2. Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:
• Attendance: 20 marks
• Class work/ Assessment /Viva-voce: 50 marks
• End semester examination (Internally by the college) : 30 marks
• End Semester Examination Pattern: Written Objective Examination of one hour
3. List of Exercises / Experiments
• 1. Familiarization/Identification of electronic components with specification (Functionality, type, size, color coding, package,
symbol, cost, etc. [Active, Passive, Electrical, Electronic, Electro-mechanical, Wires, Cables, Connectors, Fuses, Switches,
Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners, Heat sink etc.)
• 2. Drawing of electronic circuit diagrams using BIS/IEEE symbols and introduction to EDA tools (such as Dia or XCircuit),
Interpreting data sheets of discrete components and IC’s, Estimation, and costing.
• 3. Familiarization/Application of testing instruments and commonly used tools. [Multimeter, Function generator, Power
supply, DSO etc.] [Soldering iron, Desoldering pump, Pliers, Cutters, Wire strippers, Screwdrivers, Tweezers, Crimping tool,
Hot air soldering and de-soldering station etc.]
• 4. Testing of electronic components [Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor and JFET using a multimeter.]
• 5. Inter-connection methods and soldering practice. [Bread board, Wrapping, Crimping, Soldering - types - selection of
materials and safety precautions, soldering practice in connectors and general purpose PCB, Crimping.]
• 6. Printed circuit boards (PCB) [Types, Single sided, Double sided, PTH, Processing methods, Design and fabrication of a
single-sided PCB for a simple circuit with manual etching (Ferric chloride) and drilling.]
• 8. Assembling of electronic circuit/system on general purpose PCB, test and show the functioning (Any Two circuits).
• 1. Fixed voltage power supply with transformer, rectifier diode, capacitor filter, more zener/IC regulator.
• 2. Square wave generation using IC 555 timer in IC base.
• 4. RC coupled amplifier with transistor BC107.
5. ELECTRONICS
• Derived From Greek Word eleKtron:- Study of an
electron under different conditions of externally applied
fields
• Electronics is a branch of science that deals with flow of
electrons under the influence of externally applied fields
• Electronics engineering is concerned with the design,
fabrication, and operation of electronic circuits, devices
and systems.
6. THE EVOLUTION OF
ELECTRONICS IS MAINLY
THROUGH THREE KEY
COMPONENTS
THE VACUUM TUBE,
THE TRANSISTOR
AND
THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.
7. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 7
Electronic
components
Passive
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Active
Tube devices
Semiconductor
devices
12. Specification
• Resistance value:-The value of resistance expressed in ohms.
• Tolerance: Percentage deviation from the rated value.
• Power rating/Wattage rating/Power handling capacity:-The maximum
power that the resistor can dissipate safely.
• Voltage rating : The maximum voltage that can be applied across a
resistor.
13. Passive devices
1. Resistors
Symbol for fixed resistors
• The power rating of a resistoris the specification given with a
resistorthat serves to tell the maximum amount of power that
the resistorcan withstand.
• Thus, if a resistorhas a power rating of 1/4 watts, 1/4 watts is the
maximum amount of power that should be fed into the resistor
without damaging it
1.1. Carbon film resistors
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 13
18. Wire wound resistor:- Commonly made by winding a metal
wire, usually nichrome around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core.
19. 1.2 Variable resistors
1.2.1 Potentiometer
symbol:
a) Carbon type
The carbon film potentiometersare formed by depositingcarbon
composition ink on an insulatingbody
b) Wire wound
This potentiometercomprises of several roundsof wire wound around
the shaft of the non-conductingmaterial
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 19
21. 1.2.2 Rheostat
Linear or slide types are constructed of resistive wire
wound on an insulating cylinder.
A sliding contact is used to increase or decrease the
resistance.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 21
23. CAPACITOR TYPES
⚫ There are two types of capacitors
⚫ Fixed capacitors
⚫ Variable (or Adjustable) capacitors
⚫ Fixed Capacitor: Capacitor whose capacitance values remains at a constant value are known as fixed
capacitor.
⚫ Fixed capacitors are further classified as: based on their dielectric material
⚫ Paper capacitor
⚫ Ceramic capacitor
⚫ Mica capacitor
⚫ Polyester capacitor
⚫ Electrolytic capacitor
⚫ Variable Capacitor : In a variable capacitor the capacitance value can be varied over a specified resistance
range.
⚫ Variable capacitor are classified as:
⚫ Gang capacitor
⚫ Trimmer
⚫ Padder
24. Capacitor
Symbol
1.Mica capacitor
• Plates of Al separated by sheets of Mica
• Excellent characteristics under stress of temperature variations & high
voltage applications.
2. Paper capacitor
• Paper is rolled b/w 2 metal foils
• Consists of 2 metal foils separated by strips of paper.
