability MEN WOMEN Direct risk from conflict over water and pasture; cattle rustling Reproductive role (i.e. fetching firewood, water, taking care of the sick..) Loss of social status through loss of animals Minimal decision making power Reduced decision-making power Cultural stereotypes Low income (poor physical infrustructure and lack of market information) Low earning power (selling animal products like milk poor physical infrustructure, lack of market information) Illiteracy (difficulty in accessing technological innovations) Illiteracy (difficulty in accessing technological innovations) Difficulty in accessing markets (because of poor physical infrastructure) Difficulty accessing markets (as compared to men because they little social network and also poor physical infrustructure)

17. Findings – Existing Diversified Livelihoods SOURCES OF INCOME Kapua Katilu Namoruputh Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Selling livestock /products 3.9 21.9 17.6 30.2 36.6 48.8 Farm produce/Farming - - 37.0 42.5 1.1 12.2 Charcoal burning 37.6 41.1 8.1 1.9 - 2.4 Business 4.4 2.8 7.5 14.6 Weaving baskets 40.4 27.4 - - - - Casual labourer - - 1.5 1.9 Remittance from family/relative 2.8 - 0.7 - 1.1 2.4 Sale Firewood 0.3 - 13.9 4.7 20.4 - Local brewing - - 2.9 - 5.4 2.4

18. Findings: Coping Strategies in the Number of Meals a Day Number of meals in a day Mandera (%) Turkana (%) One 21.1 78.5 Two 51.8 16.1 Three 26.3 0.3

23. THANK YOU; ASANTE SANA