• Paper soaked with wax, plastic or oil
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 24
25. 3. Ceramic capacitor
• Ceramic disc coated on 2 sides with a metal (copper or silver)
• Coatings act as 2 plates
• Tinned lead wires are also attached
• Low leakage currents so used in ac & dc circuits
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 25
26. 4. Polyester capacitor
• polyester film for its dielectric which sits between the two
capacitor plates
• Circuits where the capacitor needs to handle high peak current
• General coupling and decoupling applications and DC blocking.
• Audio applications
• Filtering, where high tolerance levels - not required.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 26
27. CAPACITOR VALUE CALCULATIONS
⚫ If the number written on the capacitor is > 1, the value will be pF, otherwise μF
.(Eg. 104 means 10,0000 pF or 0.1μF , 0.1 means 0.1μF)
⚫ If the letter k, n ,M is written in between the numerals ,the value of capacitor
can be obtained by putting a decimal place in place of that letter & multiply it by
factor kpF, nF, μF (Eg.4k7 means 4.7kpF, 4M7 means 4.7μF , 2n2 means 2.2nF)
⚫ If the letter n ,M is written after the numerals numerals ,the value of capacitor
can be obtained multiply it by factor nF, μF (Eg.47n means 47nF, 22M means
22μF)
⚫ If their are three digit number the first two digit denotes the first two digit of the
value ,third digit denote the multiplier
⚫ If a letter follows the three digit then it denotes the tolerance value
32. • The first two numbers describe the value of the capacitor and
the third number is the number of zeros in the multiplier.
• • When the first two numbers are multiplied with the multiplier,
the resulting value is the value of the capacitor in picofarads.
• 10x10^4pf
33. 5. Electrolytic Capacitors
• Polarised-DC voltage applied to the capacitorterminals must be of the
correct polarity,
• One plate: metal, other plate: electrolyte, dielectric: metal oxide
• The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly
suitable for passing or bypassing frequency signals up to some mega-hertz
• storing large amounts of energy.
• They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power supplies
• for coupling signals between amplifier stages
• Has polarity
• Length of the leads are different (longer for the positive lead)
• Silver band on the negatively charged lead
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 33
34.
35. Inductors
• A passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through it.
• It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually
wound into a coil around a core.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 35
36. • Transformer
• Consists of 2 or more coils
• To transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another at different
voltage without changing the frequency.
• Based on mutual inductions
• IFT Intermediate Frequency Transformer
• In radio receivers, radio frequencies are reduced to lower frequencies called
intermediatefrequencies.
• IFT is a device that is tunable to IF
• StandardIF in radio reception is 455kHz.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 36
39. Active components
1. Diode
1.1 Rectifier diode (1N4001)
• 1N single junction
• Conduct in only one direction
• Symbol shows the direction of conventional current flow
• Diodes are specified by type, peak inverse voltage and current rating.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 39
40. 2. Zener diode (eg. Sz 6.8)
• allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as
an ideal diode,
• but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is
above a certain value known as the, Zener knee voltage, after which
the voltage across the diode remains constant.
• Used as voltage regulators.
• Available in different voltage specifications. 3.9V,5.6V,6.2V etc. 5V6=>
5.6 V
• Black ring is the cathode
• Values of voltage are marked on the zener
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 40
41. 3. Point contact diode
• Similar to pn junction diode.
• Example :OA79 (Ge)
• Electrode with plate like structure is the cathode. (black ring)
• Constructedby making a point contact by a group 3 metal on
an “n-type” semiconductor.
• Used in radio receivers as a detector (high frequency
applications).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 41
42. 4. LED- Light Emitting Diode
• When the device is forward-biased, electrons cross the pn junction from
the n-type material and recombine with holes in the p-type material.
• When recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy
in the form of photons.
• Various impurities are added during the doping process to establish the
wavelengthof the emitted light.
• The wavelength determines the color of visible light
• The first visible red LEDs were produced using gallium arsenide phosphide
(GaAsP) on a GaAs substrate.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 42
43. 2. Transistor
• It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power.
• It is composed of semiconductor material usually
with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
• Emitter
• Base
• Collector
• PNP -BC 557,SK 100
• NPN - BC 547, SL100
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 43
44. 3. FET (Field Effect Transistor)
• Example : BFW 10
• FETs are also known as unipolar transistors as they involve single-carrier-type
operation
• Input impedance is high- ideal for input for instrumentationapplications.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 44
45. 4. UJT (Unijunction Transistor) (2N2646)
• 3 terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2) and so
known a "double-base diode".
• Two ohmic contactsB1 and B2 are attached at its ends. The
emitter is of p-type and it is heavily doped; this single PN
junction gives the device its name.
• It is used in free-running oscillators
• pulse generation circuits at low to moderate frequencies
(hundreds of kilohertz).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 45
46. 5. Power Transistor
• Example 2N3055
• Transistors that are used in high-power amplifiers and power
supplies.
• Applications -lot of power is being used- current and voltage.
• Typical power ratings range from around 10 to 300 W, with
frequency ratings from about 1 to 100 MHz.
• Maximum current values range between 1 to 100 A.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 46
47. 6. Integrated circuit
• An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also
referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic
circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductormaterial,
normally silicon.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 47
49. 1. Wires
• Single strand and Multi strand
• usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
• Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and
telecommunicationssignals.
• Wire connectscomponentsand passes current easily from one
part of a circuit to another.
2. Cables
• two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted,
or braided together to form a single assembly
• Ends of which can be connectedto two devices, enabling the
transfer of electrical signals from one device to the other.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 49
51. 3. Connectors
3.1 USB Connector
3.2 Audio Cables and Connectors
3.3 Video Cables and connector
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 51
52. 4. Networking Related Connectors
4.1 Telephone connectors- RJ11, RJ9
• connecting to the Internet through DSL/ADSL modems.
RJ9
RJ11
4.2 Ethernet Cable
• wired networking
4.3 BNC Connector
• Used to connect signal to CRO
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 52
RJ45
53. 5. Banana connector
• is a single-wire electrical connector used for joining wires to
equipment.
• Used to take signals from signal generator/ Power supply
6. Crocodile Connector
• It is a simple mechanical device for creating a temporary electrical
connection
• Named for its resemblance to an alligator's or crocodile's jaws
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 53
54. 7. Fuses
• A fuse is nothing more than a short length of wire designed to melt and
separate in the event of excessive current.
• connected in series with the component(s) to be protected from over
current, so that when the fuse blows (opens) it will open the entire
circuit and stop current through the component(s).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 54
55. 1. SPST -Single Pole, Single Throw
2. SPDT - Single Pole, Double Throw
3. DPST- DoublePole, Single Throw
4. DPDT- Double Pole, Double Throw
8. Switches
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 55
56. 9. Relays
• A relay is an electro mechanical device which is commonly used to connect
two different circuits.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 56
57. 10. Crystal
• Symbol:
• A crystal oscillator -uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical
signal with a precise frequency.
• This frequency is commonlyused-to keep track of time, as in
quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital
integrated circuits
• Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few
tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 57
58. 11. Displays
1. Seven segment display
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display
3. LED Display
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 58
59. 12. Heat sink
• A component designed to lower the temperature of an
electronic device by dissipating heat into the surrounding
air.
• All modern CPUs require a heat sink.
• Some also require a fan
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 59
60. 13.Fasteners
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanicallyjoins or affixes
two or more objects together.
Anchor bolt, Nail, screw
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 60
62. • First Letter
• A- Germanium
• B-Silicon
• C-Gallium Arsenide
• D-Indium Antimide
• Second Letter
• C-Audio frequency amplifier
• D-Audio frequency power amplifier
• F-Low power radio frequency amplifier
• P-High power radiofrequency amplifier
Reference https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/naming-of-semiconductor-devices.723716/
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 62
68. • DISPLAY CONTROLS
• Common display control includes:
• An intensity control is used to adjust the brightness of the waveform. As
the sweep speed is increased, there is a need to increase the intensity level.
• A focus control is used to adjust the sharpness of the waveform.
• A trace control is used to rotate the trace on the CRO screen.
• A calibration point is used to calibrate the CRO. It gives a steady square
wave at a particular set frequency and voltage. It allows the accurate scaling
of the trace. The standard calibration signal is 0V-2V at 1KHz.
69. • VERTICAL CONTROLS
• Vertical controls are used to position and scale the wave form
vertically.
• Volts/div.: For selecting desired voltage sensitivity of the
vertical amplifier to obtain the proper wave form on the screen.
• Volts/div. Variable: Provides continuously variable voltage
sensitivity. Calibrated position is fully clockwise.
• Position: Controls horizontal position of trace on screen.
• Vertical Position knob: To move the trace up or down the on the
screen.
70. Voltage Measurement
• The C.R.O. includes the amplitude measurement facilities
• The waveform can be adjusted on the screen by using shift controls
so that the measurement of divisions corresponding to the amplitude
becomes easy
• Generally to reduce the error, peak to peak value of the signal is
measured
71. To measure the amplitude, we have to use the following
steps:
Step 1. First of all, we have to note down the selection in volts/division from the front panel, selected
for measurement.
Step 2. Now Adjust the shift control to adjust signal on screen so that it becomes easy to count
number of divisions corresponding to peak to peak value of the signal.
Step 3. Note down peak to peak value in terms of the number of divisions on screen.
Step 4. At last use the following relation to obtain peak to peak value in volts.
Vp„p = (Number of divisions or units noted) xVolts/ Divisions
Step 5. Now the amplitude can the be calculated as,
v m = Amplitude =Vp-p/2
While the r.m.s. value of sinusoidal signal can be obtained as,
72. • Periodand Frequency measurement
The waveform is displayed on the screen such that one completecycle is visible on the screen.
Thus accuracy increases of a single cycle occupies as much as the horizontaldistance on the screen.
Note the time/division selected on the front panel.
